In biochemistry, Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide that serves as the "molecular currency" for intracellular energy transfer, storing and transmitting chemical energy. ATP also plays an important role in nucleic acid synthesis.
Chemical properties
ATP is composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups, with a molecular formula of C10H16N5O13P3, a simplified chemical formula of C10H8N4O2NH2(OH)2(PO3H)3H, and a molecular weight of 507.184. The three phosphate groups starting from adenosine are numbered as alpha, beta and gamma phosphate groups. The chemical name of ATP is 5'-triphosphate-9-β-D-ribofuranosyl adenine, or 5'-triphosphate-9-β-D-ribofuranosyl-6-aminopurine.
Synthesis
ATP can be produced through a variety of cellular pathways, the most typical being synthesized by ATP synthase through oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, or through photosynthesis in plant chloroplasts synthesis. The main energy sources for ATP synthesis are glucose and fatty acids. Each molecule of glucose first produces 2 molecules of pyruvate and 2 molecules of ATP in the cytosol, and finally produces up to 36 molecules of ATP in the mitochondria through the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
ATP in the human body
The total amount of ATP in the human body is only about 1 mole. Human cells need to hydrolyze 200-300 moles of ATP every day, which means that each ATP molecule is reused 2000-3000 times a day. ATP cannot be stored because ATP must be consumed within a short period of time after synthesis.
Other triphosphates
There are also other high-energy triphosphates such as guanosine triphosphates in living cells. Phosphoric acid. Energy can be transferred between these triphosphates and ATP by reactions such as those catalyzed by phosphokinases: energy is released when the phosphate bond is hydrolyzed. This energy can be used by a variety of enzymes, actin, and transport proteins for cellular activities. Hydrolysis also produces free phosphate and adenosine diphosphate. Adenosine diphosphate can be further hydrolyzed into another phosphate ion and adenosine monophosphate. ATP can also be directly hydrolyzed into adenosine monophosphate and pyrophosphate. This reaction is an efficient and irreversible reaction in aqueous solution.
The reaction between ADP and GTP
ADP GTP ATP GDP
Adenosine diphosphate Guanosine triphosphate Adenosine diphosphate Guanosine diphosphate
ATP may be used as an energy source for nanotechnology and irrigation. Artificial pacemakers may benefit from this technology and no longer need batteries to power