He likes it, but the car is not suitable for his car environment for the time being. I suggested that he get a driver's license and buy a petrol car. One reason why friends like one is to protect the environment with electricity, but I don't want to talk about environmental protection. Ordinary people solve the travel problem first, and then consider higher-level problems.
Speaking of this, another thing comes out: why has the mixed structure of extended programs not become the mainstream of the market so far?
What is extended range mixing?
Extended-range hybrid is a kind of oil-electric hybrid structure that everyone is not familiar with but was born very early.
What is its unilateral classification? Pure electric? Still stubborn, please consult Beijing Vehicle Management Office to let you have this one first. Pure tram? Come to me when you get a green card. With such a big gasoline engine in front of you, it's boring to plug your ears with a oiler.
1 min interpretation version
The English abbreviation of extended-range hybrid electric vehicle is Reev (range-extended electric vehicles), which is an extended-range electric vehicle. Energy reaches the ICE internal combustion engine or FC fuel cell from the fuel tank, and is converted into electric energy after combustion, which is used to store energy for the battery or drive the motor.
The core of ICE or FC, we can call it range extender, that is, APU (Auxiliary Power Unit). When the plug-in power supply capacity is insufficient, APU is used to assist power generation and power supply. I'm done.
5-minute interpretation version
REEV extended-range hybrid is one of the manifestations of PHEV plug-in hybrid, and it is the third of series, parallel and series. Its structure is simple and its theoretical efficiency is not low, but it is not easy to realize.
I scolded the ideal brain powder at the beginning of the article. Now I want to be fair to the ideal: the ideal REEV system is a relatively mature structure.
I drew the eight diagrams of energy trends, replacing the words 1200, so that everyone can understand it more easily:
The last picture, I wonder if Li Yi has calibrated this working condition. Because the battery cannot be charged and discharged at the same time, it may not be better to use pure electric mode when going downhill for a long time. The power battery will constantly switch between charging and discharging, and lithium ions will jump around inside the battery. If the internal combustion engine is started at this time, on the one hand, it can provide driving force when there is power demand, on the other hand, it can transfer excess energy to the power battery for storage, which is also an effective scheme. As for whether there is, an engineer friend can tell me when he sees this bad article. Thank you.
Energy-saving principle of extended-range hybrid vehicle
Some netizens said that extending the program is to take off your pants and fart. I think this is the sorrow of nine-year compulsory education. At least understand the principle before spitting.
The straight line of extended-range hybrid is: ICE internal combustion engine /FC fuel cell system? Generator? Power battery? Drive motor. Even if the energy conversion efficiency of the motor and power battery is above 90%, do you still need to collect it here for three times? Toll? Why can we save energy?
The trick is in ICE/FC. Now many car companies are advertising that their internal combustion engines can achieve 40% or even higher thermal efficiency. This indicator is not particularly instructive because it is here? Thermal efficiency? what's up Maximum thermal efficiency? However, the speed range of internal combustion engine to maintain the highest thermal efficiency is very narrow, and the time to reach this range in daily driving is less than 1%.
The extended program is to solve this problem: if we keep the ICE/FC near the highest thermal efficiency range, we can burn/exchange the same amount of fuel 1.5 times or even 2.0 times more energy!
In the REEV system, the power battery is an energy storage pool for adjusting the energy storage/release time nodes, so that the ICE/FC always works in the high efficiency range.
So even if the last three links are closed? Toll? The well-to-wheel efficiency of the whole system is still higher than that of pure ice diesel locomotive.
In my opinion, from self-start-stop system to 48V, from HEV to PHEV, these are all adding electrification assembly to the traditional internal combustion engine to complete the energy-saving task, while REEV is another form, which turns the internal combustion engine into an APU power auxiliary device, and the subject and object are exchanged.
Did everyone notice? I have been saying that the extended program is more energy-saving, but I have never mentioned that it is more environmentally friendly because it is equipped with a medium-capacity power battery pack, which contains so many heavy metal pollutants. Excuse me. Environmental protection? Where does this word come from?
If we must talk about environmental protection, then the extended-range hybrid system can really make the internal combustion engine/fuel cell compare with BEV pure electric system. Before the battery pack dies? Intervene in time to prevent the battery pack from entering the stage of power loss with particularly strong life loss. Prolongs the service life of the power battery, and has no problem in environmental protection.
Practical case of extender mixing
The world's first hybrid car was named? Rona-Porsche Mixte Hybrid? Is it Ferdinand? In 1900, Dr. Porsche adopted a series hybrid structure and a four-wheel drive motor.
Because the torque of the driving motor is much higher than that of the internal combustion engine, this structure can reduce a bulky mechanical gearbox. Make great efforts? The venue is good. 1903, Russia built Vandal with extended-range hybrid structure. Diesel power? /kloc-ships and Porsche racing factories in the 1920s also adopted this structure.
Dr Porsche's third famous extended-range hybrid work is VK 45.0 1 (P), which is translated into electric Porsche Tiger heavy tank.
Dr. Porsche used two Porsche 10 1 air-cooled V 10 gasoline engines to generate electricity for Siemens-Schuchert motor (yes, the famous Siemens), and then transmitted it to 3 12PS/ set of Siemens drive motors? 2. It can drive this 60-ton Tiger 105km, but the fuel consumption per 100 km is 495L.
Dr. Porsche spent a lot of wartime resources of the German Third Reich and developed advanced weapons with advanced technical concepts and almost zero actual combat effect, which not only perfunctory Xi moustache, but also ensured that the weapons he developed could not be used to kill people.
This is a genius invention.
But after the war, Dr. Porsche was thrown into prison, fell ill, and died not long after he came out. I think the world owes ferdinand porsche a Nobel Peace Prize, an engineering genius who consumes resources and exports technology but can't kill people.
Today, this series hybrid/extended range hybrid structure is widely used in? Make great efforts? In the field, such as? Fuel-electricity? Submarines/cargo ships/destroyers/trains/tanks, etc. , APU power auxiliary device (range extender) can be gasoline and diesel engines, gas turbines or fuel cells.
Throughout the field of civil vehicles/passenger cars, extended-range hybrid has not become the mainstream, because the extended-range hybrid structure is naturally not the most suitable for hybrid in this field.
Chevrolet Volanda was produced in 20 10-20 15 and 20 15-20 19 respectively. General Motors is a pioneer of electrification in the United States, but it is all black history (as the first person who ate crabs did). Volanda was originally used to pay tribute to GM's centenary birthday. The wind resistance is extremely low and the concept is extremely advanced, but it is expensive and slow, and the fuel economy is not necessarily high. The average is 6.4L/ 100km, and the second-generation Volanda technology has been improved to some extent.
Thanks to our readers @6823968239, I hereby enter the car experience of the owner of the light blue 6 PHEV in the article:
Micro Blue 6 adopts the second-generation Volanda hybrid system, with a built-in 8kWh battery pack, with an acceleration time of about 8s per 100 kilometers, a vehicle weight of 1.6t, tires of 18 inches and a tire width of 225mm. The average mileage in pure electricity is about 60 kilometers (more than 50 expressways, more than 60 urban areas, the highest is 68 kilometers); Under power failure, the oil consumption in urban areas is below 4.5L/ 100km, and the expressway is 5-5.5l/100km (1120km/h).
In fact, the two generations of Volanda products are very different. The first generation is the output power split hybrid architecture, and the second generation is the input-output composite power split hybrid architecture. The first generation can't realize direct drive of internal combustion engine (one of the reasons for low efficiency is output power split, and the efficiency is also low at low speed). The second generation can realize direct drive of internal combustion engine, in fact, the second generation can realize single and double motor drive. Low-speed hybrid mode (at this time, like Toyota THS, it works in the state of split input power), direct-drive mode of internal combustion engine (at this time, like Toyota i-MMD, the power of internal combustion engine goes directly to the wheel end, and the driving motor can be driven in parallel), and high-speed hybrid mode (at this time, it works in the compound power split mode), that is to say, this hybrid realizes all the optimal working modes of Toyota and Toyota, and also solves the problems of split input power and high-speed working conditions.
The second generation Volanda does not adopt the traditional extended-range hybrid structure, and the internal combustion engine can directly connect the driving wheels through planetary gears. SAIC-GM Velite 5 uses the same powertrain, with two motors, two planetary gears and three clutches. It is so complicated that I absolutely don't want to draw its energy trend diagram.
The author has written a long article introducing the research and development history of BMW's new energy vehicles for half a century. You can click on "A Brief History of BMW I Series". The article is too long. It doesn't mention that BMW i3 pure electric version has left such a place in the right rear to put the gasoline engine, and it is an extended-range model if it is modified casually. It can be seen that it is not too difficult to change the program from pure electric.
Similarly, Lan Tu Free provides both pure electric version and extended range version, and I don't need to release the structural drawing, just need to connect a group of internal combustion engines in series.
In addition, the well-known Nissan e-power extended-range hybrid technology, the most popular one in Japan is Nissan NOTE, which became Sylphy e-power extended-range hybrid when it entered China. The advantage of Nissan's e-power is that the internal combustion engine, motor and motor are all small, and the car is also small, which can save fuel.
However, because the power battery is too small, similar to Toyota THS, e-power cannot/does not need to be plugged in.
Li ONE is the best extended-range hybrid sold in China at present, but the power consumption is 8.8L/ 100km, and the normal fuel consumption is 7.2 L/ 100km, which is still quite a lot.
Therefore, REEV is a very good structure in theory, but if the car is extremely heavy, too much electric energy is used to transport the battery itself, and there is no ice-covered mode drive motor directly connected to the wheels, which needs to be thrown out constantly, so the efficiency of the kinetic energy recovery system is limited and the limit is not high; High speed does not need braking and recovery, but the driving efficiency of pure motor is not high.
REEV theory is very efficient, but it is easy to find that it is not very fuel-saving and electricity-saving, and GM is also convening experts.
For example, Cadillac ELR, this thing is the luxury version of Chevrolet Volt Volanda, which belongs to the black sheep of Detroit. The technology is very advanced, and the oil can't be saved, and the performance can't be improved. The Cadillac sports car that broke 100 in 7.8 seconds is not attractive at all.
By the way, ELR is heavier than Volt 140kg, which you said is fatal.
In the whole life cycle, ELR sold 3000 units, which is not enough.
Fisker, a new force in American automobile manufacturing, also made an extended-range hybrid car called Karma. In the power loss mode, the official fuel consumption can reach 12L/ 100km, which also counts? Energy saving and environmental protection? to a certain degree
On the one hand, Fisk Karma is not bad (the 2009 model below is amazing), but the company closed down too early, and their plug-in technology and Delaware manufacturing plant were sold to China Wanxiang Group.
Another bankrupt is Tagus? Feng Teng, a cutting-edge power enterprise that is purely playing with tickets, claims that his home-made AT96 can extend the cruising range to 2000km, but it needs a 90L fuel tank.
So, will? Techrules？ Translated into? Tagus? Feng Teng? A little postmodern urban love story. His family also said that the APU uses a gas turbine, and the whole vehicle is armed with six motors (each motor 13kg), the front wheel 1 and the rear wheel, two, totaling 768kW (1044ps)/.
Children, I can only say children! Why didn't such a strong PPT go bankrupt? Oh, oh, it's already dropped.
Another example is not a scam, but a LEVTX extended-range hybrid taxi produced by Geely's London Taxi Company. The main reason is that the London government won't let the old diesel taxis go on the road, so the new taxis with this extended range structure have a battery life of 607km, an internal combustion engine 1.5t and a fast charging power of only 50kW.
In addition, the Honda i-MMD hybrid system is somewhat similar to the extended range, and the principle is very similar to that of the Chevrolet Volt Volanda II. Both of them are based on the extended range and have the straight wheel mode of the internal combustion engine. However, due to patent problems, the mechanical/electrical principles realized by the two systems are far from each other. Best of all, Honda i-MMD saves fuel.
BYD DM-i, which is very popular recently, has a similar structure. It mainly operates in series mode, but it also has parallel mode, so it is not an extended-range hybrid structure in a strict sense. Actually, BYD's DM plug-in structure is earlier than Honda's. The structure of DM 1, DM-i and Honda's i-MMD are not fundamentally different. BYD returned to P 1+P3 architecture ten years later, because the technical progress of Sanpower and internal combustion engine provided technical feasibility.
Why has extended range mixing not become the mainstream?
Bottom line: Because the REEV extended-range hybrid structure has little energy-saving advantage in the field of passenger cars, it is in line with market rules not to be widely promoted.
We can't come up with a mechanical and electronic structure that someone did a long time ago but gave up, and now most people don't do it. Why is this market not interested in this genius's idea? Everyone is wrong, but I am right. It's impossible.
Capital is profit-seeking. If the increase plan is really so perfect, how can it be that the two major new energy automobile manufacturers in China and the United States do not like this structure now? You see, how many generations of REEV have been introduced by GM? Is there anything that sells well? China's new forces have also made several models, and at present only one model has sold a little more. In contrast, cars with conventional PHEV plug-in hybrid structure not only have many brands and models, but also sell well.
Let's go back to the original intention of REEV's extended-range hybrid: 1900' s, the power of internal combustion engine was far less than that of electric motor, and Dr. Porsche hoped to use the internal combustion engine to work for a long time to accumulate energy, and the power supply broke out; After 2000, the efficiency and cost performance of electric motors are far better than those of internal combustion engines. We hope that the internal combustion engine can continue to work in the range of high thermal efficiency, provide energy for the motor and save more fuel.
The original intention of extended-range mixing has completely changed in a century. We don't lack electricity now, but we lack fuel. At present, all extended-range hybrid models on the market are not very fuel-efficient. At most, we just give you a set of green cards. Today, the battery energy density has not been broken, and the comprehensive advantages of extended-range hybrid can not be well played. After the energy density goes up, pure electric may be a more energy-saving choice.
At present, extended-range hybrid power is a scheme with less obvious advantages and disadvantages: it is quieter and more comfortable than ICE diesel locomotive, but not as quiet and comfortable as BEV pure electric vehicle; There is no need to have endurance anxiety like BEV, but the fuel consumption cost is not much lower; The structure is simpler and cheaper than PHEV plug-in hybrid, but the acceleration ability is not as good as PHEV.
Is there a solution? If the internal combustion engine and the wheel are directly connected mechanically, not just electrically, the high-speed working condition will be optimized to some extent. In fact, the Chevrolet Volt Volanda has evolved from the first generation to the second generation, and its structure has been completely changed, mainly by adding this mechanical direct connection condition, thus avoiding the surge in power consumption of high-speed single-gear motors.
How will REEV extended-range hybrid power evolve in the future? The author thinks that in addition to the direct connection of high-speed cruise machinery, the power source will also have great room for innovation, and gasoline and diesel engines may gradually become history, fuel cell stacks and micro gas turbines or potential stocks.
(Photo/Text/Photo: Huang Hengle)
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