The purpose of the proletarian revolution is to establish a political power in which the people are the masters of the country, implement public ownership of the means of production, eliminate exploitation, and realize distribution according to work. However, in the decades-long socialist practice, the whole country ate from the same big pot and practiced egalitarianism. After the reform and opening up, our country gradually changed the equal distribution system. Now, is distribution according to work really realized?
1. The system of distribution according to work is distorted in many ways
After careful investigation, the author found that distribution according to work has not been fully realized, not only because of private ownership and distribution according to capital, but also due to various distortions. The distortions are as follows:
Regular workers and temporary workers
The coexistence of formal workers and temporary workers is an indisputable fact. For the same job, regular workers and temporary workers are treated very differently: 1. Unequal pay for equal work. The wages plus bonuses of many temporary workers are only one-third of those of regular workers, and the workload they undertake is even greater than that of regular workers. In many places, formal workers cross their legs, drink tea, smoke cigarettes, hold meetings, read newspapers, gossip, and have nothing to do. Temporary workers do the dirtiest and most tiring work and dare not even speak loudly for fear of losing their jobs. 2. The vast majority of temporary workers do not have medical insurance and pension insurance. 3. Lack of job stability. Most units do not sign labor contracts with temporary workers, and are very arbitrary in hiring and dismissal. If a hired employee is not careful, they may be dismissed without any financial compensation. 4. The vast majority of temporary workers are not eligible for welfare housing allocation, public leave, family leave, marriage and maternity leave, etc. When sick or visiting relatives, they can only take personal leave without wages. 5. Political treatment is different. Temporary workers are deprived of the right to vote and be elected, and they do not have the right to be evaluated at the end of the year. 6. It is difficult for children of temporary workers to go to school.
A survey of the current situation of employees in the sanitation industry by the Propaganda Department of the Weifang Municipal Party Committee showed that the monthly salary of temporary workers is only 240 yuan, while the monthly salary of regular workers is about 1,200 yuan. Temporary workers account for more than 73% of the total number of sanitation employees, and most of them work on the front line, while most of the regular workers are in management positions. There is a huge difference in wages and working environment. A relative of the author first worked as a temporary worker in a unit, earning a salary of 400 yuan per month. Later, the gift-giving relationship finally became official. He is still doing the same job, but his income has increased three or four times. Is this reasonable? There is no trace of distribution according to work here. In our country, which has implemented public ownership and emphasized distribution according to work, a large number of temporary workers actually support a large number of regular workers. This is really sad and terrible. In 2002, our country had 45 million employees in state-owned institutions, 50 million regular employees in state-owned enterprises, and 94 million migrant workers in cities. Temporary workers have become the majority of workers, but they suffer extremely unfair treatment. Is this fair? How much exploitation is involved here? The author shudders when I think about it. I am a regular employee and I don't want to see this difference.
The inequality in social security between regular workers and temporary workers is also extremely obvious. How many temporary workers enjoy the pension insurance, medical insurance, and unemployment insurance of regular workers? If so, what is the proportion? At the end of 2002, my country's non-agricultural employment totaled 368.7 million, but the number of people participating in pension insurance, medical insurance, and unemployment insurance was only 147.31 million, 94 million, and 101.82 million.
How is this different from the dual-track price system in the late 1980s? Isn’t this dual-track system exploitation? Are there no vested interests here? Fortunately, we still have hope. Shenzhen is planning to implement equal pay for equal work, weakening the concept of establishment, and has proposed that the finance department should approve the total salary of each public institution once a year and use it on a lump sum basis. We look forward to the day when the distinction between full-time workers and temporary workers will be eliminated.
Monopoly industries and general industries
In 2002, among the 16 major industries in Beijing’s national economy, the financial and insurance industry ranked first in per capita wages at 50,189 yuan; followed by health and sports and social welfare industry, with a per capita wage of 30,271 yuan; scientific research and comprehensive technical services industry ranked third, with a per capita wage of 30,143 yuan; electricity, gas and water production ranked fourth, with a per capita wage of 28,111 yuan, education, culture and The per capita wage in the sports industry is 20,299 yuan, which is 52.4% of the per capita wage in the finance and insurance industries; the lowest per capita wage in agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery is 13,049 yuan, which is only 26% of the per capita wage in the finance and insurance industries.
However, the high wages and benefits in many industries are not due to their high technological content and high-quality employees, but to industry monopolies, such as electricity, telecommunications, tobacco, finance, insurance, civil aviation, railways and other industries. Taking the banking industry as an example, we see that they earn the highest wages in each industry, live in the best housing in each industry, and enjoy the best benefits in each industry. Their high wages are due to the high quality of their employees. Can others not do the job? no! 80% of bank employees can be replaced by other accountants in society. Are they efficient and profitable? Neither. According to public data, the non-performing loan ratio of state-owned banks is 21.38. The non-performing loans of the four major banks are nearly 2 trillion, plus the 1.6 trillion that has been divested to the four major asset management companies, the total is more than 3.6 trillion, and the non-performing loan ratio is nearly 40. They say that the losses are policy losses and not due to their operating factors. However, we have seen that behind every major bank loss business there are serious power-for-money transactions and corruption. The situation in the insurance industry is generally the same. In 2003, China Life Insurance got rid of its 150 billion burden and went public, but their wages were also surprisingly high. Is this reasonable? Why can they still pay high wages despite losses? It's because they have money in their hands, even though it's not their own. They must absorb bad debts and reduce losses by lowering wages.
Many children of cadres are uneducated and have no skills, but because they have a good father and find a good job, they can do nothing all day long and enjoy good food and drink. Is this fair? My classmates in the same university class are assigned to different industries or companies, and their salaries are very different. The difference is several times, or even more than ten times. Are abilities so different? Not like. Can no one else do it? The vast majority are not, and most people can change jobs with each other. Because of this, when most students graduate, the first thing they think of is to find connections, ask for help, give gifts, and find a good employer, rather than improving their abilities. To put it bluntly, what determines people's income is not how capable you are or how well you do your job, but the quality of your position.
Regional differences and enterprise differences
Our country’s natural conditions vary greatly, economic development is very unbalanced, and the results of the same labor input are also different. A farmer working hard in the western desert may only harvest 1,000 kilograms of grain in a year, but in a place with good natural conditions in the east, he may harvest 2,000 kilograms of grain without much effort. Working as a temporary worker in an enterprise, producing products of the same quantity and quality, you can earn three to four hundred yuan per month in a western enterprise, and you may earn seven hundred to one thousand yuan in the Yangtze River Delta or Pearl River Delta. If you go to Japan to work, The monthly income can reach five to six thousand yuan. This difference exists objectively, so workers are willing to go to the southeast, and many people desperately try to sneak into developed countries. Unfortunately, the capacity of these places to resettle workers is also limited, and many people cannot find jobs and have no choice but to return home. This is of course also contrary to the principle of distribution according to work. This situation is the result of different local conditions and uneven economic development. In developed countries, this situation has not been avoided despite the high mobility of people.
Nowadays, most enterprises have implemented the piece-rate wage system. However, for the same effort and the same output, due to reasons other than their own, the enterprise's benefits are different, and the employee's income is also very different. The performance of an enterprise depends on many aspects. Scientific researchers must be able to develop competitive products that meet people's needs, production personnel must be able to maintain quality and quantity of production, and sales personnel must be able to quickly sell products.
However, a deficiency in one link will affect the efficiency of the entire enterprise, and the wages of other personnel will be greatly affected. Is this reasonable? When the company's performance is good, people who want to join can't get in; when the company's performance is poor, people who want to get in can't get out. Is this reasonable? If the labor market is relatively sound, the same labor will be basically the same in different enterprises and will not be affected by the operation of the enterprise; this situation is inevitable when the owner is unclear and the labor mobility mechanism is not fully established.
There is no close connection between labor results and income
A company in Shangyu City, Zhejiang Province spent 20 million yuan on introducing foreign equipment, and more than 700,000 yuan was spent on debugging and training fees alone. But the average monthly salary of Zhou Guocan, the technician in charge of this assembly line, is only 436 yuan, which is about the same as the salary of ordinary workers. Zhou Guocan is deeply dissatisfied with this. He believes that as a technical talent with both theoretical knowledge and practical experience, such a salary cannot reflect his own value. He negotiated with his employer on this matter, hoping to increase the salary level, but to no avail. Is this reasonable?
This phenomenon is even more obvious when the hourly wage system is implemented, especially in party and government undertakings and service units whose work cannot be completely fair and objectively quantified. A friend of the author works in a school. He has good teaching results and high scientific research level. He has a better job than some professors. However, due to his low working experience and low professional title, his income is more than half that of professors. Is this reasonable?
Distribution according to power
Many cadres have low wages but high consumption levels. They get drunk three times a day, smoke Panda China, and have luxurious decorations in their homes. What is the reason?
my country’s administrative expenditure has always been taken care of by the finance department, and many expenditures are mixed without distinguishing between public and private expenditures. For a long time, public funds have been used to eat and drink, travel with public funds, entertain private guests, use public cars for private use, study with public funds, use public funds for private purposes, and give gifts with public funds. Food is billed as office supplies, used materials are billed as materials fees, gifts and travel expenses are billed as conference fees, and fake invoices and IOUs are everywhere. Some cadres can be reimbursed by the government for their food, drink, whoring, and gambling. The people are very dissatisfied.
The China Catering Industry Association announced that in 2002, the industry's turnover exceeded 500 billion yuan, of which the proportion of public funds consumed was 20, reaching 100 billion yuan. A proposal from the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference in 2003 revealed that in the late 1990s, there were about 3.5 million public buses in my country, which cost about 300 billion yuan every year, including service personnel. "Hainan Daily" quoted the financial analysis of the province's road transportation enterprises as showing that the transportation cost of cars per 10,000 kilometers is 8,215.40 yuan, while the transportation cost of public cars owned by party and government agencies, groups and institutions is 50,361 yuan per 10,000 kilometers. 6.13 times. However, the working efficiency of buses is very low. 5 buses are only equivalent to 1 taxi. Why? The fundamental reason is that public vehicles are not "public". In some places, one-third of official vehicles are for public use, one-third are for private use by cadres, and one-third are for private use by drivers. Extrapolating this, of the 300 billion spent on public buses across the country, 200 billion was used for private purposes!
Due to the control of public power, power-for-money trading, bribery and bribery have become widespread in our country. In the several lawsuits that the author is aware of, there has never been a single case where money was not given, and there were quite a few cases where both parties competed in giving gifts in order to win the lawsuit. In the several work arrangements that the author has come across, there has never been a time when gifts were not given. Some even spent tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands for a better job. This is not distribution according to work, this is typical distribution according to power. The folk song goes: Shoot every other person who slipped through the net, and shoot all those who were unjustly accused. If this is the case, the country will no longer be a country.
2. Reform ideas
(1) Give full play to the role of the market in allocating labor.
Under the conditions of market economy, the market is the basis for allocating production factors. Various products and factors are constantly flowing. The owners of factors want to realize higher value for their factors. The demand for factors Everyone wants to obtain various factors at the lowest cost. In the flow, the same kind of products or factors get basically the same price.
The flow of capital creates an average rate of profit within society, as does the distribution of social labor among various sectors of society. In a market economy, every worker strives to maximize their own income and strive for higher wages. They choose occupations or units through comparison. Every boss tries to hire workers with the lowest wages. This kind of Continuous selection enables the same labor to receive the same remuneration, and enables different labor to receive different remuneration, so that the wage income of each worker tends to accurately reflect the quality and quantity of their labor.
Competition plays a decisive role here, including competition between enterprises and enterprises, competition between workers and workers, and competition between workers and enterprises. Competition among workers reduces wages, competition among enterprises increases wages, and finally competition between workers and enterprises forms an equilibrium price. If an enterprise sets the wage level too low, labor supply will be insufficient. If the wage level is set too high, labor costs will be too high. Through competition and comparison, the company can only choose a wage level close to the social average; labor If the wage requirement is too low, workers are worried that their labor will not be fully realized; if it is too high, they are afraid of not being able to find a job. Through competition and comparison, they can only accept the average wage level in the end. The average wage level accepted by workers and enterprises reflects the actual quality of workers in various industries and the actual amount of labor paid by each worker.
In Western companies, no matter how old you are, what your professional title is, what education you have, or what your original contribution is, you will get whatever salary you apply for. Because achievements only represent the past, no matter how well you did in the past, you will not be given a larger salary (except for salary increases due to job promotion and job adjustment). If you work more this time, you will get more bonuses if you do well. eat. However, the consistent practice of many domestic units is to give you a salary increase if you have merit, and you will rest on your laurels until retirement.
(2) Completely break down urban and rural barriers, industry barriers, and enterprise barriers to achieve full mobility of labor.
To realize the fundamental role of the market in labor allocation, we must completely break down urban and rural barriers, industry barriers, and enterprise barriers to ensure the full flow of labor throughout society.
First, we must cancel the restrictive employment policies formulated for migrant workers and break down urban-rural barriers.
It is necessary to cancel the restrictive employment policies formulated for migrant workers and implement equal employment across the country. This requires abolishing restrictions on the use of migrant workers by enterprises, canceling various registration items such as employment certificates specially set up for migrant workers, cleaning up various unreasonable charges for migrant workers, relaxing the conditions for migrants to settle in cities, and allowing migrants to settle in cities. Household registration shall be established based on occupation or place of residence to ensure the equal rights of migrant children to receive compulsory education.
Second, we must resolutely eliminate the distinction between temporary workers and regular workers, and achieve equal pay for equal work nationwide (same labor, same output, same remuneration, and same treatment).
Unequal pay for equal work between temporary workers and regular workers is against the law. Article 46 of the Labor Law stipulates: Wage distribution shall follow the principle of distribution according to work, and equal pay for equal work shall be implemented. Article 72 stipulates: Employers and workers must participate in social insurance and pay social insurance premiums in accordance with the law. Article 16 stipulates that the employer and the employee shall sign a labor contract. Article 45 stipulates that workers who have worked continuously for more than one year shall enjoy paid leave. Our country's Labor Law does not have the concept of temporary workers at all. Temporary means a probation period. Article 21 of the "Labor Law" stipulates: "The labor contract may stipulate a probation period. The probation period shall not exceed six months."
Third, we must implement an open appointment system throughout society and break down industry and enterprise barriers.
The premise of my country's current employment system is open recruitment within the unit. If there is really no qualified person in the unit, it will recruit from the society or even abroad. The standards of wages and remuneration have also been determined in advance.
These measures are choices for the current reform to pursue stability, but their degree of fairness, openness, and impartiality is very limited, and competition is very insufficient. At best, they can only be regarded as fairness within the unit, not the fairness of the entire society, and they have not broken down industry barriers and enterprise barriers.
To break down industry barriers and corporate barriers, we need to openly compete for jobs in the whole society. During recruitment, only job requirements and job responsibilities are announced, and all are equal inside and outside the unit. When the supply of job seekers exceeds demand, wages and salary standards are determined through competitive bidding to avoid secret operations that allow certain privileged individuals to encroach on the employment rights of ordinary people. . The wage determination method can be based on the nature of the unit's work, such as piece rate wages, hourly wages, job wages, project bidding, etc. When the labor market is basically balanced, negotiation between the two parties is adopted. In this way, a reasonable labor flow mechanism can gradually be formed, thereby achieving equal pay for equal work and distribution according to work throughout society. Of course, advancing this process must be based on reality, proceed in an orderly manner, and advance gradually while ensuring social stability. Otherwise, haste makes waste, and you will get nothing if you mess up your position.
Currently, the difficulty in breaking down the three major barriers lies in state-owned units. The person in charge of a state-owned unit is only a temporary representative, and his interests are not consistent with the interests of the unit. Unit leaders have no incentive or even the right to recruit workers at market value. In the current situation where labor supply seriously exceeds demand, there is no need for leaders to ruin the jobs of acquaintances and cause trouble for themselves. Therefore, in the recruitment process of state-owned units, the phenomena of formality, formality and nepotism are very obvious. What’s interesting is that the heads and employees of many state-owned units work together to strive for more wages. This phenomenon is not in line with the basic laws of the market economy. The reason is of course that the heads of these units are neither the real chairman nor the real boss. Communist Party. To change this situation, either there are selfless communists or there are clear property rights. Our country's current choices are: vigorously promote the reform of state-owned enterprises, establish a modern enterprise system that is compatible with the socialist market economy, and change the situation in which state-owned shares of state-owned enterprises dominate; vigorously promote the enterpriseization and demutualization of public institutions; government agencies cannot On the one hand, we must vigorously promote the process of democratic election of leading cadres; on the other hand, we must vigorously promote the system of open recruitment of civil servants within the whole society, put the recruitment and selection of civil servants under the supervision of the whole society, and resolutely avoid secret operations .
(3) Establish a unified social security system for the whole society.
To fully implement the employment system and achieve effective labor mobility, it is necessary to establish pension insurance, medical insurance and unemployment insurance systems that are compatible with mobility.
Pension insurance and medical insurance are provided by insurance companies based on the principle of capital preservation. In order to adapt to the mobility of the labor force and the variability of wages, the payment of pension insurance, medical insurance, and unemployment insurance must be decoupled from the specific monthly income of workers.
Several levels can be established for the payment model of pension insurance and medical insurance. For example: Pension insurance can be 1.5 times, 2 times, or multiple times the minimum living security line.
Social pension insurance is accumulated by individuals and subsidized by the state in proportion. The higher the pension insurance specification, the smaller the state subsidy. For example, for the first two levels, the state subsidizes 1/3 of the total premium within 15 years, and the required expenditures are earmarked for special taxes such as income tax and inheritance tax. No state subsidies will be given to other grades. Thanks to state subsidies, workers, especially low-income earners such as migrant workers, can be motivated to take out insurance, and the burden on employers has been reduced by nearly half.
Pension insurance implements a cumulative payment system, and the payment period cannot be too long, such as 15 years; the statutory retirement age cannot be too early, such as 60 years old. The insurance amount can be paid annually, and workers can voluntarily increase the insurance period. For each additional year of payment, the pension will increase by a certain percentage, such as 4.5, which is lower than 6.66 (some countries will no longer subsidize it after 15 years). Due to their higher wages, high-level talents choose higher-level pension insurance and have longer payment periods. They can also receive higher pensions when they are old.
In order to adapt to the mobility of workers, a national account should be established so that individuals can contribute from all parts of the country. When they retire, the national account will directly pay pensions to individual accounts.
Medical insurance can implement a serious illness pooling system throughout society. When a worker becomes seriously ill, the social co-ordination medical fund will bear most of the cost, and the individual will bear a small part. Personal accounts for minor illness treatment can be temporarily closed, and minor illness subsidies given by the company to employees can be converted into wages.
Different unemployment insurance systems and minimum living security systems are implemented in urban and rural areas, but employers must treat them equally when issuing unemployment insurance benefits. In 2002, there were 101.82 million people enjoying unemployment insurance in our country, and the unemployment rate of these people was only 4.2. Within this range, the cost of unemployment insurance is not high, and each person can operate normally with a salary of 2-3 per year. But establishing unemployment insurance covering farmers is another matter. Our country has nearly 200 million surplus labor of various types. Migrant workers work part-time and part-time, and their jobs are extremely unstable. Most migrant workers are under the age of 35 and work between five and six months a year. On the basis of such a high unemployment rate, Unemployment insurance is quite burdensome. Therefore, only after migrant workers buy a house, move to a new household and become citizens, can they apply for unemployment insurance and enjoy the benefits of citizen unemployment insurance. For the sake of fairness, if migrant workers do not have the conditions to buy a house and relocate, the unemployment insurance premiums for urban workers will be directly paid to migrant workers, and they will then apply for unemployment insurance after they meet the conditions.
All workers have equal pay and equal treatment for equal work. The employer must provide all employees with the same pension insurance, medical subsidies, and unemployment insurance in addition to wages; if the two parties have not signed a labor contract in advance, or there is no provision for pension insurance in the contract , medical subsidies, and unemployment insurance. When employees receive wages, they can also claim various insurance premiums linked to wages.
The insurance premium can be paid by the employer with the employee's consent, or it can be paid by the employer to the individual and paid by the individual. If the employee is not insured, it will be collected together with the salary. When workers are out of work, pension insurance and medical insurance can be suspended voluntarily and renewed when conditions permit.
(4) Strengthen the construction of party style and clean government, and eliminate gray income and black income.
Establish a monetized job consumption system. Break egalitarianism, do not establish unified standards, and do not determine job consumption standards according to administrative levels. Instead, use the nature of the job and the size of the business as the assessment standards, change hidden consumption to open consumption, and distribute cash to individuals with wages, and each person Make your own arrangements according to work needs, pay for excess expenses, and keep any savings to yourself. Practice in areas where reforms have been implemented has proven that expenditures can generally be saved by one-half or one-third after the reforms.
Reform the appointment system for leading cadres. The biggest drawback of the current cadre appointment system is that it emphasizes appointments but neglects elections. Some leading cadres occupy important positions. This is the result of factional struggles or even the consequences of power-for-money transactions without extensive democratic elections. The objective reality that power comes from superior leaders has led to a general lack of public servant awareness among cadres. Some people are keen to take the upper-level route, take advantage of each other, form parties for personal gain, and trade power for money. Some leading cadres have actually degenerated into representatives of bureaucratic interests, family interests, and underworld interests. If a broad democratic electoral system is truly implemented, a considerable number of corrupt officials will be blocked at the source. Even if they are elected, they will not be able to do serious evil. Some people's servants with outstanding political talents will emerge, thereby increasing the government's output. The prestige of the party and the government must be strengthened to truly implement the political declaration of establishing the party for the public good.
Strengthen the supervision system for leading cadres. Power without supervision and checks and balances will inevitably lead to corruption. It is unreliable to promote "clean official politics" only from the perspective of human governance and self-discipline. The Communist Party is the ruling party in our country. If there is a lack of power checks and balances, corruption problems will be difficult to eliminate and its own problems will be difficult to correct. The key to the system of supervision and checks and balances does not lie in the multi-party system, bicameral system, and separation of powers, but in the electoral system, collective leadership system, and democratic centralism.
Elections allow the people and their representatives to elect, supervise, and appoint cadres, leaving the fate of cadres in the hands of the people. The party's management of cadres must ensure the fairness of elections, rather than nominating and appointing cadres. As long as the election is authentic and effective, we can fundamentally avoid collusion within the leadership group and avoid the problem of being afraid and unwilling to supervise. Collective leadership based on democratic elections lays a solid foundation for internal supervision, horizontal supervision, and criticism and self-criticism among leaders, which is more effective than external supervision. Democratic centralism can ensure higher administrative efficiency and prevent mutual disputes.