Scientists from Engelhard Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences and Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) in the United States first put forward the idea of a new technology for determining nucleic acid sequence (SBH) by hybridization. At that time, polyoligonucleotide probes were used. Almost at the same time, Sourthern of the Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, England, etc. also obtained international patents on immobilization of oligonucleotides on carriers and sequencing by hybridization. On the basis of these technical reserves, a biochip was developed in 1994 with the support of the Defense Research Program of the US Department of Energy, the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Russian Human Genome Project, and was used to detect gene mutations in blood samples of Mediterranean patients, and more than 1 known mutant genes of extrathalassemia were screened. The gene decoding speed of this biochip is 1 times faster than the traditional Sanger and MaxaxGilbert methods, and it is a promising rapid sequencing method. Developing technology first and occupying the market as soon as possible is the creed of winning in the market economy competition. Biochip is currently in a state of fierce technical competition. Packard instruments developed a gel-based medium-density chip for diagnosis. Affymetrix has successfully applied light-oriented lithography technology to directly synthesize high-density chips with oligonucleotide lattice on silicon wafers, which is ahead of the field of chip analysis. The company cooperated with Hewlett-Packard Company to develop a special gene chip scanner that can scan 4, dots. At the same time, it also developed a flow path workstation and a computer software analysis system that can simultaneously pass through several chips in parallel. Combined into a relatively complete chip manufacturing, hybridization, detection scanning and data processing system. Soon GenralScanningInc, Telechem Company, which manufactures printing heads, and Cartesian Company, which manufactures manipulators, developed 3 (two lasers), 4 and 5 (four lasers) laser * * scanners and corresponding analysis software, forming a working system for users to make chips at will.
European companies are not willing to lag behind, and they are competing in succession. For example, GeneticCo．UK has developed QBot sampler, Q-Pix clone sorter and Q-FILL chip-making equipment. Sequenom introduced the 25-site Spectrochip and read the results by mass spectrometry, while the German Institute of Cancer Research used the low-density peptide nucleic acid synthesized in place (1 spots on 8cm×12cm chip) as the probe chip for expression spectrum and diagnosis. Nowadays, DNA chips have shown great application prospects in biomedical fields such as gene sequence analysis, gene diagnosis, gene expression research, genome research, discovery of new genes and diagnosis of various pathogens.
In p>1997, the world's first genome-wide chip, a yeast genome-wide chip containing 6,166 genes, was completed in Brown Laboratory of Stanford University, thus making gene chip technology rapidly applied in the world.