Human history has proved that only by improving the social status of workers and giving them the necessary freedom of thought and action can their enthusiasm be mobilized, so as to improve and develop their quality and skills and develop productive forces. The transformation from slave to serf, then to farmer and then to hired laborer is the evolution process of the social status and identity of workers in the existing class society, and it is in this process that the social and economic changes of human beings are realized. China lags behind western countries in the development of industrial civilization. When western countries entered the intermediate stage of industrial civilization, China had just started industrialization. Compared with western countries, China's industrial structure and the whole economic structure are the differences between the primary stage and the intermediate stage of industrial civilization. Originally, China has obvious advantages in public ownership industrialization, which can avoid the disadvantages of private ownership of capital and completely solve the torture and harm of the so-called "economic cycle" to human survival. However, due to the limitations and defects of the Soviet model, these advantages cannot be reflected. Its main limitation and defect is that it can't define and guarantee the social subject status of workers. The key to the reform of public ownership economy is to establish the dominant position of workers in society with democracy and legal system and improve their quality and skills.
The key points of establishing the social dominant position of workers are: first, to clarify and protect the labor ownership of workers; Second, clarify and ensure the ownership of the means of production of workers. Although China is relatively backward in "market economy" and the protection of workers' labor ownership is not as good as that of western countries, we have the provisions on socialist public ownership in the Constitution, the * * production party defined by Marx as "eliminating private ownership", and the huge state-owned assets, resources and state-owned enterprises nominally owned by the whole people. These are the basic conditions for restoring, reforming and developing public ownership of labor. More importantly, there are1300 million hardworking and intelligent workers in China. Their fundamental interests and their future are only one, and that is the labor public ownership economy. Therefore, we can say that in the evolution of modern economic contradictions around the world, China has the conditions to take the lead in implementing the public ownership economy with laborers as the main body. This is the only way to solve the real economic contradictions in China.
Some people think that China's economy is backward, and to develop productive forces, we can only take the old road of western countries two or three hundred years ago. Public ownership can't develop productive forces at all. It can only follow the footsteps of western countries step by step and implement "privatization" of public ownership on the basis of economic systems in western countries. As a part of "resources", workers are the same as capital and the means of production and natural resources they buy. As long as the "market economy" keeps buying their labor, they can survive and reproduce new labor. As for the establishment and reform of social, economic and political systems, national economic and political decision-making has nothing to do with workers as "resources", but the rights and obligations of a few elites.
The era in which human beings live now is marked by industrial civilization and civil society. The development degree of each country and nation depends on two elements: science and technology and civil rights, which is a concrete manifestation of the contradiction between the quality and skills of workers and their social status. The development level of science and technology depends on civil rights and promotes the promotion and realization of civil rights. In contrast, China lags behind western countries in science and technology, but it is not backward everywhere, and western countries are not advanced everywhere. For nearly half a century, the big capital consortia in the United States and other western countries have taken financial capital as the core and dominated, and their development has turned to virtual capital. The so-called "financial engineering" technology is quite developed and systematic, and they are far more advanced than China in this respect. But this is only the manifestation of capital melting and financial capital re-alienation, which not only does not promote the whole real economy, but also plays a considerable destructive role. The frequent financial crises in recent years fully illustrate this point. "Financial engineering" is a technology that cheats money through innovative derivatives, which is a negative technology for the development of industrial civilization.
Another negative technology is the manufacturing and using technology of killing weapons. The development of nuclear weapons and all kinds of "conventional weapons" used in mass killings are the most concerned by American big capital consortia, and the relevant technologies they have mastered are also the most advanced. This killing technology is not only negative for industrial civilization, but also negative for the whole human civilization, but it will also produce some beneficial by-products, such as the utilization of nuclear energy, the civilian use of electronic technology and the exploration of space. Compared with the United States, China's weapons manufacturing technology is relatively backward, but it is not absolutely backward, or the backward gap is not a world apart. Self-developed "two bombs and one satellite" for self-defense and weapons for the armed forces are also of a considerable level. If China is far below the United States in terms of total lethality and destructive power, then we still have strength from the perspective of defending our citizens and giving necessary revenge or shock to foreign aggression.
Excluding these two negative technologies, industrial technology also includes technologies that have been widely used and new technologies that are being developed. Due to the high labor price and transportation cost, as well as the transfer of pollution, most of the manufacturing capital in western countries has been transferred to backward countries, or wholly owned or jointly operated with the capital of backward countries, and its technology has been applied in these enterprises. Although the core technology is still confidential, the common technology is no longer a secret. As for the research and development of new technologies, big capital consortia attach great importance to it and invest a lot of capital. The results of new technology research can not only sell patents at high prices, but also be used conservatively to ensure its high-end position in technology, thus maintaining its control over the world economy.
From the above analysis, we can see that China's backwardness in industrial technology mainly lies in the research and development level of new technologies. As for patents in general technology, it is not difficult to a great extent, but it lies in its strict confidentiality and patent protection. However, it is necessary to strengthen the technology of weapons manufacturing and use in order to safeguard national sovereignty and territory, and the goal can be achieved by relying on China's researchers and technicians. As for financial capital-financial engineering fraud, it is only a manifestation of financial capital alienation and virtualization, which does more harm than good to the real economy. China's economic development must recognize its essence and harm, strengthen its defense, and cannot completely introduce it into our financial system as "high technology".
In this way, China, which has become a "world factory", is relatively backward in industrial technology, but it is not absolutely backward. It is fully capable of mastering and seriously using the industrial technology that is widely used now, and researching and creating new technologies on the basis of improving and exerting the quality and skills of its own workers. The reason why China is relatively backward in industrial technology is not the difficulty of technology itself, nor the lack of talent and creativity of workers in China, but the relatively low social status of workers in China, far from establishing and realizing their social dominant position. The essence of labor public ownership is unified with the development of industrial civilization. Even the Soviet model of public ownership, when it was first established, greatly promoted the use and creation of industrial technology. It took only thirty or forty years for the Soviet Union to go from backward industrial technology to being able to compete with the United States in cutting-edge technologies such as military and aerospace. With the assistance of the Soviet Union, China established a basic industrial system in less than ten years. Later, the system was strengthened and expanded by self-reliance, and on this basis, high-end military and aerospace technologies, as well as electronics, aviation, machine manufacturing and other technologies were studied, and great achievements were made. Only because of the restriction of administrative centralization system, especially the interference of its vested interest groups, the promotion of primary public ownership to industrial technology innovation and application has not been brought into play. When the Soviet bureaucratic capital group privatized the public sector in the economy on the grounds of hindering productivity, both in Russia and other countries that joined the United States after independence, their industrial technology stagnated or even regressed. On the other hand, under the unbalanced profit-seeking mechanism, China introduced a large number of foreign capital and its general technology, and became a big exporter of low-end products. At the same time, it stopped the research and development of technologies such as large aircraft and automobile manufacturing, which led to the "world factory" having to rely on the core technology controlled by foreign capital to provide it with excess profits, thus becoming a "world assembly factory". The reason is that the social status of workers is not high, and their ownership of labor and means of production can not be clearly defined and guaranteed. According to the current economic structure and operating mechanism, it is almost impossible for China to get rid of backwardness in industrial technology, and the backwardness of industrial technology will inevitably hinder the development of the Chinese nation.
Changing the current economic structure and operating mechanism has become a direct and urgent problem facing China's economy at this stage. It is impossible to diagnose and treat China's economic contradictions by taking hormones and paracetamol, but it will have more negative effects. The problems of economic structure, operation mechanism and its performance are all due to the problems of economic system and system. The core of solving China's economic contradictions lies in the reform and development of public ownership of labor, and the key lies in clarifying and realizing the social dominant position of workers, that is, stipulating and guaranteeing the ownership of labor and means of production and political and democratic rights of workers by legal system. These three rights are the basis of the theory, movement and system of labor socialism, and also the guarantee for China people to move from backwardness to progress in the development of industrial civilization and civil society. The fundamental point of establishing workers' dominant position in society is the principle basis and standard for understanding contradictions at all levels of China's economy, and it is also the basis and starting point for solving contradictions. The ownership and democratic rights of laborers' labor and means of production are social conditions for improving and exerting their quality and skills, which is not only the basic content of perfecting public ownership of labor, but also will be implemented at all levels of economic system, economic structure and its operating mechanism, management and foreign economic relations.
Productivity is the social expression of workers' quality and skills, and the fundamental development of productivity is the improvement and exertion of workers' quality and skills. Only when workers become the main body of society can their quality and skills be fully and freely improved and brought into play.
For our country, the actual rights of Chinese workers are far less than those of western developed capitalist countries, which is the fundamental reason for the low level of productivity due to the relatively low quality and skills of Chinese workers and the lack of opportunities to give full play to them. However, China has its own advanced features, that is, our provisions on the dominant position of workers in society in theoretical socialism and basic laws. Although there is still a lack of understanding of socialism in theory, and the legal status of workers as the main body of society is not sufficient and cannot be effectively guaranteed, it is, after all, the theoretical and legal premise for us to clarify and guarantee the main body status of workers in society and the embodiment of the hard struggle of Chinese workers for more than 100 years. We must cherish and make effective use of this premise, mobilize and organize workers to strive for their due rights and social dominant position, so as to create necessary social conditions for improving and giving full play to the quality and skills of workers. To develop productive forces, we must first overcome the view that China people and China laborers are regarded as "resources" and burdens. Under the premise that the system reform establishes the dominant position of workers in society, it is the basic condition to stipulate and guarantee the ownership and various rights of workers to improve and give play to their quality and skills. At all levels of economic contradictions, it is fundamental to improve and give play to the quality and skills of workers, and education and vocational training should be strengthened. In this way, the general improvement and exertion of the quality and skills of the population of1300 million will become the internal driving force of China's industrialization and productivity development, and the advantage of a large population will be fully manifested at this time. Before long, China will be in the leading position in the world in the evolution of industrial civilization.
The physical quality, technical quality and cultural and spiritual quality of laborers' quality and skills are organically unified and all play a role in the development of productive forces. It is the skill quality that directly affects and reflects the productivity, which is also the most changeable and individual difference, especially in industrial technology. The number of workers in China is equivalent to that of the United States, Europe and Japan combined. The reason why our productivity is much lower than that of these countries lies in the low quality of skills. In terms of GDP, the population of the United States is only over 300 million, which is one billion times lower than that of China, but its GDP is eight to ten times that of China. The population of Japan is more than 1 100 million, while that of Germany is more than 80 million, and the total GDP is equivalent to that of China. It can be seen that improving the skills and quality of Chinese workers is the key to China's economic modernization.
This does not mean that physical quality and cultural and spiritual quality are not important. Physical quality consists of many indexes, which is the basis for the formation and function of skill quality. Improving physical fitness is not only the basis of improving and exerting skill quality, but also promoting production from demand. Cultural and spiritual quality seems to be "virtual", and some people even say that it will not work economically. If people are regarded as factors of production or "resources", the above viewpoint is undoubtedly reasonable. But people, especially laborers, are not factors of production, nor are they "resources", but conscious people, whose behavior is dominated by consciousness. Any behavior of people is the application of physical quality and skill quality, and this application is carried out under the control of consciousness. Different from the natural actions of animals, workers act according to their consciousness. Cultural spiritual quality includes not only values, ideology and morality in culture, but also people's mental state and will. For workers, cultural and spiritual qualities are positive factors to guide them to form and develop skills, and this process must be based on physical quality. The skills of labor, the purpose and attitude of labor, and the physical conditions of workers should all be combined under the control of culture and spiritual quality to form a labor force. The main content of workers' cultural and spiritual quality is the cognition of their own interests and rights. This is the intersection of the contradiction between social status and quality and skills of workers. Only with the continuous improvement of social status can cultural and spiritual qualities play a leading role in improving and exerting skills, thus improving individual labor and social productivity.
For China, we have advanced theories and basic laws to define and guarantee the dominant position of workers in society, and we should make corresponding social and economic changes accordingly. An important content of this reform is to pay attention to improving the cultural and spiritual quality of workers, so that they can consciously realize their rights as social subjects, actively participate in the establishment of these rights, and then fulfill their corresponding obligations. This is the core of the system reform, and it is also the internal motive force to improve the quality and skills of workers in China and develop the productive forces.
The improvement of the quality and skills of workers is a process. For China, the urgent task is to master and apply general technology skillfully, and on this basis, study its core technology and explore new technologies. As the "factory of the world", most of the modern general technology in China has been introduced to China and mastered and used by workers. As for the core technology in general technology, foreign capital either keeps secrets from us, and the core components are produced in China and shipped to China for assembly, or high patent fees are charged. On the basis of mastering and applying common technologies, we should strengthen the research on core technologies, such as automobile engines, computer chips and other technologies. The engineers and technicians in China are no more stupid than those in foreign countries, and many core technologies in foreign countries have been developed by technicians in China. The key here is to establish and ensure the ownership of the labor force and means of production of engineers and technicians. Generally speaking, the research on core technologies should be undertaken by state-owned enterprises. While ensuring the rights of engineers and technicians, the research results are possible by giving necessary funds and other conditions to tackle key problems in a planned and organized way. Research on new technologies such as new energy, bioengineering and manufacturing is mainly undertaken by state-owned enterprises, and some of them can be undertaken by government organizations and specialized agencies. As long as our researchers can establish a dominant position, form an independent consciousness and a positive enterprising spirit, and with the necessary organizational and material conditions, it is entirely possible to study and create new technologies.
To establish and guarantee the workers' dominant position in society, and promote the improvement and exertion of their quality and skills, which is not only reflected in the individual workers, but also in their overall decisions and constraints on the system, system, structure and operation mechanism, thus providing the necessary conditions for the workers to comprehensively and systematically improve and exert their quality and skills. In the process of perfecting public ownership, we should reform the market economic system, change the economic structure and operating mechanism, especially change the mode of producing low-end products with cheap labor to "participate in the great cycle of the world economy" and overcome the disadvantages of the unbalanced profit-seeking mechanism. It is the core and principle of enterprise management to improve enterprise management and improve and give play to the quality and skills of workers. At the same time, reform the education system, strengthen on-the-job training, pay attention to the promotion and popularization of new technologies, and make enterprises become learning and innovative enterprises.