(1) The main bodies are inventors, universities, research institutes, institutions and enterprises with patent rights or patent application rights. For example, Edison, who has accumulated more than 2,000 patents, the University of California (selected by the Wall Street Journal as the largest patent troll in the United States), the Royal Australian Institute of Science and Industry, and SEL (Semiconductor Energy Laboratory) in Japan.
(2) Behavior objects are generally divided into upstream end and downstream end. Upstream refers to the source of patent operation. Downstream refers to the goal of patent operation. Among them, the sources of patent operation include own technological innovation and acquisition from other places. Like Edison, although he made some innovations, he still bought many patents. The target of patent operation is companies that produce, manufacture or sell products (they license or sue the patents of these companies) or defend against aggressive companies.
(3) Non-patent implementers provide intangible products such as patents, but do not produce, manufacture or sell tangible products themselves, which is the biggest difference between them and patent implementers.