Socialist visionaries have long believed that it is necessary for workers' movements in different countries to establish international contacts and organizations. It was Marx and Engels who made this necessity the clearest and clearest. As early as 1847 years ago, that is, 99 years ago, Marx and Engels asserted that "the proletariat has no motherland" and shouted the slogan "the proletarians of the whole world unite" in their Manifesto of the Productive Party. Since then, their thoughts and struggles have permeated this spirit of internationalism.
In 1864, this spirit of internationalism is first manifested in the organizational form. This year, workers' representatives from Britain, France, Germany and Italy met in London and decided to set up a "International Working Men’s Association" as a liaison body for workers' organizations in various countries. The literal translation of the name of this new organization should be "Workers' International Federation", in which the word "international" is used as an adjective. That is, the alliance of British, French, German and Italian workers. At that time, Marx participated in the work of this new group on behalf of German workers, and gradually guided the whole organization with scientific socialism. Soon, the conference developed greatly, and workers from small countries joined the organization, becoming a force in the world and feared by governments all over the world. The name of the club is too long. Sometimes people take its first word, which is called "international" for short, and then it becomes a habit. The whole group is called International. This is the first time that this adjective has become a noun.
187 1 year, workers rioted in Paris, and the "international" French branch not only participated, but also occupied a leading position. This time, however, the famous Paris Commune failed, and the "international" suffered a great blow. The bourgeois government outside was banned, the petty bourgeoisie inside was hit, and the organizational strength was weakened day by day. Finally, it was officially dissolved in 1876. The workers' international association led by Marx is called the "first international" in the history of the workers' movement, which is different from several later workers' international organizations.
Second International (1889- 19 14 years)
Second International (1889- 19 14 years)
Communist International
1889 ~1965438+2004 International Union of Socialist Political Parties. Its name comes from the early 20th century, which is relative to the First International (International Working Men’s Association).
* * * The international producer is the third international. An international joint organization established by * * * production parties and * * * production groups under the leadership of Lenin. After the outbreak of World War I, the bankruptcy of the Second International and the victory of the October Revolution promoted the establishment of production parties in various countries, and the objective situation required the establishment of new international organizations. 19 19 On March 2nd, the international congress of industrialists was held in Moscow, and 52 representatives from 35 political parties and organizations from 2/kloc-0 countries attended the meeting. The Congress adopted the International Proletarian Declaration, the International Production Action Plan and the Outline of Bourgeois Democracy and Proletarian Dictatorship, declaring the establishment of the Third International. Its task is to publicize Marxism, unite the working class and the broad masses of working people all over the world, and fight for overthrowing bourgeois rule, establishing proletarian dictatorship and eliminating the exploitation system. It takes democratic centralism as its organizational principle, the highest authority is the congress, and the production parties of various countries are its branches. When the Congress is not in session, the Executive Committee elected by the Congress is responsible for issuing instructions to the branches of various countries and supervising their work. Headquartered in Moscow. During its 24 years of existence, the Third International held seven congresses and led 65 capitalist political parties and organizations. He has made important contributions to defending Marxism, promoting the international workers' movement and national liberation movement in Asia, Africa and Latin America, opposing fascist and imperialist wars, and promoting the development of international movements. It helped advanced workers in Europe, America and Asia to establish Marxist-Leninist political parties, trained a number of revolutionary backbones and accelerated the growth of production parties in various countries. However, many mistakes have been made in the work, especially the long-term interference of "Left" ideology, which has had a negative impact on the international proletarian movement, and its highly centralized organizational form has affected the independence of all parties and the equal relations between all parties. After the outbreak of World War II, in order to effectively organize the anti-fascist struggle, * * Production International was dissolved on June 1943 with the consent of the production parties of various countries. Its official publication is * * * producing international and international newsletters.
The Fourth International [founded by Leon Trotsky in 1938]
The Fourth International [founded by Leon Trotsky in 1938]
Communist International
1an international joint organization composed of Trotskyites in September, 1938, whose predecessor was1the international left-wing opposition movement initiated by Trotsky and others in June, 1929. Politically, it claimed to inherit the programs and resolutions of the first four congresses of the Third International Congress (the declarations of the first three congresses of the Third International Congress, and even the declarations of Zimmerwald International, the predecessor of the Third International Congress). Full name of the world socialist revolutionary party.
Lev Trotsky 1929 was deported from the Soviet Union. He founded the opposition bulletin, established the international Trotsky organization, and called on the supporters of all countries to stay in the * * * production party as the left-wing opposition to "correct" the party's line. 1933 after Hitler came to power in Germany, Trotsky thought that the Stalinist-led * * * production international was hopeless, and announced that their activity policy was not to reform the * * * production international, but to break with it, thinking that the Soviet Union needed a political revolution to remove the cancer of bureaucratic autocratic groups and began to build the fourth international. Trotsky always hoped that the international community would emerge through social revolution (there is a similar precedent, that is, the Third International was brewing as early as 19 15, but it was not until the October Revolution of 19 17 and the German Revolution of 1965438 that the Third International was unprecedented. The Third International was founded in 19 19). At that time, some European and American capital countries had a considerable upsurge of working-class revolution (especially the United States in the mid-1930s, France and Spain after 1935), so Trotsky did not announce the establishment of the Fourth International, so he and his followers had a lot of arguments. 1938 In September, the fourth international founding conference was held in Paris, announcing the establishment of the World Socialist Revolutionary Party. Trotsky drafted a document entitled "The Dying Groans of Capitalism and the Tasks of the Fourth International" (transition program) for the Congress, claiming that the historical conditions for building socialism are not only ripe, but also beginning to rot. The crisis of mankind is a "crisis caused by revolution", and the establishment of the Fourth International is to solve this crisis. Advocate "continuous revolution" and "world revolution" and establish "world socialist federation". It thinks that the division between the "minimum program" and the "maximum program" is outdated, and puts forward the "transition program", that is, according to the experience of the October Revolution, it puts forward a series of transition requirements from how to calculate working hours to the establishment of a laborer's government.
In the ten years after its rise (in the early 1930s), international trotskyism once grew with the upsurge of the world revolution. For example, they have a certain strength in developed countries such as Belgium, France and the United States, and even won the majority of the left-wing forces in Chile and Cuba for several years (the Trotskyites in Chile even participated in the presidential election and put forward a very radical program, but they were considered to be very likely to win, but they were suppressed because they were young, shallow and unwise). On the whole, however, the Soviet Union and the third international bureaucrats who stole the banner of the October Revolution and enjoyed the powerful material strength of the working class countries still dominated the Universiade, which partly led to the gradual retreat of the world revolution (from the failure of the China Revolution in 1927 to the great failure of the Spanish Revolution in 1937). Until "Su Dongbo" in the 1990s, international Trotskyism was a small but very active faction, which was characterized by a small number of people but great ideological strength, and only had significant advantages in some areas (such as Sri Lanka, an island country after World War II). According to Trotsky's diary, in the mid-1930s, there were more than 3,000 fourth international elements. Before Hitler came to power, there were about 750 Trotskyites in Germany. In distant China, in 193 1 year, more than 500 trotskyite political parties (including Chen Duxiu, former general secretary of the * * * production party, and a group of middle-level cadres) gathered together. From these figures we can see the approximate scale of Trotskyism. World War II greatly damaged most branches of the Fourth International, because Trotskyites also actively participated in various anti-oppression struggles and were persecuted (in particular, many Trotskyites in China participated in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the later liberation war, and they also organized rural guerrilla warfare in Shandong Province and other places, and many soldiers died for it). After World War II, party member, the Fourth International, was slandered, vilified and brutally persecuted in all the worker-bureaucrat countries (Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, China, Viet Nam, Cuba, etc.). Hundreds of proletarian revolutionaries such as Zheng and Zhou Rensheng, China Fourth International, have spent more than 20 years in prison under the "revolutionary government" just because of their different political views, and have long been regarded as "running dogs of imperialism and bourgeoisie". In Europe, America and Latin America, Trotskyism thoughts and activities gradually recovered. After the great division of 1953, the Fourth International continued to fall into various minor divisions. Despite the so-called "unification" in the early 1960s, it split into seven or eight fragmented "Fourth Internationals" in the 1970s, accusing each other of "revisionism". Nevertheless, Trotskyism still had a great influence on European political and ideological circles, and the French May Storm of 1968 was deeply influenced by Trotskyism and its activities. In the 1970s, the French branch of the Fourth International, the traditional core stronghold of Trotskyites, began to send personnel to participate in the French presidential election. Although the turnout rate was small, it caused a great sensation and social impact. Based on the evaluation of class contradictions and class struggles in Europe, Mandel, the principal, social activist and theorist of the "Unified Secretariat School" of the Fourth International (which has long been the most orthodox and largest Trotskyite school in the world), once said that capitalist Europe in the 1970s and 1980s had the objective conditions to establish the dictatorship of the proletariat. But why there is no new European dictatorship of the proletariat is actually worthy of reflection by the Fourth International and even all leftists.
In fact, in the long-term process of leading the workers' movement, the Fourth International was influenced by the capitalist society and the administration of daily improvement affairs. Moreover, due to the lag of the socialist revolution in Europe and America, its upper level was prone to bureaucracy and was criticized by Trotskyists. The Fourth International is a textbook on the history of the Party written by Pierre Frank, another secretary of the Central Committee of the Fourth International, in the 1970s. It has a remarkable sense of leadership orientation and is gradually drifting away from the revolutionary position of the working class. This tendency of bureaucratization and corruption, as well as the innovative voices of ordinary Trotskyite fighters who are dissatisfied with the status quo, are the important reasons why the Fourth International is increasingly mired in division and trivial disputes, and are also one of the results of rigid movements (for example,1the great failure of the French Revolution in 968, and1the abandonment of the Portuguese social revolution in 975). In the early 1980s, a general strike against poll tax in Liverpool, England, gave birth to a vibrant Trotskyite team, which was later called the "fighting faction" and formed a new Trotskyite international. However, around 1995, this international community split into CMI (International Marxist Committee) on the right and CWI (Workers' International Committee) on the left. Compared with the whole Trotskyite International, the latter is more sacrificial and youthful, thus attracting many new youths from Kazakhstan in Central Asia to Nigeria in Africa, from Ireland in Europe to American countries.
Compared with the past, after ten years' reflection and integration, the international Trotskyists have made greater progress after the "Su Dongbo" in the 1990s (more because more and more people have seen the dogma of Stalin's Soviet model and the great disaster brought by the "new liberalization" of capitalism). In 2003, the largest Trotskyite Fourth International Unification Secretariat successfully convened the World Congress, which discussed a series of world political issues, from the western workers' movement and the capital restoration of former socialist countries to homosexuality and ecological crisis, and adopted a series of resolutions. Around 2005, the two largest trotskyites (unified secretariat faction and international committee faction) merged for the first time since the split of 1953. Various international Trotskyites have devoted themselves to the front line of anti-war and capitalist globalization, thus gaining new vitality (for example, British Trotskyites have gained new strength from large-scale mass movements such as opposing the Iraq war). On the other hand, as the most advanced faction in the international proletarian movement, the international Trotskyite is also in danger of bureaucratizing its leadership and losing its traditional industrial working class foundation. What's more, most international Trotskyites have actually lost Trotsky's proletarian position from the beginning, and have moved towards pleasing and reconciling reformism (marked by 1990's). A typical example in this regard is that the vast majority of international trotskyites support and tolerate the Venezuelan bourgeois reform regime headed by Hugo Chá vez to varying degrees. To make matters worse, some international Trotskyites joined the Brazilian bourgeois cabinet headed by Lula at the beginning of the 20th century, repeating the mistake of revisionist Miller Lan (1903) a century ago, and the Fourth International Unification Secretariat (the largest Trotskyite after reunification). However, in order to break the political situation caused by the former Trotskyites, some international Trotskyites trying to innovate have a utilitarian and practical purpose.
It is true that Trotsky left a will before his death, "I firmly believe that the fourth international will win", but the "fourth international" he said is not so much an eternal political organization as a historical picture of the victory of the revolution under the leadership of the proletarian vanguard party (no Marxist believes in the existence of eternal things). Just as Trotsky expected and urged the mass social revolution in order to promote the innovation and progress of the vanguard party of the proletariat, today's Fourth International-this name should be understood as a banner of the organic combination of revolutionary Marxist movement tradition and contemporary workers' revolutionary movement-must rely on young people and advanced elements among workers, peasants and working people to realize its veritable concrete and rich political content.
Fifth international alliance
The Fifth International-the full name of the Fifth International Alliance-is another proletarian alliance after the Fourth International. It is said that the Workers' Power newspaper of the British branch of the Fifth International League published a report entitled "Who is the Fifth Internationalist? The article points out that, in view of the disasters caused by imperialism in global rule, revolutionary forces should set up a radical worldwide political party-the Fifth International Alliance-to fight uncompromisingly against global capitalism. According to this article and another article published on www.fifthinternational.org's website, Running to the Fifth International, the main political views of the advocates of the Fifth International Alliance are as follows.
Advocates of the "Fifth International" listed various disasters caused by the rule of developed capitalism under the conditions of globalization. They believe that after the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, imperialism thought that capitalism had completely collapsed and won a decisive victory, and there would be no other alternative social system, so it was even more fearless and unscrupulous. Imperialism extends its tentacles to all parts of the world, arbitrarily amassing wealth and arbitrarily occupying the fruits of human labor; Whoever violates its will will will be hit, bombed and blocked; Despite the serious deterioration of the ecological environment, capitalist countries and companies still emit a lot of pollution and toxic substances in their own way; Moreover, capitalism is self-centered, belittling, rejecting and trampling on other cultures, inciting racial and religious hatred and splitting the world.
Advocates of the "Fifth International" believe that in the face of all kinds of disasters caused by imperialism, the resistance and struggle of the working class have never stopped. The article lists that in North America and Western Europe, the younger generation and workers' armed forces are rising, and Seattle, Prague, Quebec, Gothenburg and Genoa have continuously detonated a series of resistance movements against free trade agreements, destroying the ecological environment and exploiting workers for profit. Among them, in the Seattle struggle of 1999, hundreds of non-governmental organizations and tens of thousands of protesters from different countries and regions not only held massive demonstrations and protests, but also occupied traffic arteries, smashed the windows of McDonald's stores and clashed with the police, which became a landmark event against capitalist exploitation in the world. In the southern hemisphere, from Chiapas to Soweto, from Jakarta to Gaza, millions of people also rose up against the "austerity plan" of the International Monetary Fund, trampling on human rights and destroying the ecological environment. Non-governmental organizations in developing countries have also set up a consortium called "50 years is enough" to resist the takeover of industry and agriculture in developing countries by large American and European companies and the "road map" plan led by the leaders of the Group of Eight. Even after "9- 1 1", anti-terrorism activities around the world began to be active, but these movements did not stop.
Advocates of the "Fifth International" believe that so far, the struggle of the workers' movement is scattered and complicated, misled by reformism and unable to fight. The article points out that all kinds of voluntary self-help fighting groups are diverse (including unionists, environmentalists, human rights activists, landless peasants, anarchists and producers, etc.). ), and the movement is loose, which binds and differentiates the energy and potential of the movement and cannot form a global irresistible force. There are still great differences on how to strengthen the unity among various revolutionary forces in order to establish a better social system. Some people advocate that the reform should not touch the capitalist system, others advocate that the capitalist system should be completely overthrown, such as left-wing socialists or anarchists, and some even advocate violent means, believing that only in this way can various drawbacks of capitalism be solved. Advocates of the "Fifth International" support the latter. They believe that although global capitalism is pushing the world to destruction, it has once again cultivated its own historical grave diggers: the global working class, who are fighting together in greater numbers, greater potential and closer unity. At present, although people have taken coordinated actions, they have failed to win the victory they deserve. The fundamental reason is that there is no completely revolutionary world political party to lead the working class out of the control of the League leaders and reformers. Therefore, it strongly advocates the establishment of a completely revolutionary global political party organization-"Fifth International", which is different from the first four international organizations.
The specific thinking of this organization is as follows.
1, against imperialism. Advocates of the "Fifth International" believe that imperialism is the common enemy of the whole world, and it is their companies, profits, patents, mass media, laws, governments, police and troops that hinder mankind from building a better new world. Militarily, imperialism always resists and destroys all kinds of just forces by relying on its powerful military weapons. Therefore, while firmly supporting all forces against military imperialism, they are opposed to putting any money into imperialist aggression and military occupation, and to anyone serving their aggression and military occupation. They demand that the United States, Britain and their allies immediately stop bombing and enslaving the Iraqi people and support the Palestinian people in their struggle against national oppression and Israeli racism. Economically, the Fifth Internationalist advocates a solemn declaration of war against the imperialist financial systems that are popular all over the world, such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization, and opposes the harsh terms, privatization and various "free" trade treaties of these systems. They believe that the only consequence of the capitalist economic system is to further expand the interests of multinational corporations, thus strengthening their submission to multinational corporations.
2. Oppose Stalinism and advocate anti-dictatorship, anti-autocracy, anti-personality cult and so on.
3. Oppose reformism and advocate class struggle and violent revolution. Advocates of the "Fifth International" resolutely oppose the theories, programs and policies of the Labor Party, the Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party, and regard them as reformism or opportunism. They believe that capitalism cannot be changed through peaceful parliamentary roads or election methods. To overthrow capitalism, we can only rely on the violent revolution and armed struggle of the masses. They tried their best to expose "reformist attempts under various masks." They believe that in the struggle to establish new international production, we should not only criticize the reformists, but also criticize the wavering centrists. If we share power with the reformist capitalist government and take refuge in political parties that confuse the difference between reform and revolution, we can only blur the hearing and hearing of the working class.
Advocates of the "Fifth International" believe that there is only one way for human beings to be free: class struggle, resistance to various forms of exploitation, including exploitation by workers, peasants and urban poor, as well as racism, ethnic oppression, women's oppression, youth oppression and homosexual oppression. The current task they set is to do everything possible to support the struggle of these people and unite the broad masses of young workers, new industrial workers, unorganized craftsmen, workers and all kinds of people with fighting spirit.
4, advocate the establishment of a truly democratic social system. Advocates of the "Fifth International" believe that without democracy, it is impossible to attract the working class of all countries in the world, nor can it achieve true unity, form an international strategy and resist capitalist rule. Therefore, they advocate that all power must be in the hands of a democratic parliament composed of representatives of the working class, who should be directly elected by the people's congress and can be replaced, and the parliament must have the support and guarantee of the armed working class and its allies. They oppose bureaucratic control of trade unions and privileged officials in trade unions. Never allow those officials whose remuneration is much higher than that of labor to dominate their own organizations. Their mass organizations will have a democratic advantage of 100%. All officials are elected and can be revoked, removed or replaced at any time. The income of these officials is also equal to the average salary of the members of the organization they claim to represent.
They also advocate that all production and distribution should be organized in a democratic form on the basis of sustainable development, and that private ownership should be completely abandoned and no longer dominated by "blind and cruel" market laws. At the same time, it calls for social justice and advocates solving the poverty problem in underdeveloped areas by rationally allocating resources such as raw materials, transportation, communications, technology and markets in a planned way. They stressed the need to highlight the rights of young people, believed that people over the age of 65,438+06 should have the right to vote, and demanded an end to child labor and the implementation of all free and universal education. They believe that young people should dominate their own lives, not serve big enterprises, and should resolutely crack down on conscription and militarism, so as not to let the younger generation become executioners or cannon fodder in the "master" war.
5. Combat racism and gender discrimination. Advocates of the "Fifth International" believe that racism not only divides and antagonizes mankind, but also causes deep-rooted global inequality. In order to safeguard the equal rights of all ethnic groups and races, they demanded an end to racial discrimination, exposed all kinds of lies spread by racists in the mass media and incited hostility towards blacks, Asians, Latin Americans, Romans, Jews, Albanians and Turks. They call for the right of asylum and believe that all people can move and migrate freely. In their view, capitalists chase the biggest profits in the world with their money, which has caused great disasters, not to mention all kinds of disasters caused by the money being taken away without authorization, while the victims and victims of those capitals have nowhere to escape because they have no right to move freely. In order to break national boundaries, protect refugees, and help political asylum seekers obtain real asylum rights, for example, when refugees or ethnic minorities are attacked, the advocates of the "Fifth International" advocate coming forward and fighting with their own bodies to completely repel "fascism" or "reactionaries".
On the issue of women, they advocate liberating women from explicit or implicit institutional inequality and gender discrimination. From the heavy burden of housework, sexual exploitation, low wages, domestic violence and lack of reproductive autonomy. Then establish a harmonious society that eliminates gender oppression.
In addition, the advocates of "Fifth International" also advocate protecting the ecological environment, resisting man-made bad climate change and global warming, resisting companies and enterprises that refuse to take any measures to solve the problem of greenhouse gas emissions, resisting various policies that put the profits of the huge oil, electronics and automobile industries above the survival interests of species, and so on.
Now, the Soviet Union has disintegrated.
Our * * * production party in China is the main body leading the world's * * * production struggle.
In the future, only we will lead the struggle of the people of the world.
There will be others to lead us.