Compared with previous identification cards, IC cards have the following characteristics: First, they are highly reliable-IC cards have the abilities of anti-magnetism, anti-static, anti-mechanical damage and anti-chemical damage, information can be stored for more than 100 years, read and write times are more than 100 times, and they can be used for at least 10 years; Second, the security is good; Third, the storage capacity is large; Fourth, there are many types. From a global perspective, the application scope of IC card is no longer limited to the early communication field, but widely used in finance, social insurance, transportation and tourism, medical and health care, government administration, commodity retail, leisure and entertainment, school management and other fields.
At present, in China, with the continuous development of the Gold Card Project, IC cards have been widely used in many fields and achieved initial social and economic benefits. In 2000, the circulation of IC cards in China was about 230 million, of which telecommunications accounted for most of the market share. There are more than 654.38+200 million public telephone ic cards, more than 42 million mobile phone SIM cards and about 60 million other IC cards. In 200 1 year, the total shipment of IC cards was about 380 million, an increase of 26% over the previous year; The circulation is about 320 million copies, an increase of 40% over the previous year. From the application field, a total of 65.438+0.7 billion public telephone ic cards, 55 million SIM cards, 3.2 million bus IC cards, 65.438+0.4 billion social security cards and 80 million other cards were issued.
Although the circulation of IC cards has maintained a high growth rate, IT still accounts for a small proportion of the market sales in the IT market. According to CCID statistics, in 200 1 year, the sales of computers in China were about 250.2 billion yuan, while the sales of IC cards were less than 2 1 100 million yuan. IC card market is not the bright spot of IT industry in China, and its pulling effect on IT market is not obvious. On the one hand, IT restricts the investment of IT enterprises in IC card technology, on the other hand, it indicates the huge development space of IC card market in China. With the increase of government management and support and the improvement of technology research and development level, the competitive pattern of IC card market will undergo profound changes. As high-end chips, core modules, financial POS machines and production equipment are all mastered by foreign enterprises, foreign brands have a relative monopoly position in some market segments. With the start of the government smart card project, the gradual opening of the mobile communication market, and the optimization of the technical strength and technological process of domestic enterprises, the market share of foreign brands is greatly limited, while domestic brands will develop rapidly. Some domestic ic card companies that have grown up from the telecom market will continue to expand their business in the fields of ID card, finance, social security and transportation. Directly participate in international competition.
The year 2002 and even the next five years will be the deep development period of IC card application in China. The pattern of IC card market in China will move from disorder to order, and the market competition will move from limited to unlimited. The IC card market will gradually mature and enter the era of low profit. In this situation, the development level of IC card industry and market can not be simply measured by the number of cards issued and the number of new products. The degree of market development ultimately depends on the application level of IC cards and their social benefits. From the perspective of sustainable development, strengthening industry norms and promoting IC card enterprises to change from products and technologies to applications and services will become an important trend in the development of IC card market in China.
1970, the Frenchman Roland Moreno put the programmable IC(IntegratedCircuit) chip into the card for the first time, which made the card have more functions. At that time, he described this technology as: a card with self-protection memory. Thus, the world's first IC card was born.
In the following 30 years, with the development of VLSI technology, computer technology and information security technology, IC cards became more diversified and mature, and were widely used at home and abroad. The following will classify and analyze IC cards in detail from different angles. First of all, according to the different embedded chips, it is divided into:
1. memory card: The chip in the card is EEPROM, address decoding circuit and instruction decoding circuit. In order to package it in a 0.76mm plastic card holder, a thin structure of 0.3mm was specially made. Memory card is a passive card, which usually adopts synchronous communication. This kind of card is convenient to store, simple to use and cheap, and can replace magnetic cards in many occasions. However, this IC card does not have the security function, and is generally used to store information that does not need to be kept secret. For example, medical emergency cards and customer menu cards in the catering industry. Common memory cards are AT24C 16 and AT24C64 of ATMEL Company.
2. Logical encryption card: This card not only has the EEPROM of the memory card, but also has encryption logic, and password verification is required before reading and writing the card. If the password verification is wrong several times in a row, the card will lock itself and become a dead card. From the aspects of data management, password verification and identity identification, the logical encryption card is also a passive card, which adopts synchronous communication. The storage capacity of this card is relatively small, and the price is relatively cheap. It is suitable for occasions with certain confidentiality requirements, such as canteen dining cards, telephone cards, business prepaid cards, etc. Common logic encryption cards are SLE4442 and SLE4428 of Siemens, AT88SC 1608 of ATMEL, etc.
3.CPU card: This chip includes a microprocessor unit (CPU), a storage unit (RAM, ROM and EEPROM) and an input/output interface unit. Among them, RAM is used to store the intermediate data in the operation process, the on-chip operating system COS(Chip OperatingSystem) is solidified in ROM, and EEPROM is used to store the personal information of the cardholder and the related information of the issuing bank. The CPU manages the encryption/decryption and transmission of information, and strictly prevents illegal access to the information in the card. If several illegal accesses are found, the corresponding information area will be locked (or unlocked by a higher level). The capacity of CPU card is large or small, and the price is higher than that of logical encryption card. However, the good processing ability and excellent security performance of CPU card make it the main direction of IC card development. CPU cards are suitable for occasions with particularly high confidentiality requirements, such as financial cards and military secret order transfer cards. Internationally renowned CPU card providers include Gemplus, G &；; D, Schlumberger, etc.
4. Super smart card: Super smart card is composed of a keyboard, a liquid crystal display and a power supply on the CPU card, and some cards also have fingerprint recognition devices. The super card tested by VISA International Credit Card Organization has 20 keys and can display 16 characters. In addition to the functions of timing and computer exchange rate conversion, it also stores personal information, medical and travel data and telephone numbers.
Two, according to the card and the external data exchange interface, divided into:
1. Contact IC card: This card reads and writes data through the contact of IC card reading and writing equipment and IC card contact. The international standard ISO78 16 has strict regulations on the mechanical and electrical characteristics of such cards.
2. Contactless IC card: This card has no circuit contact with IC card equipment, but reads and writes through contactless reading and writing technology (such as optical or wireless technology). In addition to CPU, logic unit and storage unit, the embedded chip also adds RF transceiver circuit. The international standard ISO 10536 series expounds the provisions of contactless IC cards. This kind of card is generally used in occasions with frequent use, relatively little information and high reliability requirements.
3. Dual-interface card: Contact IC card and contactless IC card are combined into one, and the operation is independent, but CPU and storage space can be used.
Three, according to the different data transmission modes when the card is exchanged with the outside world, it is divided into:
1. serial IC card: When the IC card exchanges data with the outside world, the data stream is input and output in serial mode, and there are few electrode contacts, usually 6 or 8. Serial IC card is widely used at present because of its simple interface and convenient use. The IC card defined by the international standard ISO78 16 is such a card.
2. Parallel IC card: When the IC card exchanges data with the outside world, it is parallel, and there are many electrode contacts, generally between 28 and 68. There are two main advantages, one is the speed of data exchange, and the other is that the storage capacity can be significantly increased under the existing conditions.
All kinds of smart cards and SIM cards.
Four, according to the different application fields of cards can be divided into:
1. financial card: also known as bank card, it can be divided into two types: credit card and cash card. When the former is used for consumption payment, it can overdraw the funds according to the preset amount; The latter can be used as an electronic wallet or electronic passbook, but it cannot be overdrawn.
2. Non-financial cards: also known as non-bank cards, cover a wide range, including all fields except financial cards, such as telecommunications, tourism, education, public transportation and so on.
(3) Transportation card: widely used.
(4) Government application card: It is widely used now, such as the social security card that has been vigorously promoted recently.
Smart card (smart card or IC card), also known as smart card, smart card, integrated circuit card and IC card, refers to portable card plastic stuck or embedded in integrated circuit chip. The card includes microprocessor, I/O interface and memory, and provides data calculation, access control and storage functions. At present, the card size and contact definition are unified by ISO specification, mainly in ISO78 10. Common ones are telephone IC cards, identity IC cards, and some transportation cards and memory cards.
Satisfied, please adopt.