The initial attempt of mechanical refrigeration relies on the cooling effect of water evaporation. 1755, William Cullen, a Scottish doctor, obtained a low enough temperature for making ice. He did this by reducing the water pressure in the closed container with an air pump. At very low pressure, liquid evaporates or boils at low temperature. The heat required for a part of water to change from a liquid state to a gas state is taken from the rest of the water, and at least part of the rest of the water becomes ice. Since Cullen, many engineers and scientists have created many inventions to clarify the main principles of mechanical refrigeration (Goosman, 1924). In 1834, Jacob Perkins, an American living in Britain, built and patented a steam compression machine with a compressor, a condenser, an evaporator and a cock between the condenser and the evaporator (Critchell and Raymond, 19 12). He made it by evaporating a volatile liquid under reduced pressure, which was obtained from the destructive distillation of Indian rubber. It is used to produce a small amount of ice, but not for commercial use. In the 30 years after 1850, the increasing demand has brought great invention achievements and progress. Faraday, Thilorier and others found new substances more suitable than water and ether, such as ammonia and carbon dioxide, and they proved that these substances can be liquefied. The first attempt of mechanical refrigeration was based on the refrigeration effect produced by water evaporation? 1755, the Scottish doctor William Cullen obtained a low enough temperature to make ice? He used an air pump to reduce the pressure of the water surface in the closed container to achieve this goal? At relatively low pressure, liquid can evaporate or boil at low temperature? The heat required for some water to change from liquid to gas comes from the remaining water, at least the remaining water becomes ice? Since Cullen, many engineers and scientists have created a lot of inventions to explain the principle of mechanical refrigeration (Goosman, 1924)? 1834, Jacob Perkins, an American who settled in Britain, made a compressor? Condenser? A vapor compression refrigerator consisting of an evaporator and a switch located between the condenser and the evaporator, and obtained a patent (Critchell and Raymond, 19 12)? He achieved this by evaporating a volatile liquid under reduced pressure, which was obtained by dry distillation of an Indian rubber? It is used to produce a small amount of ice, but it is not commercialized? After 1850, the growing demand for more than 30 years has brought great creative achievements and progress? Faraday, Thilorier and others found new working fluids more suitable than water and ether, such as ammonia and carbon dioxide. They proved that these substances can be liquefied? )
The theoretical background for mechanical refrigeration was provided by rumford and David, who explained the nature of heat, while Kelvin, Joule and Rankin continued the work started by sadi carnot and simulated the science of thermodynamics (Travers, 1946). Refrigerators appear between 1850 and 1880, which can be classified according to substances (refrigerants). Machines that use air as refrigerant are called compressed air or cold air machines, which have played an important role in the history of refrigeration. Dr. John Go rrie, an American, developed a real commercial air conditioner and applied for patents in Britain 1950 and America 195 1(DOI, 1952). (rumford? David. Kelvin. Joule and Rankin provided the theoretical background for mechanical refrigeration, rumford and David explained the nature of heat, Kelvin? Joule and Rankin continued sadi carnot's work and clearly expounded thermodynamics (travers, 1946)? Refrigerators appear between 1850 and 1880, and can be classified according to working fluids (refrigerants)? Refrigerators that use air as refrigerant are called compressed air machines or cold air refrigerators, which occupy an important position in the history of refrigeration? Dr. John Gorrie, an American, developed a real commercial cold air refrigerator, and obtained the patent 1950 in Britain and 195 1 (DOI, 1952) in the United States? )
Refrigerators using cold air as refrigerant are divided into two types, closed cycle and open cycle. In the closed cycle, air with pressure higher than atmospheric pressure is repeatedly used during operation. In the open cycle, air is sucked into the machine at atmospheric pressure, cooled and directly discharged into the space to be refrigerated. In Europe. In 1862, Dr. Alexander ·r·C· Kirk commercially developed a closed-cycle refrigerator, and in 1870, Franz Windhausen invented a closed-cycle refrigerator and obtained a patent in the United States. Kelvin and Rankin invented the theoretically leading open cycle refrigerator in the early1850s. Giffard, in 1873 and by Joseph J. Coleman and James Behring in 1877 (Roelker, 1906). Refrigerators using cold air as refrigerant can be divided into closed cycle and open cycle? In the closed cycle, the air above atmospheric pressure entering the refrigerator can be reused in the work? In the open cycle, air enters the refrigerator at atmospheric pressure, is cooled, and is directly discharged into the space needing refrigeration? In Europe, Dr. Alexander C. Kirk developed a commercial closed-cycle refrigerator in 1862, and Franz Windhausen invented the closed-cycle refrigerator in the United States in 1870 and obtained a patent? In the early 1950s of 19, Kelvin and Rankin theoretically constructed the outline of an open cycle refrigerator. 1873, French Paul Giffard, Joseph J. Coleman and james bell invented the open cycle refrigerator (Roelker, 1906) in England. )
1860, a French engineer Ferdinand P. Edniond Carre invented an intermittent crude ammonia absorption device, which produced ice in a limited range based on the chemical affinity of ammonia to water. Despite its limitations, it represents a significant progress. (1860, French engineers Ferdin and P .Edniond Carre invented an intermittent ammonia absorption refrigeration device for small-scale ice making? Despite its limitations, it shows great progress? )
His equipment has a hand pump that can freeze a small amount of water in about 5 minutes. It was widely used in Paris for some time, but it has a serious disadvantage, that is, sulfuric acid was quickly diluted by water and lost its affinity. ? His device has a hand pump that can freeze a small amount of water in about 5 minutes (Goosman, 1924)? It has been widely used in Paris for some time, but it has a serious disadvantage, that is, sulfuric acid will dilute rapidly when it meets water and lose its affinity? )
The real inventor of the small manual absorption machine is H.A. Fleuss, who designed an effective pump for this machine. F. Windhausen built a large-scale ice-making absorption unit in 1878, which continuously operates by extracting water from toxic acid and increasing affinity through additional heating (Goosman, 1924). The real inventor of the small manual absorption refrigerator is H.A.Fleuss, who designed an efficient pump for the refrigerator? 1878, F.Windhausen made a large absorption ice machine? It works continuously by heating sulfuric acid to increase the concentration of sulfuric acid (guzman, 1924)? )
One of the earliest steam compression machines was invented and patented by American professor Alexander C. Twining in 1853. He used this system to build an ice-making factory in Cleveland, Ohio, which can produce nearly one ton a day. After that, many other inventors experimented with vapor compression machines using ether or its compounds (Woolrich, 1947). In France, F.P.E. Carre developed and installed an ether compressor, and Charles Tellier (a versatile pioneer of mechanical refrigeration) built a factory using methyl ether as refrigerant. In Germany, Carl Linde established a methyl ether plant at 1874 with the support of brewers. Just before that, Linde paved the way for the great progress of refrigeration machinery by demonstrating how to calculate and improve the thermodynamic efficiency of refrigeration machinery (Goosman, 1924). ? One of the earliest vapor compression refrigerators was invented and patented by American professor Alexander C. Twining in 1853? He used this system to build an ice-making factory in Cleveland and Ohio, with a daily output of nearly 1 ton? Since then, a large number of inventors have experimented with vapor compression refrigerators using ethers and their compounds as working fluids (Woolrich, 1947)? In France, F.P.E.Carre developed and installed a compression refrigerator with ether as working medium, and Charles Tellier (the all-round pioneer of mechanical refrigeration) built a device with methyl ether as refrigerant component? In Karlind, Germany, 1874 built a methyl ether refrigeration device, which was funded by the brewer? Only before that, Linde has paved the way for the great development of refrigerators by proving how to calculate and improve the thermodynamic efficiency of refrigerators (Goosman, 1924)? )
The inventor of the compressor also experimented with ammonia, which became the most popular refrigerant and was widely used for many years. In the1860s, Tellier developed an ammonia compressor. In 65 438+0872, David Boyle manufactured satisfactory ice-making equipment, and obtained a patent in the United States in 1872. However, the most important person in the development of ammonia compressor is Linde, who obtained a patent on 1876 and installed it in Trieste Brewery the following year. Later, Linde's model became very popular and was considered excellent in mechanical details (Awberry, 1942). The use of ammonia in a compression refrigerator is a great progress. In addition to its thermodynamic advantages, the pressure it needs is easy to generate, and the size of the machine using it is also small. In the late1860s, P.H. Van der Weyde of Philadelphia obtained a patent for a compression device, which is characterized in that the refrigerant consists of petroleum products (Goosman, 1924). R.P. Pictet of the University of Geneva manufactured a compressor using sulfuric acid in 1965. 1966, American T.S.C Lowe invented refrigeration equipment using carbon dioxide. Due to the harmfulness of carbon dioxide, the carbon dioxide compressor has become very important in facilities where safety is the primary consideration, although it was not widely used until 1890 (Awberry, 1942). Between 1880 and 1890, ammonia compression devices become more common. By 1890, mechanical refrigeration has been proved to be both practical and economical for food refrigeration industry. Europeans provided most of the theoretical background for the development of mechanical refrigeration, but Americans participated in a wide range of invention activities between 1850 and 1880. The inventor of the compression refrigerator also used the most popular one? And it has been widely used for many years, and the refrigerant ammonia has been tested? In the 65438+60s, Tellier developed an ammonia compression refrigerator? 1872, David Boyle made a satisfactory refrigeration device, and applied for a patent in the United States in 1872? However, the most important person in the research and development of ammonia compression refrigerator is Linde, who obtained a patent at 1876 and installed it in Trieste Brewery the following year? Later, Linde's model was very popular and was considered the most perfect from the mechanical point of view (Awberry, 1942)? The application of ammonia in compression refrigerator is an important progress? In addition to thermodynamic advantages, the pressure it needs is easy to reach, and the size of the machine using it can be very small? 19 in the late 1960s, P.H.Vander Weyde of Philadelphia obtained a patent for a compression refrigerator, which is characterized by using a mixture of petroleum products as refrigerant (Goosman, 1924)? 1875, R.P.Pictet of Geneva University introduced a compression refrigerator using sulfuric acid? 1866, T.S.C.Lowe of the United States developed a refrigeration device using carbon dioxide? Although 19 was not widely used before the 1990s, it became very important in the installation where safety was the primary consideration because of the harmlessness of gas (Awberry, 1942)? During the period from 1880 to 1890, the installation of ammonia compressors became more common? By 1890, mechanical refrigeration has been proved to be both feasible and economical in food refrigeration industry? Europeans provide most of the theoretical background for the development of mechanical refrigeration, while Americans put more energy into the extensive inventions of 1850 to 1880? )
After 1890, the technology in the field of mechanical refrigeration developed steadily. Revolutionary changes are not common, but in several countries, many advances have been made in the design and manufacture of refrigeration devices and their basic components, such as compressors, condensers and evaporators. (In the field of mechanical refrigeration, the steady technological progress is after 1890? Revolutionary changes are not the main thing, but in many countries, the design and construction of refrigeration devices have made great progress? Their basic components? Compressor? Great progress has also been made in condensers and evaporators? )