The profession of police is high-risk and high-load. Heavy and high-intensity work easily leads to great psychological pressure and many psychological obstacles. Adjusting psychological pressure and maintaining a good psychological state are the qualities that the police should have.
Seizure refers to the inspection, interrogation and arrest activities in the process of police law enforcement.
Inventory is an important measure for the police to clean up and inspect the places and places where suspects may hide or haunt, so as to find or confirm illegal and criminal acts and investigate them.
Interrogation is an important measure for the police to interrogate suspects who may have committed illegal and criminal acts, and to check the items they carry, so as to find or confirm illegal and criminal acts and investigate them.
Arrest, for the purpose of arrest and arrest, generally refers to the armed arrest activities of the police against all kinds of illegal criminals or criminal suspects.
Tactics is a method to guide and carry out combat or confrontation.
Fighting is an armed conflict between opposing sides.
Police investigation tactics are operational methods to guide the police to carry out investigation, interrogation and arrest, and to correctly find and capture all kinds of criminals or suspects.
The concept of police investigation strategy has the following meanings.
(1) Police investigation tactics are a branch of Science of Tactics police. It originates from military tactics, develops in judicial practice and is restricted by law. It is the product of the contradictory struggle between crime and unified crime.
(2) Police investigation tactics are scientific methods to guide the police to crack down on all kinds of criminals and criminal suspects. Based on the practical experience of public security investigation, study the laws, characteristics and methods of public security investigation; Study the law of organization and command of investigation action and the basic law of victory; Study the specific methods of tactical design and application under different situations and conditions.
(3) The purpose of the research on police investigation tactics is to find and efficiently capture all kinds of criminals and suspects, find out the facts and evidence of crimes, effectively crack down on criminal activities, pay as little as possible, avoid mistakes, reduce losses, and maximize the efficiency and benefit of law enforcement activities.
(4) The basic operational forms under the guidance of police investigation tactics are investigation, interrogation and arrest.
Second, the research object of police investigation tactics
The research object of police investigation tactics is,
(1) To study the characteristics, methods and laws of police investigation. Including the nature, types, basic characteristics, command methods, basic principles of organization, implementation, guarantee and victory.
(two) to study the practical tactics of the police in the investigation and arrest of various criminal activities and the tactical disposal measures under different circumstances. Include individual and group tactical actions, use of topographical features, interrogation and body search tactics, investigation and search tactics, pursuit and interception tactics, different types of arrest actions and tactical applications, hostage rescue tactics and tactics of arresting and killing criminals with guns and explosives.
(3) To study the techniques, methods and ways to improve the comprehensive combat effectiveness of the police. Including tactical quality, combat skills, law enforcement level, defense awareness, equipment level, command ability, coordination and other training methods and techniques.
(four) to study the characteristics of violent crimes and the forms and methods of violent resisting arrest, as well as the new tactics and technologies for arresting all kinds of criminals and criminal suspects.
Third, the task of police investigation tactics.
The general task of police investigation tactics is to fully understand the objective laws of police investigation and investigation according to law, and summarize them, so as to form systematic knowledge, guide the people's police to effectively investigate various criminals and criminal suspects under various conditions, and conduct investigations scientifically, so as to improve the professional quality of law enforcement of the people's police and strive to achieve the most effective blow to criminal activities and the most effective cost reduction.
Out, in order to obtain the best law enforcement benefits.
The specific tasks of police investigation tactics are:
(1) By studying the operational principles and strategic ideas of police investigation tactics, we can enrich the investigation and arrest countermeasures, improve the success rate of finding and arresting criminal suspects, and minimize the loss of services.
Capture action is an armed combat action combining search and capture, which is potentially dangerous. Criminals or criminal suspects always try their best to escape and resist their arrest in order to escape their guilt, and often use violence to resist arrest. If the method of "investigation" is scientific and proper, and criminals or suspects can be found timely and accurately, it can provide reliable objective basis and realistic implementation conditions for the arrest. Whether the strategic design and tactical methods of arresting criminals or suspects are appropriate, whether they conform to the tactical principles and relevant laws and regulations, whether the tactical application is sudden, targeted and flexible, and whether its scheme conforms to the objective reality are the key factors for the success or failure of the investigation. Tactics is the crystallization of wisdom, the result of study and training, and the magic weapon for us to defeat the enemy. We have mastered the basic theories, characteristics and methods of tactics, and mastered many tactics that can be used in various situations. If we use them consciously, actively and flexibly, we can greatly improve the success rate and safety factor of the investigation operation, reduce casualties and material losses, and exchange a small price for a big victory.
(2) To serve the normalization and modernization of investigation work by studying the law of organization and command and coordination methods of police investigation.
With the development of social productive forces and science and technology, the people's police constantly adopt new technologies and equipment, and the criminal activities of criminals and criminal suspects are increasingly modernized. The scientific reform of the police system, the scientific organization of the police force, the extensive use of mechanized and automated command equipment and combat equipment, and the rapid improvement of rapid response ability are all greatly influenced by the new technological revolution. The modernization of technology requires us to act in accordance with the laws of technology; The modernization of management requires us to act according to scientific procedures; The particularity of investigation requires us to have iron discipline, high degree of organization and coordination, powerful control system and flexible response system. This forces us to make greater strides in normalization and modernization. The arrest operation, from intelligence gathering, battle preparation, command and decision-making to the organization and implementation of specific actions, needs to be more and more standardized and modernized. In the past, the "random tactics" that simply relied on experience, despised or didn't understand tactics, fought separately, and didn't talk about command procedures and command strategies could no longer meet the needs of the rapid development of the situation. This requires us to study the steps and measures of regularization and modernization. Police investigation tactics can provide useful help for the organization and command of investigation actions and the normalization and modernization of actions, and can provide theoretical and practical guidance for the police to implement large-scale overall coordinated operations.
(three) through the study of the fighting capacity and professional characteristics of the people's police, improve the quality and fighting capacity of law enforcement activities of the people's police.
The people's police, as the main force in fighting crime, are hard, tired and dangerous because of their professional nature. This professional feature determines that the people's police must have noble moral sentiments, good physical quality, excellent combat skills, high-level tactical awareness and psychological quality suitable for these qualities. Only with these conditions can we ensure the added value of its combat effectiveness and the high efficiency of its investigation.
Only in this way can we effectively find and subdue criminals and suspects and ensure our own survival. This requires us to constantly improve our professional quality and combat effectiveness to meet the needs of our work. One of the important tasks of police investigation tactics is to greatly improve the law enforcement quality of the people's police through study and training, improve the ability to find and arrest criminal suspects, and enhance their sense of survival and self-protection ability.
Strength, enhance the ability to defeat the enemy, so that no matter how difficult and difficult the situation, it can maintain strong fighting spirit, tenacious style, full fighting enthusiasm, superb tactics and strategies, skilled fighting skills and vigorous fighting capacity.
(4) Enriched and developed the theory and technology of police tactics.
Police investigation tactics is a branch of police tactics. Judging from the current situation of police tactics theory and technology research in China, it has just started and is still in its infancy. Although we have gained a lot of experience, many brilliant achievements and many vivid practical examples to learn from in the long-term struggle against various criminals, on the whole, the theory is seriously lagging behind, the scientific generalization and summary are still quite lacking, and the basic police tactics are reasonable.
The theoretical system has not yet been established, and the number of researchers involved in important research fields such as police coordination tactics, various police tactics and police command science is very small, and the education and training system supporting police tactics has just begun to explore. This situation does not meet the urgent need of police tactical theory guidance in practice, and it is far from foreign counterparts. This situation will inevitably increase the loss of police life and state property. So,
It is an urgent and important task for us to study the theoretical system of police Science of Tactics with China characteristics, establish and develop police tactics research institutions, vigorously promote academic research on police tactics, and enrich the technical means for police to subdue various criminal activities.
The research of police tactics is not only the patent of experts and scholars. As the front-line officers and men of the people's police, we should pay more attention to the study and research of tactics. Because, in a sense, tactics are the science to guide the battle, the condensation of blood and steel, the crystallization of wisdom and strength, and the knowledge of the desperate struggle between justice and injustice. The degree of learning and mastering it is closely related to the continuation and end of life in battle.
Therefore, it is of great significance for us to learn and master this subject and deeply understand its tasks, so as to correctly enforce the law, crack down on various criminal activities, protect the interests of the country and the people and ensure our own safety.
Adhering to the scientific guiding ideology of dialectical materialism is an important prerequisite for comprehensively understanding and correctly handling problems and preventing subjectivity, one-sidedness and superficiality. Subjectivity means that you don't understand or are not good at seeing things objectively. You always make laws based on your subjective wishes and your mind. One-sidedness refers to knowing the enemy clearly, knowing each other or knowing each other secretly, not being familiar with the situation of the opposing sides, not objectively understanding the law of investigation activities, not systematically studying the internal relations of various parts of tactical theory, and being satisfied with personal limited experience. Superficiality means that we are confused by all kinds of illusions or superficial activities when we study the complex phenomenon of investigation and arrest, and we can't grasp the essence through the phenomenon and get a regular understanding. In order to prevent and overcome these ideological drawbacks, we should conscientiously implement them with the scientific attitude of seeking truth from facts and the scientific method of dialectical materialism as the guidance.
Through investigation and study, we can gradually understand the law of investigation and arrest, form scientific knowledge and technical methods to correctly guide investigation and arrest activities, and thus promote the development of police investigation and arrest tactics.
(3) Adhere to the research principle of paying equal attention to tactics and technology.
A lot of practice tells us that the study of police tactics can't cross the threshold of technology. The development of tactics is ultimately brought about by the improvement and renewal of weapons and equipment. The invention and creation of science and technology are often first applied to the field of state dictatorship, which changes the equipment and technical conditions of the police force, and then causes the changes in the formation and combat effectiveness of the police force, and promotes the changes in tactical thinking and tactics. So we say that tactics are determined by technical level. However, this does not mean that with advanced technology and equipment, new tactics will naturally appear. The emergence of new tactical forms is the product of the combination of human scientific and technological progress and new tactical ideas. The emergence and development of new tactical ideas are restricted and influenced by the academic development level of police science. Even with advanced technology and equipment, if the academic level is backward and the tactical thinking is rigid, it is difficult to produce new tactical forms, and the functions and functions of advanced technology and equipment are also difficult to play. It can be seen that scientific and technological progress is the fundamental driving force and natural premise to promote tactical development; The level of academic development and advanced tactical ideas directly affect the emergence and development process of new tactics and the role and effect of tactics in practical guidance. This is a recognized law of tactical development.
It should be understood that on the world stage, the standard to measure the quality and combat effectiveness of a country or region's police is to see whether its weapons and equipment are advanced and its tactical thinking is active and advanced. Because they represent the productive forces and the development level of science and technology of a country or region, reflect the actual level of theoretical research and the specific degree of guidance to practice, and reflect the essential characteristics of whether academic thoughts are scientific, active and progressive. Therefore, while conducting tactical research, we should also pay attention to the influence of scientific and technological progress on tactical research and adhere to the research principle of paying equal attention to tactics and technology.
Police investigation tactics are the generalization and summary of the law of investigation activities and the crystallization of countless operational experiences and lessons, but their theories are not mature enough and need to be constantly supplemented, improved and improved. In application, we should "deal with specific problems", not copy them mechanically, but use them flexibly according to actual needs. Only in this way can we give full play to its effectiveness, master its true meaning and defeat all kinds of criminals and criminals.
A powerful weapon for criminal suspects. .
Second, the basic research methods
There are several basic methods to study police investigation tactics.
(a) familiar with the theory and technology
The basic theory and technology of police investigation tactics come from practice and are higher than practice. On the basis of practice, the people's police who have engaged in police investigation activities can understand some theories and principles of tactics to varying degrees and appreciate the importance and role of tactics, but this cannot be a reason to despise theories at all. What we feel is often beyond our comprehension. Only what is understood can be felt more deeply. Only by mastering the theory and technology of tactics and the basic law of defeating the enemy can we creatively use them to solve various practical problems in investigation, instead of sticking to the rules, mechanically using procedures and methods that are not in line with objective reality, and dealing with various criminal situations only by experience, instead of operating "disrupting battles" or "fighting mixed battles" with practical technology under the guidance of correct theories, can we give play to our subjective initiative and make investigation activities conform to our own laws.
(2) Study the history and examples of war.
The police investigation strategy is developed on the basis of rich practical experience in investigation. It is an excellent method to systematically study its historical evolution process, painstakingly study all typical war cases in ancient and modern times, at home and abroad, and study the winning laws of investigation activities, tactics and strategies. It is not only a study, but also a direct or indirect accumulation of experience, and it is also a creative activity of analyzing, synthesizing and abstracting laws. It is not only a summary of historical experience, but also an important reference choice for current investigation activities. It can also be based on the war history and war cases to form a "preplan library" of realistic actions and tactics to serve the actual investigation activities. Therefore, as the commander of the investigation, everyone should pay attention to studying the history and examples of the war and draw rich nutrients from them. We should not only attach importance to the study of our own war history and examples, but also attach importance to the typical examples of wars in other countries. We should not only sum up successful experiences, but also sum up failures and even painful lessons. We can't copy the relevant war examples at all times and all over the world, but should pay attention to using modern advanced theories, principles and methods to conduct exploratory research from all angles, in order to seek what the predecessors have not seen in the war examples and discover new connotations. By studying the history and examples of war, we can not only broaden our horizons and accumulate knowledge and experience, but also find many regular and guiding problems, so that our tactical research level can be continuously improved and innovated.
Police investigation tactics is a highly applied knowledge subject, and actual combat experience is the most direct, effective and simple way to learn tactics. Pay attention to the summary of actual combat experience and lessons, constantly analyze and study the reasons and conditions of victory and defeat, creatively summarize and accumulate a large number of battle cases, excavate operational experience, compare and evaluate actual combat cases, and gradually upgrade perceptual things into rational things. This is the study of tactics.
An excellent way to achieve results.
(3) Drawing lessons from military art and combining the characteristics of police law enforcement.
Tactics are produced by war, and fighting is the main means of war. Police tactics originated from military tactics and developed in the practice of judicial activities. Military tactics and police investigation tactics have many similarities, but there are also obvious differences. Police investigation tactics, in essence, combine the forms of reconnaissance and capture, attack and defense in military struggle with the characteristics of police law enforcement practice, gradually transplant and transform them under the constraints of legal provisions, and apply them to police law enforcement activities. Therefore, the development of military art has a direct and strong influence on the research of police tactics. Moreover, both the army and the police belong to the state dictatorship machine and armed forces, and the historical origin is the "mother-child" relationship. Their similarities and differences in functions, activities and applicable objects are the basic conditions for the emergence and development of police tactics. Therefore, drawing lessons from military art and combining the characteristics of police law enforcement activities, under the constraint of law, is a necessary way to study police tactics in the practice of cracking down on various criminals and criminal suspects, and also a basic method to study police investigation tactics.
(D) Study police tactics from the needs and skills.
Studying tactical problems from the perspective of demand means that different terrain, different situations, different cases, different police types, different operational scales, different operational characteristics, operational forms and different tactical methods are all determined by different needs. Starting from the specific needs, it is another basic method to study the conditions to meet the needs. What kind of fighting is needed, there will be what kind of tactical thinking and fighting methods. It is the fundamental driving force for tactical development.
But the satisfaction of demand is determined by subjective desire and objective conditions. There is a strong demand that objective conditions cannot meet, and ingenious, practical and effective tactical methods cannot be produced. Therefore, when studying tactical problems, we should consider the objective conditions to meet the needs and treat specific problems. ,
Studying tactics from technology is to study tactics from meeting needs and conditions. "What kind of war to fight under what conditions" has always been the basic principle and method of tactical research. With the progress of science and technology and the rapid improvement of productivity, the police have adopted a large number of advanced technologies and equipment, and their technical ability has reached a fairly high level. A large number of new weapons and equipment will inevitably lead to qualitative changes and leaps in combat forms and tactical methods. In the past, the guiding ideology of "what kind of war to fight under what conditions" was impacted and challenged by the new technological revolution. Modern society has gradually developed to the level of "what kind of war do you want to fight, what kind of weapons and equipment do you want to build, and what kind of conditions do you want to create". As far as police law enforcement activities are concerned, it will gradually develop in this direction. Therefore, to study tactical problems, we should start with technology and explore what is determined by demand.
It is one of the important research methods to innovate tactics and develop police tactics.
(5) Comprehensive research from neighboring disciplines.
Police investigation tactics is a branch of police tactics and a highly comprehensive applied science. One of the important methods of research is to draw nutrients from adjacent disciplines. The adjacent disciplines of police tactics mainly include military Science of Tactics, military topography, criminal investigation, criminal law, criminal procedure law, police law, criminal psychology, operational research, management, strategy, decision-making and logistics support. The most important are military Science of Tactics, public safety psychology, criminal investigation and strategy. The basic theories and techniques of these adjacent disciplines are the basic elements of police tactical theory. The development of these adjacent disciplines can effectively promote the development of the theoretical system of police tactics, and through the integration of multidisciplinary knowledge and technology, police tactics and its branch police investigation tactics will develop in a mature and perfect direction.
We have mastered the research principles and methods of police investigation tactics, and study hard and pay attention to flexible application, which will certainly make tactical theory and technology more mature and perfect, and have universal guiding significance and practical value.
Section III Basic Laws of Winning Law Enforcement Wars
Police law enforcement war: it is an armed struggle between the police and various criminals in the process of implementing and safeguarding national laws.
Police non-combat law enforcement: the implementation process in which the police do not use force in law enforcement.
First, win by "strength"
Winning by "strength" means strong strength and weak strength; Many people win, but few people win.
To achieve strength, we must use strength in the same direction; Component must be transformed into resultant force; Many small forces must be combined into big forces; To make the internal structure of power combination closer; At the same time, the force should be in the best position, and the weak or key parts of the opponent should be hit when the force is exerted. There are both material and spiritual forms of power, but in terms of absolute power contrast in combat confrontation, material things are bound to be destroyed by matter. If the power contrast is very wide, no matter how powerful the mental function is, no substantive victory can be achieved.
To have power, we must understand the particularity and changing law of power, skillfully organize and use power, and protect, maintain and constantly enhance our own power. As long as we keep strong strength, we can continue to win this battle.
Second, win with "technology"
Winning by "technology" means that those with high technical level of weapons and equipment will overcome those with low technical level of weapons; People with good technical skills are better than those with poor technical skills.
The technical level of weapons and equipment and the mastery of technical skills can usually indicate the level of combat material foundation and combat strength, and can reflect the level of combat effectiveness training and the strength of combat effectiveness. Advanced weapons and equipment technology can greatly enhance combat strength, improve tactical adaptability, increase tactical means and flexibility, promote the emergence and application of new tactics, realize technical and tactical suddenness in combat, and improve the firepower and maneuverability of combat forces. Skilled technical skills can give full play to the potential ability of people and weapons and equipment, so that people and weapons and equipment can be better combined to meet the operational needs of the battlefield in different environments and conditions. Therefore, winning by "skill" shows its great role in modern combat more and more, and becomes one of the basic rules to win the battle.
Third, win with "wisdom"
Throughout the ages, there have been countless discussions about "wisdom", and all of them highly praise its important role. But what is "wisdom" and how to express its connotation and extension make people feel very difficult. Clausewitz thought: "Wisdom refers to intelligence". Then, intelligence refers to the ability of wisdom and falls into the quagmire of concept cycle. In the Art of War, Sun Tzu recorded that "a general is wise, trustworthy, benevolent, brave and strict". Put wisdom first. But what is wisdom? No one answered. Sima Fa records that "all wars are wise"; "Fight with wisdom"; In Liu Tao, Wen Tao and Shang Xian, there is a saying that "the king will reward the knight for his ignorance ... the king will not let him become a general." We regard "intelligence" as the primary element of strategy and tactics, but this still does not solve the problem of what "intelligence" is. Some modern psychologists believe that "intelligence is the product of the combination of innate quality and acquired quality". It seems reasonable. When I think about it, I can't touch the sky and I can't hold it. Some people say, "Wisdom is the spark of thoughts and strength in collision". This artistic description does not reveal the basic characteristics of wisdom. Others say, "Wisdom is understanding", but what is understanding? We all recognize the basic principles of "wisdom comes first in war" and "wisdom wins in war". However, it is always difficult to grasp and understand "wisdom". It seems that "wisdom" is a mysterious force that comes and goes without a trace. Some people cite "wise men" in ancient and modern Chinese and foreign history and today's examples in an attempt to explain what "wisdom" is, but because these "wise men" are somewhat "unwise". Therefore, it is difficult to determine what "wisdom" is.
We say that the key to winning the battle lies in "winning with wisdom", so we must make a scientific answer to what "wisdom" is.
"Wisdom" is a comprehensive expression of people's correct perception, understanding, planning and handling of things.
The so-called correct perception means that when people receive information from external things, they can truly and correctly reflect the objective reality through their own sensory organs. People believe that "seeing is believing, but hearing is not", but people's feelings are often disturbed and influenced by various factors, which will produce hallucinations and illusions. So sometimes what you see is not necessarily true, and what you hear is not necessarily false. Only when people perceive things comprehensively and profoundly and reflect things realistically on the basis of truth and correctness can they truly and correctly perceive things.
The so-called correct understanding means that on the basis of correct perception, through scientific analysis, induction, judgment, reasoning, abstraction and basis, we have a regular understanding of the essential phenomena of things and prove them in as many ways as possible. Correct perception is not equal to correct understanding. People's understanding is influenced by many factors, such as world outlook, methodology, thought, emotion, interest relationship and the limitation of scientific and technological development, which is often not so correct and often subjective, one-sided and expressive. Only by overcoming all kinds of negative influences that affect cognition and truly understanding the nature and laws of things on the premise of correct perception can people reach a correct understanding.
The so-called correct operation refers to the correct planning and application of strategy and strength under the guidance of correct understanding. Having a correct understanding is of great guiding significance to correct operation, but it does not mean that having a correct understanding will inevitably lead to correct operation. In view of the specific things and problems that need to be solved, according to the actual strength and ability of oneself, friends or allies, scientifically plan the solution to the problem, design and formulate the correct solution, properly organize and use all forces, so that the whole logistics process conforms to the objective law of the development of things and can solve the problems that need to be solved with confidence, that is, logistics is correct.
The so-called correct disposal means that according to the correct understanding and correct operation, we have completely realized our own attempt, achieved the predetermined purpose and achieved appropriate results. There are neither shortcomings nor excesses in the methods and effects of dealing with specific problems; Perfect unity of motivation and effect; Give full play to its influence and role. Correct operation has a lot to do with correct disposal, but also, correct operation does not mean correct disposal. Because, no matter how good the operation is, it will change with the change of the situation in the implementation process, which requires the decisiveness and correctness of improvisation and constant adjustment to achieve the best disposal effect. Only when the best effect is achieved can it be regarded as the correct disposal.
Only when the perception, understanding, operation and disposal are correct and their comprehensive effects are realized can it be said to be "wisdom". If any of these four elements has problems, the meaning and function of "wisdom" will be lost, showing as "no wisdom" or "low wisdom". It is completely feasible to reveal the essence of "wisdom" and the connotation and extension of the concept of "wisdom" with such views and standards. At the same time, all "wise things" and "wise people" in ancient and modern China and abroad are reasonably explained, and the function, strength and role of "wisdom" are explained. Therefore, it is much easier to explain that "winning by intelligence" is the basic law of winning in combat.
Winning with "wisdom" means that "wisdom" wins "cowardice"; The noble man defeated the mean man. "Wisdom" is the most active, creative and decisive law in law enforcement confrontation and struggle victory, and it is also the driving force to promote the transformation of combat forces. However, it is not easy to grasp "wisdom" in combat, which is more manifested in the guidance of strategic awareness and tactical methods; It is manifested in the correct determination and action deployment formed according to objective information; It is manifested in the organization, coordination and ingenious use of combat forces; Creative exertion of people's subjective initiative; It is manifested in the size of the combat effect and the excellent degree of victory or defeat.