The balance of payments is balanced, the RMB exchange rate is stable, and foreign exchange reserves continue to increase. At the end of the year, China's foreign exchange reserves reached $654.38+0.45 billion, an increase of $565.438+0 billion over the end of last year. At the end of the year, US$ 65,438+0 was RMB 8.2789, a slight increase of 9 basis points over the end of the previous year.
The main problems in national economic and social development are: due to repeated construction for many years, the production capacity of most industries is too large, the supply of products exceeds demand, and the contradiction of economic structure is prominent; Some state-owned enterprises have difficulties in operation and poor economic benefits; The life of some people is still relatively difficult, the income growth of farmers is slow, and the basic living security and social employment pressure of laid-off workers are greater; The market, especially the rural market, is not prosperous; Financial risks accumulated over the years cannot be ignored. In the year of great disaster, grain production achieved a bumper harvest. 1998 Although some areas in China suffered from floods rarely seen in history, the grain production situation in the whole year was still better than that in the previous year. Affected by low temperature, rainy weather and floods, China's summer grain production decreased by14.6 million tons and early rice production decreased by 5.3 million tons. The comprehensive climatic conditions such as light, heat and water in autumn are much better than those in the previous year. At the same time, the planting area of high-yield crop corn has expanded, and the output of autumn grain has increased more. The annual total grain output reached more than 490 million tons.
The output of cash crops has increased and decreased. The cotton output was 4.4 million tons, 200,000 tons less than the previous year, mainly due to the decrease of planting area and the flood disaster in the main cotton producing areas in the Yangtze River basin. The output of oilseeds, sugar, tea and fruits has increased. The annual oil output was 22.92 million tons, an increase of 654.38+350,000 tons or 6.3% over the previous year. The output of sugar was 97.65 million tons, an increase of 3.79 million tons or 4.0% over the previous year. The output of tea and fruit reached 665,000 tons and 54.9 million tons respectively, up by 8.5% and 7.9% over the previous year. The output of flue-cured tobacco was 265.438+10,000 tons, a decrease of10.8 million tons or 46.0% compared with the previous year.
Animal husbandry and fishery production have developed steadily. The annual output of pigs, beef and mutton reached 43.55 million tons, an increase of 6.5% over the previous year; The total output of aquatic products reached 38.54 million tons, an increase of 7.0%.
Forestry production continued to develop. The natural forest resources protection project was started, and the forestry investment was further increased. The afforestation area was 4.73 million hectares, an increase of 8.5% over the previous year. The forest tending area of key forestry projects in China is more than 1 1 10,000 hectares, a substantial increase over the previous year.
The construction of farmland water conservancy has been strengthened. In the whole year, 450,000 water-damaged projects were repaired, 30,000 kilometers of dikes were heightened and reinforced, and 47,000 kilometers of rivers were dredged. The newly-increased comprehensive control area of soil erosion is 50,000 square kilometers. The effective irrigation area in China is 165438+ 10,000 hectares, and the water-saving irrigation area is10.8 million hectares. The reform of state-owned enterprises has been further deepened, and major steps have been taken to separate government from enterprise. Through reform, reorganization and transformation, some important industries have been adjusted and achieved initial results. A number of enterprises merged and went bankrupt, and at the same time, a number of super-large enterprise groups such as China Petroleum and Natural Gas Group, China Petrochemical Group and Shanghai Baosteel Group were established. The textile industry eliminated 565,438+200,000 backward cotton spindles and diverted 665,000 laid-off workers. All 94 state-owned key coal mines were decentralized to local management, structural adjustment was intensified, and a number of small coal mines with illegal production, serious pollution and unreasonable layout were closed.
Industrial production has grown steadily. The annual industrial added value was 3,3541billion yuan, an increase of 8.9% over the previous year. The added value of state-owned industrial enterprises and non-state-owned industrial enterprises with annual product sales income of more than 5 million yuan was 2,004.6 billion yuan, an increase of 8.8% over the previous year. Among them, state-owned and state-holding enterprises1136.5 billion yuan, an increase of 4.9% over the previous year; Collective enterprises reached 499 billion yuan, an increase of 8.7%; Joint-stock enterprises reached 65.438+0338 billion yuan, an increase of 654.38+065.438+0.9%; Foreign investors and Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan businessmen invested 383.5 billion yuan, an increase of12.7%; Enterprises of other economic types totaled 75.3 billion yuan, up by 19.6%. The added value of all young industries was 898.4 billion yuan, an increase of 9.1%over the previous year; The added value of heavy industry was 1 1062 billion yuan, an increase of 8.5%.
The product structure continued to improve. The production of electronic, information and communication products with high technology content and great added value has increased rapidly. The production of microcomputers, program-controlled switches, carrier communication equipment, optical communication equipment and mobile communication equipment has increased by 16.9%-53.7% over the previous year. Investment products such as cement, flat glass, steel and steel increased by 4.7%-7.7%. The growth rate of textile products, general durable consumer goods and some mechanical and electrical products with oversupply in some markets slowed down. The annual sales rate of industrial products was 96.49%, which was the same as that of the previous year. The output of new industrial products increased by 4.9% over the previous year. The quality grade rate of major industrial products was 89.98%, which was 5. 18 percentage points higher than the previous year.
The economic benefits of industry have declined. The annual sales revenue of industrial enterprises was 6333 1 billion yuan, an increase of 4.1%over the previous year; Realized a profit of 65.438+04.73 billion yuan, a year-on-year decrease of 654.38+07.0%; The loss of loss-making enterprises was155.6 billion yuan, up by 2.2 1% over the previous year. Among them, state-owned and state-holding enterprises lost102.3 billion yuan, thanks to 2 1.9%. The inventory of finished products at the end of the year was 609.4 billion yuan, an increase of 32 billion yuan or 5.5% over the end of the previous year. The comprehensive index of economic benefits of industrial enterprises is 9 1.0, down by 4.23 over the previous year. The construction industry has developed rapidly. The added value of the construction industry in the whole society was 560.9 billion yuan, an increase of 12.0% over the previous year. The total profit of construction enterprises with Grade IV and above in China was11300 million yuan, an increase of 2.9%. The total tax revenue was 30.8 billion yuan, up 13.4%. There are 649,676 construction projects, including 228,236 contracted projects, accounting for 35.438+0% of all construction projects; Construction area1310.85 million square meters, an increase of 24.04 million square meters over the previous year; The completed housing area was 587.05 million square meters, a decrease of 35.39 million square meters.
New progress has been made in geological exploration. The regional geological survey of1:50,000 was completed throughout the year, covering an area of 90,000 square kilometers. 232 new minerals were discovered, an increase of 12 over the previous year. There are 45 new minerals with proven and predicted reserves, including 760 million tons of oil, 260.2 billion cubic meters of natural gas and 6.4 billion tons of raw coal. The geological exploration completed the mechanical core drilling workload of 5.36 million meters. The total investment has increased rapidly. Since the beginning of the year, the state has taken increasing investment as an important means to stimulate economic growth. Especially in the second half of the year, we further adopted a proactive fiscal policy, issued 654.38 billion yuan of long-term treasury bonds, increased investment in infrastructure construction, and significantly accelerated the growth rate of investment in fixed assets, which became the main factors driving economic growth. The investment in fixed assets of the whole society was 2,845.7 billion yuan, an increase of 1465.438+0% over the previous year. According to economic types, state-owned economic investment156.62 billion yuan, an increase of19.6%; The collective economic investment was 37 1.7 billion yuan, down by 3.5%; Individual investment of urban and rural residents was 363.8 billion yuan, up by 6. 1%, and other economic investment was 544 billion yuan, up by 19 1%. According to investment management channels, capital construction investment1190.4 billion yuan, up by 20.0%; The investment in renovation was 446.7 billion yuan, an increase of13.9%; The investment in real estate development was 358 billion yuan, up by 12.6%.
The investment structure was further improved. Long-term treasury bonds and supporting credit funds were in place in time, with a high rate of arrival, which increased investment in infrastructure construction. The annual investment in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery water conservancy was 68.4 billion yuan, up by 47.8% over the previous year (including water conservancy investment of 465.438+09 billion yuan, up by 58. 1%), and the proportion increased from 2.6% in the previous year to 3.2%. The investment in transportation and communication industry was 499 billion yuan, up by 53.4%, and the proportion increased from 18.4% to 23.6%. The investment structure of real estate has been adjusted and the construction of affordable housing has made rapid progress. In the whole year, the investment in affordable housing was 796,543.8 billion yuan, and the completed area was 55.06 million square meters. Investment is further tilted towards the western region. Investment in the western region increased by 3 1.2% over the previous year, which was 14.9 and 16.8 percentage points higher than that in the eastern and central regions respectively.
National key construction projects are progressing smoothly. In the whole year 1 18, the investment of national key construction projects was164.7 billion yuan, and a number of projects were completed and put into operation.
The newly added capacity of capital construction investment in China mainly includes: raw coal mining 35 1 10,000 tons/year, capacity of large and medium-sized generating units169,000 kilowatts, and 47.26 million kva of substation equipment, including 7.79 million kva of urban and rural power grid reconstruction, crude oil mining1378 million tons/year, and 2.4 billion cubic meters of natural gas/year to build the second railway line. The main line of electrified railway is 995 kilometers long, with newly-built expressway 1487 kilometers, newly-built (expanded) 10,000-ton port terminal with annual throughput 1 40,000 tons, long-distance optical cable 30,000 kilometers long, and newly-built digital microwave line110,000 kilometers. Transportation has developed steadily, and the post and telecommunications industry has continued to grow rapidly. The added value of transportation, post and telecommunications was 502.9 billion yuan, up 8% over the previous year.
Affected by factors such as the adjustment of production structure and the change of regional flow direction of bulk goods such as coal and grain, the freight volume of transportation industry has declined. In 2001, the cargo turnover of various modes of transportation was 3,770.6 billion tons kilometers, down 1.3% from the previous year. Among them, railway1229.2 billion ton-km, down by 6.2%; Highway 543.8 million tons, an increase of 365.438+0%; Water transport1936.3 billion ton-kilometers, up by 0.7%; Civil aviation was 3.35 billion tons-kilometers, up by 14.9%. Passenger turnover reached1061200 million person-kilometers, an increase of 5.9%. Among them, the railway was 372.4 billion person-kilometers, an increase of 4.9%; Highway 595 billion person-kilometers, an increase of 7.4%; Water transport was 65.438+038 billion person-kilometers, down by 654.38+065.438+0.4%; Civil aviation reached 80 billion person-kilometers, up by 3.5%. The cargo throughput of major coastal ports was 965.438 billion tons, up by 0.5%. Due to the slowdown of China's foreign trade export growth, the foreign trade cargo throughput was 340 million tons, down 7.4%. Commodity sales in the domestic market have increased steadily. The total retail sales of social consumer goods in the whole year was 29 1530 billion yuan, up 6.8% over the previous year, and the real increase was 9.7% considering the price factor. In terms of urban and rural areas, the retail sales of urban consumer goods178.25 billion yuan, and the retail sales of consumer goods at or below the county level1132.8 billion yuan, increased by 7. 1% and 6.4% respectively. In terms of economic types, the retail sales of consumer goods of state-owned and state-controlled enterprises was 702.3 billion yuan, down by 2.3% over the previous year, the collective economy was 483 billion yuan, the private and individual economy was1219.5 billion yuan, and the other economies were 510.5 billion yuan, increasing by10.3% and/respectively. By industry, the wholesale and retail industries increased by 6.0%, and the catering industry increased by 15.7%. The market of means of production is weak, and the total sales of means of production of large and medium-sized wholesale and retail trade in China is1179.8 billion yuan, down 12.7% from the previous year. The bazaars developed steadily, with the annual commodity turnover of198.36 billion yuan, an increase of 13.8% over the previous year.
The economic benefits of large commercial enterprises are still not good. The net sales income of 500 key wholesale and retail trade enterprises nationwide was 248.7 billion yuan, down 1. 1% over the previous year. Gross profit margin 10.3%, down by 0.7 percentage points; The total annual profit was 5 billion yuan, a decrease of 65,438+06.9% over the previous year. In terms of foreign trade, affected by the Asian financial crisis, export growth slowed down significantly; Restricted by domestic demand and other factors, imports declined. The total import and export volume for the year was 324 billion US dollars, down 0.4% from the previous year. The total export value was US$ 654.38 billion, up by 0.5%. Among them, general trade exports decreased by 4.8% and processing trade exports increased by 4.9%; The total import value was $654.38+040.2 billion, down by 654.38+0.5%. Import and export were balanced, with a trade surplus of $43.6 billion. The structure of import and export commodities was further optimized, and the export of machinery and transportation equipment increased by 14.9%, accounting for 27.3% of the total export; Imports increased by 7.6%, accounting for 40.5% of the total imports. Facing the change of export situation, we will further promote the strategy of market diversification. Although exports to Asia decreased by 9.9% in the whole year, exports to Europe and North America increased by 15.7%, exports to Africa and Latin America increased by 20. 1%, and exports to Oceania increased by1.0%.
Foreign direct investment has developed steadily, while foreign borrowing has declined. The actual utilization of foreign capital in the whole year was 58.9 billion US dollars, down by 7.9%. Among them, the actual use of foreign direct investment was 45.6 billion US dollars, an increase of 0.7%; Foreign loans 1 1 billion USD, down by 8.5%.
Foreign contracted projects, labor service cooperation and design consulting business maintained a growth momentum. In the whole year, 1 1 800 million USD was signed, up by 3.7% over the previous year, and the turnover exceeded10 billion USD, up by 20.9%. At the end of the year, there were 325,000 foreign laborers, an increase of 1.8 million over the previous year.
International tourism has developed. In 2001, it received 63.48 million overseas tourists, up by 654.38+00.2% over the previous year, including 56.25 million compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, up by 654.38+02.4%, and 7,654.38+065.438+million foreign tourists, down by 4.3%. International tourism revenue reached $654.38+02.6 billion, an increase of 4.4%. The money supply increased moderately. At the end of the year, the broad money (m2) was 65.438+004.499 billion yuan, an increase of 654.38+05.3% over the end of the previous year. Narrow money (m1) was 3,895.4 billion yuan, an increase of11.9%; Market cash flow (M0) was1120.4 billion yuan, up10/%year-on-year. The balance of various deposits in all financial institutions was 9,569.8 billion yuan, an increase of 65.438+0,340.2 billion yuan or 654.38+0% over the end of last year. Among them, the company's deposit balance was 3,248.7 billion yuan, up by13.4%; The balance of savings deposits of urban and rural residents was 5,340.7 billion yuan, an increase of 17. 1%. The balance of various loans was 8,652.4 billion yuan, up by 15.5%.
The securities market is developing steadily in the process of gradually standardizing and strengthening supervision. In the whole year, A shares 109 shares were issued on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges, raising 44 billion yuan. At the end of last year, the number of domestic listed companies increased from 745 at the end of last year to 85 1 company, and the total market value reached1950.6 billion yuan. By issuing B-shares and H-shares, it absorbed 770 million US dollars of foreign capital. In the whole year, * * * issued 389 1 billion yuan of treasury bonds (excluding 270 billion yuan of special treasury bonds issued by the Ministry of Finance to four wholly state-owned commercial banks), and the payment of maturing treasury bonds was successfully completed. The scientific and technological team has developed steadily. At the end of 1998, there were 29180,000 professional and technical personnel in state-owned enterprises and institutions, an increase of 2.0% over the end of last year. There are 199 18 state-owned independent research and development institutions, universities and scientific research institutions run by large and medium-sized industrial enterprises in China. There are 2.86 million people engaged in scientific and technological activities, including 6.5438+0.67 million scientists and engineers.
Investment in science and technology has increased. The total expenditure on scientific and technological activities in the whole year was 1 177 billion yuan, an increase of 10.7% over the previous year. Among them, R&D expenditure was 52.6 billion yuan, an increase of 9.2%.
Basic research work has been strengthened and new progress has been made in national technological innovation. In the whole year, the state invested 3.7 billion yuan in basic research, an increase of 26% over the previous year. Organized a number of technological innovation projects and trial production of new products, and completed the development, appraisal and acceptance of 15 major technical equipment. Cooperation among enterprises, universities and research institutions has been further strengthened.
New achievements have been made in scientific research and technological development. In the whole year, * * * achieved 28,000 major scientific and technological achievements at or above the provincial level, including 2,500 basic theoretical achievements, 24,000 applied technical achievements and 0/0.5 million soft scientific achievements; 4,700 scientific and technological achievements reached the international advanced level, and 543 achievements were awarded by the state. Six satellites were successfully launched in the whole year. In 200 1 year, 65,438 domestic and foreign patent applications were accepted, and 67,889 patents were granted, up by 6.8% and 33.65438 respectively over the previous year. The technology market is more active. 280,000 technical contracts were signed nationwide. The turnover of technology contracts was 43 billion yuan, an increase of 22.8% over the previous year.
Services such as quality, standardization, metrology and weather forecasting were further strengthened. There are 4,500 product quality inspection institutions in China, including 228 national inspection centers. The state supervised and spot-checked 6,265 enterprises, 200 categories and 7,804 products and commodities. There are 3,875 legal metrological technical institutions in China, and 2210.2 million measuring instruments are subject to compulsory verification throughout the year. There are urban and rural weather forecast service network transmitting stations 12 13 and 235 satellite cloud image receiving stations in China. China has 1267 seismic stations and 28 telemetry networks. There are 1403 marine observation and monitoring stations in China, and * * * has obtained 20.82 million sets of marine data. Surveying and mapping departments have published 1070 kinds of maps. The development of environmental protection was accelerated. At the end of the year, there were 1 100 people in the national environmental protection system, 2 144 environmental monitoring stations at all levels and 57,000 environmental monitoring personnel. New achievements have been made in nature protection, and the total number of pilot units in the construction of ecological demonstration areas has reached111; There are 926 nature reserves in China, including 36 national nature reserves/kloc-0. New progress has been made in the construction of environmental legal system, and law enforcement has been further strengthened. By the end of the year, 395 environmental protection standards had been formulated. During the year, the implementation rate of the environmental impact assessment system for construction projects reached 88.0%, and 90% of the construction projects put into operation that year also built pollution prevention facilities. In the whole year, 9575 environmental pollution control projects were completed, with a total investment of1010 million yuan. 5 13 cities across the country have built 2606 smoke control zones with an area of10.5 million square kilometers; 402 cities have established 1994 environmental noise standard zones, covering an area of 8684 square kilometers.
Pollution prevention and control work in key river basins and regions is in full swing. The daily discharge of Taihu Lake Basin 1035 tons or more 1035 sewage enterprises shall be treated within a time limit. The whole basin invested 1.45 million yuan in treatment, 878 enterprises completed the task of reaching the standard, 14 enterprises stopped production for treatment, 1.43 enterprises with serious pollution and hopeless treatment were shut down and banned. By the end of the year, the industrial pollution sources in Taihu Lake Basin have basically reached the discharge standard, and the water quality of Taihu Lake tends to improve.
The implementation of the total pollutant control plan and the cross-century green project plan was carried out in an orderly manner. By1August 1998, 323 projects had been completed, with an investment of189.9 billion yuan.
The national environmental situation is still grim. Pollution in some large and medium-sized cities has intensified, and the pollution of garbage, pesticides and fertilizers is still serious, and ecological problems such as soil erosion, land desertification and functional decline of forests and grasslands are more prominent. The income of urban and rural residents has increased steadily and their living standards have continued to improve. In the whole year, the per capita disposable income of urban residents in China was 5,425 yuan, with a real increase of 5.8% considering the price drop. The per capita net income of rural residents was 2 160 yuan, with a real increase of 4.3%. In 200 1 year, the completed area of urban housing is 400 million square meters, and the completed area of rural housing is 8 1 10,000 square meters.
Social security has developed rapidly. At the end of the year, 99% of laid-off workers from state-owned enterprises entered the re-employment service center, 85.05 million employees participated in the basic old-age insurance, and 27.35 million retirees participated in the social pooling of retirement fees; 15.9 million employees participated in the social pooling of medical expenses for serious illness; 1.52 million retirees participate in the overall planning of medical expenses.
Social welfare undertakings continued to develop. At the end of the year, the number of beds in various social welfare institutions nationwide was 1.06 million, and 800,000 people were adopted. There are 1.6 million community service facilities in cities and towns, including 6,629 community service centers. 600 cities and 1242 counties have established a minimum living security system, and 3.32 million people have received minimum living security relief. 72.08 million urban and rural social relief recipients received state relief. The state gives pensions and subsidies to 4.53 million special care recipients, and properly arranges the life and employment of veterans. In the whole year, we sold 565,438+400 million yuan of social welfare lottery tickets, raised 654,38+540 million yuan of social welfare funds and accepted 654,38+220 million yuan of social donations. 1998 In the summer, the Yangtze River Basin in China suffered a catastrophic flood disaster that had not happened for many years. Along the Yangtze River, especially in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, dangerous situations occur constantly, and people's property and even lives are seriously threatened. At this critical juncture, hundreds of thousands of officers and men of the People's Liberation Army fought day and night, together with millions of people, to fight floods and evil waves and started the defense of the great river. The word "war" shows the seriousness of the disaster and the urgency of the struggle. It embodies the great concern of the party and the government for the people's interests and shows the valuable spirit of the people's soldiers who are desperate for the people's interests.