Basic introduction and characteristics of the four major architectures
1 and X86 are mainly used for CPU of PC. They were invented in 1978 and are currently operated by Intel Corporation. They are mainly used in CPU of Inter and AMD. They are characterized by high performance, high speed and good compatibility.
2.ARM architecture is a 32-bit instruction set, which was invented by British Acorn Company in 1983. It is characterized by low cost and low power consumption, and is widely used in mobile communication and embedded systems by customers such as Apple, Samsung, Huawei and Qualcomm.
3.RISC-V architecture is an open source instruction set, which started late and was invented by RISC-V Foundation in 20 14. It is characterized by modularity, simplification and expansibility, and can design appropriate instruction sets according to the scene. Users include Samsung, NVIDIA, Western Digital, and CPU for industrial control, electrical appliances, servers, sensors and other products.
4.MIPS architecture is a simplified instruction set, which was invented by MIPS Company in 197 1 year. It is characterized by simplicity, convenient optimization and high expansibility, and its main representative product is Godson.
ARM architecture occupies 95% of the chip market and has formed a complete ecological chain.
ARM has a 95% share in the mobile chip market and earns patent fees through authorization. Last year, its revenue reached $65,438 +0.6 billion. The adoption of ARM architecture must be authorized. At present, the chips designed all over the world are designed according to ARM's scheme, and the software developed is also designed according to this scheme, so there will be no compatibility problems for all kinds of mobile phones. After years of accumulation, it has formed a complete architecture system.
Besides ARM architecture, RISC-V architecture under development is expected to challenge, but it is very difficult.
Besides ARM architecture, RISC-V architecture which is still under development is expected to participate in the competition. Because of the rising license fee of ARM, the Indian government has made great efforts to help develop RISC-V, and China has also listed it as the research object in Shanghai. More than 160 enterprises, including China Academy of Sciences, joined the research. This open source instruction set has attracted everyone's attention and put a lot of pressure on ARM. ARM is a closed instruction set, which cannot be changed at will, and its architecture is not flexible enough. Open source RISC-V designers can freely customize and change the instruction set according to different requirements. RISC-V architecture is a rising star in Ran Ran. At present, it has not been officially put into use in the development stage, and it is impossible to establish a perfect ecosystem. Without the support of big companies, there is still a long way to go to compete with ARM.
At present, the commonly used processor architectures are ARM, x86, MIPS, RISC-V and so on. According to the instruction set, it is divided into CISC and RISC. Different architecture applications are different, which will be discussed in detail below.
1, x86 architecture
Most of our computers and company servers use x86 architecture processors, mainly intel and AMD processors.
The x86 architecture processor adopts CISC instruction set (complex instruction set computer). The CPU of x86 architecture is divided into x86 and x86-64. At present, x86-64 or 64-bit processor is the mainstream.
2.ARM architecture
Almost all our mobile phones are ARM architecture, RISC instruction set (reduced instruction set). The advantage of ARM is its low power consumption, so it is very suitable for mobile phones and other terminals. X86 architecture processor can't solve the problem of low power consumption, so mobile terminals rarely use x86 architecture processor.
Huawei's Kirin processor, Apple's A-series processor and Qualcomm's Opteron processor all adopt ARM architecture. In addition, most industrial control systems, smart home control systems and home set-top boxes also adopt ARM architecture.
With the influence of the "lock-up order" in the United States, ARM interrupted its business dealings with Huawei, and ARM entered people's field of vision. ARM was founded in 199 1, a British company, and was later acquired by Softbank of Japan. ARM company only sells IP (technical intellectual property), does not design and manufacture its own chips, and is located at the top of the ARM architecture. If ARM no longer authorizes Huawei, Huawei's Kirin processor and Lingxiao processor will be affected to some extent, and the latest architecture cannot be used.
3.MIPS architecture
MIPS architecture is also a RISC (Reduced Instruction Set) processor architecture, which was developed and authorized by MIPS Technology Company in 198 1, and is widely used in electronic products, network equipment, personal entertainment equipment and so on. For example, if the wireless routers used at home are MTK chips, most of them are MIPS architecture processors.
Let's talk about China's independent "Godson" processor. The Institute of Computing Technology of Chinese Academy of Sciences purchased the permanent structure authorization of MIPS, which is compatible with MIPS architecture, that is, it can be marked as "MIPS instruction set compatibility". All the core architectures are developed by ourselves.
4.RISC-V architecture
RISC-V architecture is an open source architecture based on reduced instruction set (RISC), which can be freely used for any purpose, allowing anyone to design, manufacture and sell RISC-V chips and software without authorization like ARM and MIPS, and is limited by various uses.
Compared with x86 and arm architectures, RISC-V is "young". RISC-V was born on 20 10 and was released by the University of California, Berkeley.
RISC-V architecture can be said to be the ultimate solution to the dilemma of domestic civil processors. In the long run, processors based on various x86 and arm architectures are "pseudo-autonomous" and are still limited by intel and arm. For example, arm recently interrupted its business dealings with Huawei because of the "lock-up order" and stopped the related authorization services, which may have a greater impact on Huawei's Kirin processor in the long run.
At present, many domestic manufacturers have participated in RISC-V ecosystem and established RISC-V industry alliance, including former microelectronics, Ziguang Zhanrui and Anhui Huami. Last year, Xiaomi released Huangshan 1 wearable chip based on RISC-V instruction set. RISC-V is the biggest threat to ARM architecture. Although the prospect is good, it is still in its infancy. With the iteration of technology, it is believed that RISC-V will be promoted to build a strong ecosystem.
The above is the common CPU architecture at present. X86 is the mainstream of PC and server, ARM is the mainstream of mobile devices, and RISC-V may be the mainstream in the future.
Each architecture has great advantages in its own industry. ARM is mainly used in mobile terminals, and the biggest one is the mobile phone industry.
At present, there are four better chip architecture technologies in the world, which are also mainstream architecture technologies, namely X86, ARM, RiSC-V and MIPS, and the main force in the mobile phone industry is ARM.
Arm weapon sleeve equipment
ARM architecture is a 32-bit reduced instruction set processor architecture, which is widely used in many embedded system designs. Mainly engaged in the research and development of low-cost, low-power and high-performance chips, so the ARM processor is very suitable for the mobile communication field, so 99% of smartphones and tablets in the world adopt the ARM architecture. ARM series accounts for 75% of all 32-bit embedded processors, and it is one of the most 32-bit architectures in the world. ARM is mainly oriented to mobile and low-power fields, so its design focuses more on energy saving and energy efficiency.
ARM architecture is basically applicable to smart phones, smart TVs, wearable devices, mobile base stations, enterprise servers, medical equipment, intelligent driving, Internet of Things and other scientific and technological fields. From the operating system to the upper application software, they are all developed based on the arm architecture, so a complete industrial chain is basically formed on mobile devices. At present, many CPUs are based on the microarchitecture of ARM Cortex A5, A8, A9 and A 15.
In the field of mobile phone chip design, take Huawei as an example. When designing chips, Huawei usually obtains the chip design framework from ARM and then designs it. After the design is completed, it is finally handed over to TSMC for OEM. This is a complete core product design process. Just like building a house, there is a basic frame first, and then a designer's design and manufacture. And not only Huawei, but also Apple, Samsung and Intel are all based on ARM architecture.
X85
X86 is mainly oriented to the computer industry. It is a computer language instruction set executed by a microprocessor, which refers to the standard number abbreviation of Intel general-purpose computer series and also identifies a group of general-purpose computer instructions. 1June 8th, 978, x86 architecture was born. Its CPU is basically more than 1G, dual-core and quad-core, and is generally produced by 45nm or even higher technology. Computers with X86 structure are connected with expansion devices in a "bridge" way, which makes it easier for computers to expand their performance.
It has basically monopolized the operating system industry of personal computers for nearly 30 years and has a large number of users. It has mature user applications, software matching, software development tool matching and compatibility, and numerous third-party software and software programming tools to help users use.
RISC-V
RiSC-V architecture is an open instruction set architecture based on the principle of reduced instruction set computing, and it is a brand-new instruction based on the continuous development and maturity of instruction set. This instruction set will not be monopolized or profitable. It is simple in structure and completely open source, allowing anyone to design, manufacture and sell RISC-V chips and software. It can design some processors based on it as needed, such as server cpu, household appliances cpu, industrial control CPU and CPU always in sensors.
million instructions per second
MIPS architecture is a processor architecture with reduced instruction set, which was developed in 198 1. It is a small branch of RISC, but it is different from RISC. After all, RISC is open source, and MIPS has developed very well and successfully on its basis.
The application of MCU based on MIPS involves many industries, and has great applications in industry, office automation, automobiles, consumer electronics systems and advanced technologies.
On August 16, 2007, MIPS Technology announced that the Loongson CPU of Institute of Computer Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences had obtained all patents of its processor IP and authorization of bus and instruction set.
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It is really difficult to say that CPU architecture and microinstruction set are actually not difficult, but it is difficult to come up with the corresponding development tool software, otherwise it will be useless. No company in China has developed such a tool software. If you don't like it, if the tool software is completely blocked abroad, not to mention the integrated circuit industry, even machining can't make a living. All the drawing design software is used abroad, and no company in China is engaged in it, all of which are borrowed from others.
The questioner also forgot Alpha (the top processor legacy left by DEC, far exceeding x86), China Shenwei processor.
16 core is used for desktop and server, and 260 many-core ((64+ 1)*4) is used for supercomputing. This architecture is not only powerful in numerical calculation (the light of Taihu Lake), but also unparalleled in power consumption per computing capacity.
Both IBM's PP and MIPS have strong embedded application advantages, and mobile phone AP is a typical embedded application.