Transgenic disease-resistant vegetables
1 Transgenic antiviral gene is very difficult to control vegetable virus diseases, and it is the most studied type of transgenic disease resistance. At present, more than 30 antiviral genes have been obtained from different plants, such as plant virus coat protein, satellite RNA, partial sequence cDNA, ribozyme, replicase, protease, mobile protein, antisense RNA and so on. It has different degrees of protection for many plants. Recently, many virus antiviral genes, such as ribosome inactivating protein (RIPs) gene and double-stranded RNA specific nuclease gene, pathogen avirulence gene and heterologous plant disease resistance gene, have been developed. Among them, the virus coat protein (cp) gene is the most widely used. For example, genetically modified antiviral pumpkins in the United States? FreedomII ",a transgenic tomato resistant to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in Peking University? 8805R？ And sweet peppers? Bimodal R "and transgenic Chinese cabbage resistant to turnip mosaic virus? Fushan Dabaotou? Transgenic watermelon resistant to watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), transgenic pepper resistant to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)? Agricultural University 40 "What else? Xiang Yan 1? .
2. Transgenic vegetables with antifungal genes were transformed into membrane protein gene (hrpH) which can induce cell allergic necrosis by plant allergic reaction to obtain potato with high resistance to late blight. Transgenic tobacco bivalent chitin and glucanase (? -Me, 3- Juka? Hase) gene was used to obtain tomato resistant to Fusarium wilt, and the disease index was reduced by 36% ~ 58% compared with the control. The resistance to late blight can be improved by transferring the 1, 2- styrene gene of two grapes into tomato.
Antimicrobial peptides are widely used in vegetables with antimicrobial genes. Antheraea pernyi antibacterial peptide D gene was introduced into tomato by pollen tube pathway method, and some plants with strong resistance to bacterial wilt were obtained.
Transgenic insect-resistant vegetables
1 Transgenic Bt insecticidal crystal protein gene vegetable This gene is one of the most widely used insect-resistant genes. Its encoded insecticidal crystal protein is very toxic to LEPIDOPTERA insects. Commercially produced: potatoes; Has entered the field test stage: tomatoes, eggplant, cabbage, cauliflower; Pepper, celery, mustard, lettuce, cabbage, turnip, carrot, pea, cowpea, chickpea, asparagus, cucumber and melon.
2 Transgenic protease inhibitor gene Plant protease inhibitors have a wide insecticidal spectrum, including Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Orthoptera. At present, at least 15 cDNA or genes of protease inhibitors from different sources have been transferred into plants, and most of them have obvious insect resistance. However, it may be related to the expression of protease inhibitor in plants and the adaptability of pests to it. At present, no case has entered commercial production. The research is: potato, tomato, cabbage, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, sweet potato, sweet pepper, black nightshade and lettuce.
Transgenic vegetable with plant lectin gene is the most widely used gene of snowdrop lectin (GNA) in vegetables. The resistance to aphids and peach aphids can be obtained by transgenic tomatoes and potatoes, and it is also studied by introducing them into lettuce and Chinese cabbage.
Transgenic herbicide-resistant vegetables
Herbicide genes have two functions in plants. One is to eliminate the toxicity of herbicides. Bar gene from Streptomyces hygroscopicus is widely used, and its encoded protein can acetylate Phosphincin (PPT) to make it toxic. The second is to modify the target protein of herbicide to make it insensitive or overexpressed, so as to dilute the herbicide effect. Introducing bar gene encoding glutamine synthetase inhibitor pat into sweet pepper can improve the tolerance of sweet pepper to PPT. Resistance to sulfonylurea herbicides can be obtained by transferring acetolactate synthetic protein (ALS) into tomato. AroA mutant gene encoding enolpyruvate shikimic acid -3- monophosphate synthase (EPS) was introduced into tomato. Resistance to a certain dose of glyphosate herbicide can be obtained.
Anti-reversion gene vegetables
1 There are two salt-tolerant genes in transgenic vegetables. One is genes that can improve the permeability of protective substances in plants, such as proline synthase (proA), spinach alkali dehydrogenase (BADH), phosphomannan dehydrogenase (todD) and choline dehydrogenase (beta) biosynthesized with glycine betaine. Introducing β gene into tomato can obtain plants with higher salt tolerance than the control. Transforming oxalate oxidase gene into tomato can improve the yield of tomato in salt environment. The other is the Harry gene that balances potassium ions and sodium ions in plants. The salt tolerance of transgenic tomato was obviously improved. In addition, the total DNA of salt-tolerant plants can also be directly introduced into salt-tolerant plants to improve salt tolerance. For example, introducing the total DNA of mangrove into pepper can significantly improve salt tolerance.
Antifreeze genes (AFPS) from Arctic deep-sea fish are widely used in transgenic vegetables with cold-resistant genes. The anti-freezing gene of Aspergillus flavus was transformed into tomato, and it was found that it had the ability to inhibit ice recrystallization, thus preventing vegetable freeze injury. The antifreeze protein gene AFP of American flounder was directly transferred into tomato. Under the condition that the average temperature was lower than 4.4℃, the transgenic plants grew better and the fruits matured earlier than the control. The lethal temperature also decreased 1℃ ~ 2℃.
Transgenic vegetables with male sterility gene
There are many research ways in this field, and male sterility can be obtained through the specific expression of cytotoxin in tapetum and pollen. Some male sterile plants can be obtained by introducing the artificially constructed male sterile gene TA29: Barnase into tomato cotyledons. You can also use antisense gene technology to create male infertility. By transforming the chimeric male sterile gene composed of artificially constructed antisense actin gene and anther-specific promoter T29 into tomato, plants that are not self-fertile but cross normally as female parents can be obtained. This is also the first transgenic male sterility with independent intellectual property rights in China.
Transgenic parthenogenetic vegetables
RoIB gene was linked with ovary-specific promoter TPRP-F 1 to obtain parthenogenetic materials MPBl2 and MPBl3 with normal vegetative growth and fruit size.
Transgenic vegetables with improved quality genes
Tomato ripening and elongation is a successful example of genetic engineering research. For example, Flavr Savr in the United States, storage-resistant tomato in China and other four transgenic varieties? Fan Hua 1? They all enter commercial production and go to the market. In addition, the sugar content can be improved by transgenic technology: the starch content can be reduced by 30% ~ 50% and the soluble sugar content can be increased by 80% when the glycogen synthase gene of Escherichia coli (glglgl) is transferred into human potato. Plants with small fruit but high sucrose content can be obtained by transferring antisense cDNA of acid invertase into tomato. Lycopene synthase gene was transformed and transferred into tomato, which could make lycopene over-expressed.
Transgenic vegetable with biological or industrial protein gene