First, adhere to the correct investment direction.
Improving the investment benefit of geological prospecting units requires many aspects of linkage and cooperation, the most important of which is the choice of investment direction, which is the premise and foundation, and it is difficult to correct the wrong direction; Only in the right direction can there be a starting point for success. Choosing the right investment direction is mainly restricted by three factors: the national industrial policy, the economic and social development layout of the region and the advantages and characteristics of the unit. These are three levels, industrial policy determines the choice of industrial direction; Regional layout determines the choice of investment hotspots; The advantages and characteristics of this unit determine the starting point of choice. Only the close cooperation of the three can correctly determine the investment direction.
(A) the country's industrial policy directly determines the country's investment policy and investment direction.
The content of industrial policy is various, including product policy, technology policy, enterprise organization policy, resource policy, environmental protection policy, import and export policy and tax policy. It is the basic principle of industrial investment to choose projects according to the benchmark of industrial policy when making investment project decisions. Therefore, when studying investment, geological prospecting units should first understand and master the provisions of various policies item by item according to the contents of industrial policies, and then make correct choices and decide their own investment direction according to their own requirements. For example, the national product policy generally stipulates which ones support and encourage development, which ones are conditionally restricted and which ones are resolutely stopped, and it is accompanied by a product catalogue, so it must be taken seriously and cannot be opposed. Because some products are not allowed by the country, but from the regional point of view, they may be profitable in the near future, so they went up. But once put into production or short-term production, it was punished or even ordered to close down.
(two) to understand the layout of regional economic and social development, including regional development strategy, development planning and related special planning such as municipal planning, development zone planning, etc.
Geological prospecting units should first take the initiative to seek the layout of regional economic and social development, actively participate in the formulation of strategies and plans, and cannot ask for it as a bystander. Because in fact, this is to integrate the contribution that geological prospecting units can make to the market and society into the development of regional economy or local economy, and to find opportunities for survival and development. It is at this point that most geological prospecting units are passive and must be changed. Secondly, it is necessary to participate and cooperate with the goal, for example, to understand the planning of regional infrastructure, infrastructure projects and capital construction around the technology and services of engineering construction; Understand the demand for mineral products around mineral exploration and development; Understand the municipal construction and development planning around real estate and lot development. Third, it is necessary to understand both medium-and long-term planning and short-term planning, and find possible investment hotspots through tackling key problems; We should not only understand with problems, but also break through our own limitations, and strive to find and seize possible investment hotspots in a wider range of fields with broad thinking and strong observation.
(C) combined with their own advantages and characteristics, choose the direction of investment
In other words, after fully understanding the national industrial policy, regional economy and development layout, we must choose our own breakthrough point. And their most favorable starting point is their comparative advantage. Judging from the geological prospecting units affiliated to the former Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources, this comparative advantage is the three aspects mentioned above: mineral resources, real estate resources, exploration and engineering construction technology. But these three aspects are not all suitable for every specific geological prospecting unit. Therefore, each geological prospecting unit must also combine its own reality to find a breakthrough point. At the same time, when determining the starting point, we should not only consider what to do, but also how to do it, that is, the choice of investment methods. Generally speaking, if we can develop on the basis of the original projects and enterprises, we will not choose new projects; Problems that can be solved through technological transformation will not be overthrown and rebuilt; Facilities that can be added through cooperation, merger, collaboration, etc. Not entirely by themselves; If you can start from a high starting point, don't start from a low starting point; Those who can engage in high technology will not engage in ordinary ones. In short, we should change the mode of economic growth and take the road of expanding reproduction as far as possible.
Second, deepen the reform of the investment system and transform the investment mechanism.
Macroscopically speaking, the investment system includes the operating mechanism and management system of economic activities, and its main contents include investor behavior, fund-raising methods, investment use methods, project decision-making procedures, construction implementation management and macro-control systems. There are three elements here: ① the level and structure of the investment decision-making subject; (two) to decide the way of raising and using the investment; The core of the relationship between various economic entities in the investment field is the behavior of investors.
Over the years, it is precisely the investment system of geological prospecting units that has gone wrong, especially the vague investment subject, which has caused serious investment losses. Therefore, we must fundamentally reform the investment system, clarify the investment subject, and then change the investment mechanism in order to make good use of the limited investment.
Generally speaking, to be a real investor, three conditions must be met: ① being able to make investment decisions relatively independently in production and business activities or in the process of economic development; (2) Having sufficient investment funds, including funds raised by investment decision makers in various forms; (3) Investors enjoy legal person ownership and complete control over the assets formed by their investment. Using these three items, most geological prospecting bureaus and geological prospecting units can't form real investors, because the enterprise management system of public institutions is not a real enterprise, and countries that don't implement capital system bear unlimited responsibilities. In this case, as a geological prospecting unit, a bureau or even a department can't be a real investor. Therefore, in order to build a real investor, we must reform the management system of geological prospecting units and realize the transformation from institution system to enterprise system.
When geological prospecting units are transformed into enterprises, they can first change the bureau into the head office. The head office implements a two-level corporate structure at the management level, that is, the in-situ exploration unit is a first-level complete enterprise corporate unit, and the head office itself directly operates several professional branches as a legal person. The head office strives for the authorization of the state to operate in the property right relationship, and operates on behalf of the enterprise legal person authorized by the state to exercise supervision. In this way, the head office has formed a three-level management pattern in asset management.
(1) The highest level is the inspector sent by the Ministry of Land and Resources or the provincial government to supervise the preservation and appreciation of state-owned assets on behalf of the state.
(2) The provincial head office is authorized by the state to conduct comprehensive management of state-owned assets, some of which are directly operated and some of which are delegated downwards. At the same time, take full responsibility for the preservation and appreciation of national assets.
(3) Authorized by the head office, geological prospecting units enjoy the legal person property rights of state-owned assets and assume the responsibility of maintaining and increasing the value.
According to the above three-level management model, two main bodies should be established in the investment system, that is, the head office and geological prospecting units should become the real investment main bodies.
First of all, we should establish the foundation of the head office on the basis of geological prospecting units or bureau-owned enterprises, so that it can fully develop as a legal entity, respect and protect its relatively independent economic interests, and do not engage in leveling or fattening. At the same time, geological prospecting units or enterprises, as legal person property ownership, should formulate their own enterprise development strategies, put forward specific plans to adjust the structure, and determine the development direction and objectives on the basis of exchanging things for enterprises. Then, as the main body of investment, make independent decisions on technological transformation or infrastructure projects, raise funds by themselves, implement the project owner responsibility system and the project capital system, and fully enjoy the property rights of legal persons.
On the basis of independent management of geological prospecting units or enterprises, the development model of bureau as unit is implemented and the development strategy of the head office is formulated. On the one hand, it leads geological prospecting units as subsidiaries, on the other hand, it directly manages some products and services, but these products and services should have the following characteristics: ① They should not simply duplicate geological prospecting units, but develop specialization and seize the commanding heights; (2) Some directly serve geological prospecting units, but they should use economic means, such as leasing special equipment; (3) It is conducive to the loose association between geological prospecting units and has a higher qualification certificate; (4) Conducive to unified financing and financing; ⑤ It is beneficial to enjoy information, especially information from the upper level; ⑥ It is conducive to the development of economies of scale. For example, the development of large-scale mineral land with good benefits needs to be carried out in units of bureaus, which is also the optimal allocation of capital.
On the basis of building real investors, we should strive to diversify investors and generally do not engage in sole proprietorship. Because only when investors are diversified can we establish a self-restraint and self-motivation mechanism more effectively, establish a balanced governance structure and give full play to the role of the interest mechanism. Geological prospecting units can diversify investment subjects and attract employees to become shareholders. Geological prospecting units can be legal persons and share in each other; Can carry out various forms of stock combination with foreign units; You can use all kinds of investments to buy shares, including mineral resources, real estate, technical equipment, patented technology, brands and so on. Conditional can also issue shares, absorb social funds to buy shares.
Third, make good investment decisions.
After geological prospecting units are transformed from enterprises to enterprises, investment decision-making has become the central task of leaders at all levels, especially the board of directors. Because for a market-oriented enterprise, it is always in a state of high tension. On the one hand, we must do everything possible to maintain the occupied market and ensure the normal operation of production; On the other hand, we must constantly create new economic growth points, so that enterprises can continue to develop and make up for that part of the market that cannot be saved. Maintaining the existing market and carrying out product renewal, equipment renewal and technical transformation require investment decisions; Building new economic growth points and selecting projects require investment decisions. Therefore, investment decision-making is a fundamental plan related to the survival and development of enterprises. Leaders at all levels must attach great importance to it. It can also be said that grasping the investment decision may be a major change in the responsibility of geological prospecting units after they are transformed from enterprise management to enterprises. Because as an enterprise, once the investment decision is wrong, it will bear all the consequences.
To make a good investment decision, we must have a set of scientific and democratic decision-making procedures, and do a good job in every link of the procedures:
(1) Investors should proceed from the strategic requirements of the enterprise's own development, according to the market situation and market development trend, and combine the factors such as technological progress, product innovation and technological process change of the enterprise to correctly choose the investment direction.
(2) According to the determined investment direction or investment project, it is necessary to conduct serious investigation and study to find out three markets related to the project, namely, the investment product market, that is, those products that constitute the fixed assets of the investment project; In exploration and development projects, the characteristics of raw material market are the accuracy of proven resources and their natural abundance; The product or service market after the project is put into production. These three aspects of the market are very important. Once something goes wrong, the investment project will fail.
(3) On the basis of market investigation, conduct feasibility demonstration, including technically feasible and economically reasonable analysis and demonstration, and put forward standardized demonstration report. In the feasibility demonstration, we should focus on six aspects: ① Whether the product manufacturing technology, construction technology and process technology are feasible, and what scientific basis proves its feasibility. (2) Comprehensive calculation of costs, including manufacturing costs and various expenses in manufacturing costs, including management expenses, financial expenses and sales expenses. When calculating various costs and expenses, the parameters should be correctly selected. Such as price and quota, and whether the choice is reasonable. (3) the sales volume of products, including market capacity, competitors' output, their cost and quality, and the accuracy of prediction. (4) Whether the budget of the whole project, as well as the expected payback period and rate of return of the investment, are established on a sufficient basis. ⑤ How is the product quality compared with domestic similar products? What is the guarantee of product quality? ⑥ How to raise the investment in construction projects, whether the self-owned funds can be implemented, what measures can be taken to open up other channels of funds, and whether the funds can be put in place according to the time requirements.
(4) Experts shall be invited to evaluate the feasibility report and put forward the evaluation opinions. Experts or institutions for evaluation should have no interest relationship with investors, and it is better to be an intermediary institution to reflect the principle of fairness and objectivity. At the same time, the evaluation institution and the person in charge should sign and bear the corresponding responsibilities.
(5) Only the feasibility report evaluated by experts or evaluation agencies can be sent to the board of directors for discussion and decision. Some of them have to be reviewed and put forward by the relevant functional departments of the enterprise before they can be sent to the board of directors. When the board of directors or business leaders discuss the research report, they should fully carry forward democracy and especially listen to different opinions. Every opinion should be recorded, and finally a decision should be made and signed, and the consequences of the decision should be borne by yourself.
Fourth, carefully calculate the investment demand and do a good job in raising funds.
Investment demand is the most basic material guarantee for the completion of construction projects, and it must be paid equal attention to as investment decision. In order to ensure the investment demand, we must first correctly calculate the total demand (that is, the total cost) and arrange it in time. Then according to the demand, raise funds.
1. Pay attention to self-accumulation in raising funds. Including: ① Make full use of depreciation fund. When fixed assets are put into normal operation, with the continuous consumption of national assets, their value is gradually transferred to new products (or services). At the same time, fixed funds are compensated by depreciation and fund formation. If this kind of remuneration is well managed, it is the main source of funds for geological prospecting units. ② Increase profits and make good use of them. At present, many geological prospecting units have the problems of cost overrun and benefit loss to varying degrees. If this aspect is strictly managed, there is still great potential. After the profit is increased, it should be used rationally to prevent the light from being eaten up and put into non-production fields, with emphasis on expanding reproduction. ③ Use several special funds. Such as: engineering survey technology development fund, equipment and real estate rental income, fixed assets variable price income. These funds are scattered, poorly managed and easily lost. However, if we attach importance to it and clarify our responsibilities, it is also an important source of self-accumulation.
2. Through the concerted efforts of Qi Xin, the existing funds of geological prospecting units are not reduced, and efforts are made to increase. On this basis, make good use of it. This is a unique advantage of geological prospecting units and cannot be taken lightly. (1) Please ask the Ministry of Land and Resources to do a good job of ventilation to the Ministry of Finance, explaining that it is "giving first and then taking" to support geological prospecting units in structural adjustment at this stage. Once the structure of geological prospecting units is adjusted in place, they will change from units that eat "budget" to units that pay "budget" (pay taxes). (2) Some surplus personnel subsidies that can be saved are used for investment. (3) For the investment in geological prospecting fees for strategic geological work, it is necessary to protect the key points, optimize the allocation, improve the prospecting effect, and provide mining rights with higher value for mining development.
3. It is necessary to break through the single state-owned ownership structure and obtain the input of multiple subjects through horizontal joint and cooperation. Engineering survey and foundation construction can be combined with other legal persons to improve their qualifications and increase investment; Geological exploration can cooperate with foreign businessmen to increase labor income and improve the value of mining rights; The business outlets of geological prospecting units can convert physical assets into monetary funds for key investments through leasing, joint-stock cooperative system and sale.
We should make full use of commercial credit to raise funds. In the process of trading goods and services, increase the use of funds by delaying payment or collecting the price in advance. At the same time, timely recover the creditor's rights, speed up the capital turnover, give full play to the role of funds, and improve the efficiency of capital use.
5. Debt management should be implemented reasonably. Please ask the Ministry of Land and Resources to continue to dredge bank loans for geological prospecting units at higher levels to solve the problem of insufficient funds. At the same time, the Bureau and geological prospecting units, as the main investors, should independently seek loans from banks, especially short-term loans, mainly depending on the project benefits and unit reputation. We should expand the scale of bank loans through our own efforts.
Five, strengthen the whole process of investment management.
Management is an eternal theme. In the whole process of investment projects from project approval to production, management should be strengthened, and a slight relaxation will cause losses.
1. Pay special attention to the bidding of infrastructure projects or some technical transformation projects, carefully examine the qualifications of the construction units participating in the bidding, coordinate and handle a set of economic relations after winning the bid, and sign and manage contracts around the construction and construction parties. At this stage, the most important thing is to make good preparations before construction.
2. Pay special attention to the management in the process of project implementation and complete the project construction on time and with high quality. First, make a careful implementation plan, reasonably connect the supply of people, money and materials with the construction progress, and at the same time make various balances to prevent work stoppage. Second, we must ensure that the funds are in place, and do not start work easily without funds. Third, we should pay attention to the procurement of investment products, improve transparency and ensure good quality and performance. The fourth is to establish and strictly implement the regular inspection system of construction progress and quality, and study and solve problems in time when they are found. Fifth, we must do a good job in the completion and acceptance of the project, adhere to high standards and strict requirements, and do not give in or leave a tail.
3. Strengthen the management after the project is put into production to ensure the realization of the expected goal of the project design. To this end, first, it is necessary to equip leaders, and if conditions permit, it is necessary to implement the project owner responsibility system, and whoever establishes the project, who constructs it, and who pays attention to production. From the beginning of the project construction, we should consider the smooth production in the future. Second, it is necessary to establish a project tracking and feedback system, and take the trial operation of the project as an important link in the whole process of project management. Third, we should combine the management of project investment recovery with the benefit management after the project is put into production, and really focus on improving the investment effect of the project.
In order to do a good job in all aspects of investment management, four systems should be established and improved: ① The Provincial Geological Exploration Bureau should set up a full-time or part-time project evaluation team, and all new or technological transformation projects must be evaluated by this team before they can be submitted for decision. This should form a system that must not be violated. (2) The owner responsibility system shall be implemented for all new projects, and the owner shall be responsible for all the projects from project selection, project implementation and project commissioning, and take full responsibility. (3) All new projects and technical transformation projects should establish a tracking and inspection feedback system until the projects are put into normal production, and problems are found, studied and solved in time, and the responsibilities are investigated. (4) All newly-built basic projects and technological transformation projects must establish complete files, and truthfully record the situations in the process of demonstration, decision-making and production for use.
Six, learning capital management, low-cost expansion.
Capital management is the innovation of management concept and the sublation of traditional production management concept. Using the concept of capital management can expand the capital for geological prospecting units. In other words, capital management is the management, planning and optimal allocation of resources and production factors that geological prospecting units can control in order to maximize capital appreciation.
1. Capital management can promote the rapid accumulation and concentration of capital in geological prospecting units. There are generally two ways of capital accumulation, namely, capital accumulation and capital concentration. The single mode of capital accumulation takes a long time and is small in scale, which has not adapted to the requirements of socialized mass production and is giving way to a more effective mode of capital accumulation. Capital concentration can realize the gathering of capital among different capital owners and the redistribution and optimal allocation of social capital. Capital obtained by capital concentration is much faster and more extensive than capital accumulation. In the investment or management of geological prospecting units, capital can be rapidly expanded by implementing capital management. In other words, we should not only focus on our own capital, but also make full use of all opportunities and conditions to mobilize all the capital of other units to join our own business.
2. Capital management can encourage geological prospecting units to revitalize existing assets. Under the traditional concept of production and operation, people treat assets and capital very narrowly, and only pay attention to the materials and wealth on the books, thinking that only these can participate in production and operation as capital. However, the concept of capital management broadens people's understanding of capital. Capital is not only in the accounting sense, "capital also includes manpower and non-purchase", "capital is a resource to be used in future production" and "capital refers to production factors more". With these ideas, combined with the reality of geological prospecting units, some assets and resource-based production factors that have been depressed for many years may be fully utilized and revitalized. In fact, many investment projects we have investigated have already done this, but they have not yet reached a high level of understanding of capital management. Now we need to deepen our understanding, improve our understanding and further revitalize the depressed capital in breadth and depth. There is still great potential in this respect.
3. Capital management can enable geological prospecting units to optimize the capital structure and improve the efficiency of resource use. Under the traditional concept of production and management, geological prospecting units can only adjust their production structure from the aspects of product variety, service category and industrial direction, while the concept of capital management can broaden the idea of adjusting structure and optimizing resource allocation. In the industrial structure of capital, by adjusting the direction and proportion of investment, the industrial structure can be continuously transformed into advanced and modern; In the product structure of capital, capital can invest in different products or services according to market demand, and by optimizing the combination of products and services, different products and services can meet different needs, thus avoiding the risks borne by a single product and service; In the time structure of capital, limited resources can be arranged reasonably. On the one hand, at the same time, through reasonable planning, prioritize, select projects and invest. On the other hand, it is necessary to do a good job in the connection of the use time of funds in various projects to avoid a sharp increase or decrease in the use of funds; In the risk structure of capital, because income and risk are generally positively related, high efficiency is always accompanied by high risk, so we should pay attention to the safety of investment, combine the expansion of scale with the diversification of risks, and diversify the investment subjects, so that we can enjoy the income and bear the risks. Implement moderate debt management and maintain a reasonable asset-liability ratio.