Making daily preparations is the basic condition for reducing disaster losses to a minimum. (1) Home safety measures: Fix wardrobes, sideboards, refrigerators, etc. to prevent them from falling over. ·Add transparent film or tape to the glass of cupboards, windows, etc. to prevent the glass from flying around when broken. ·To prevent cupboard doors from opening due to earthquake shaking and items inside falling out, hinges should be installed on cupboard and closet doors to secure them. ·Do not place TVs, vases, etc. in high places. ·To prevent injuries caused by glass fragments scattered on the ground, always prepare thicker slippers. ·Pay attention to the placement of furniture to ensure a safe space. ·Pay full attention to the management and storage of fire appliances such as kerosene heating and dangerous goods. ·Reinforce cement prefabricated board walls to make them strong and resistant to collapse. ·Always place fire extinguishers and fire buckets close to the fire source. ·Carry out building maintenance and reinforcement work (especially foundation pillars, roof tiles, etc.). (2) Preparation of emergency supplies · Drinking water; · Food, baby milk powder; · First aid medicines; · Portable radios, flashlights, dry batteries; · Cash, valuables; · Underwear, towels, toilet paper, etc. (3) Hold a monthly family disaster prevention meeting. Where is the safe place at home? Confirmation of evacuation sites and evacuation roads; Learn emergency response and rescue knowledge; Division of labor among family members; Confirmation of places where fire extinguishers are placed; · In case of emergency, the contact method and meeting place for family members; · Inspection of firearms, etc.; · Inspection of emergency carrying bags and confirmation of storage locations. (4) Establish a cooperation system for neighborly mutual assistance in normal times. After a major earthquake occurs, it will cause serious disasters in a large area. In this case, fire engines and ambulances cannot arrive at any time. Therefore, it is necessary to pass through the streets from normal times. etc. organized exchanges with local residents and established a mutual assistance and cooperation system for responding to earthquakes, fires and rescuing the injured. ·A collaboration system should be established between neighbors in normal times; ·Actively participate in citizen disaster prevention organizations; ·Actively participate in disaster prevention training.
Seize the opportunity and avoid shocks scientifically
When an earthquake occurs, you should be calm and respond to the shock, and take immediate action to avoid the shock. If you behave calmly, you will be safe and avoid disasters, otherwise, you will cause unnecessary losses. The early warning phenomenon, early warning time and the existence of earthquake-absorbing space of major earthquakes are the objective basis for people to save themselves and survive during earthquakes. As long as you have a certain knowledge of earthquake-absorbing and have certain preparations in advance, you can make use of the early-warning phenomena and seize the early warning during earthquakes. If you have the right timing and choose the correct shock absorber method and shock absorber space, you will have hope of survival. Early warning phenomena: Early warning phenomena mainly include shaking of the ground, shaking of buildings, strong and weird ground sounds, bright and scary ground lights, etc. Warning time: the time when you can escape. From the moment you feel the earthquake to the time the house collapses, there are about ten seconds. As long as you are prepared in advance, you can use these precious ten seconds to escape from danger, turn danger into safety, and turn danger into safety. Shock-absorbing space: A space where you can hide in the ruins. Don't think that a collapsed house is a dead end. There will always be a certain amount of living space left in the ruins with the support of furniture, items, etc. indoors.
What should you pay attention to during an earthquake emergency?
(1) Should you run or hide during an earthquake? Most experts in my country believe that emergency situations include sheltering nearby during an earthquake and quickly evacuating to a safe place after an earthquake. Better way to avoid shock. This is because the early warning phenomenon during earthquakes is very short, and people often cannot move independently due to violent earthquakes. However, if you live in a bungalow and notice the early warning phenomenon early, you should try to run outside to an open and safe place to avoid earthquakes. The so-called nearby shock absorption refers to taking different countermeasures according to different situations. (2) What posture should the body adopt? "Luch and wait", that is, squat, sit or lie down, curl up the body as much as possible to lower the body's center of gravity, and at the same time, both hands should firmly grasp the solid objects around you to prevent falling Falling or being injured due to uncontrollable displacement of the body and exposure to objects. (3) How to protect important parts of the body? Protect the head and neck: lower your head and protect your head or back of the neck with your hands. If possible, use items around you such as schoolbags, bedding, sofa cushions, etc. to support your head. Protect your eyes: lower your head and close your eyes to prevent the intrusion of foreign objects.
·Pay attention to avoid other dangerous places: - Dangerous houses and dangerous walls; - Parapets, high facades, under awnings; - Stacking places of bricks, tiles, wood, etc. (5) How to avoid shocks in the wild·Special reminder: If you are traveling in the countryside during an earthquake; or you live in a rural area and are playing in the wild, collecting firewood or herding cattle, what should you do at this time? - Leave the mountain quickly Dangerous places such as edges and waterside; ——Choose an open and stable place to avoid earthquakes; ——Squat or lie down to prevent falling; ——Take shelter from the wind and face the wind direction to avoid inhaling toxic gases (if there are nearby chemical plants, etc.). ·Avoid the following dangerous environments near water: ——Rivers, lakes, and seasides to prevent river banks from collapsing and falling into the water, upstream reservoirs from collapsing and rising water, or tsunamis; ——On dams and embankments to prevent dam collapse or Flood; - on or under the bridge to prevent the bridge from collapsing or encountering floods. ·Avoid the following dangerous environments on the mountainside: ——The foot of the mountain and the edge of the steep cliff to prevent landslides, rolling rocks, and mudslides; ——The steep slopes and cliffs to prevent ground cracks, landslides, etc. ·Avoid other dangerous places: ——Under transformers and high-voltage lines to prevent electric shock; ——Factories or dangerous warehouses that produce dangerous goods to prevent injury in the event of an accident. (6) What should you do if you encounter special dangers during an earthquake? ·Indoors: ——Fire. Never run around, let alone go to crowded places. Lie down on the ground and cover your mouth and nose with a wet towel; move to a safe place after the earthquake stops; be careful to crawl forward and go against the wind; - Gas leakage. Cover your mouth and nose with a wet towel; never use an open flame; try to move after the earthquake. ·Outdoors: - If the rivers, lakes and seas are flooded, run to higher ground; - When encountering landslides or landslides, run in a direction perpendicular to the rolling rocks, and do not run down the mountain along the rolling rocks; you can also hide under Under strong obstacles, or squatting under ditches or ridges, special protection of the head is required; - When encountering a fire in a chemical plant or a leak of poisonous gas, do not run downwind, but go upwind of the factory as soon as possible. ; Try to cover your mouth and nose with a wet towel. 6. Emergency response measures for production posts during earthquakes. In order to avoid secondary disasters caused by earthquakes and ensure the continuity of key system operations, when an earthquake suddenly occurs, all personnel on duty must have the spirit of not being afraid of sacrifice, remain calm, and take decisive measures based on the actual situation. Measures: (1) Pull down the switch in an emergency and cut off the power supply; (2) Immediately stop heating and pressurizing all high-temperature and high-pressure devices, and take pressure reduction and exhaust measures; (3) Put out the fire and close the fuel furnace door; (4) Put out the furnace fire and close the fuel furnace door; Substances that are prone to chemical reactions should be isolated from each other; (5) Quickly close containers or valves that store toxic gases and bacteria to prevent leaks; (6) Operators of machines must do a good job of safe parking; (7) Moving trains, cars, etc. Emergency brakes should be applied quickly; (8) For some production and scientific research departments that cannot be interrupted, on-duty personnel should stick to their posts and deal with various problems that may arise at any time.
What to do if you are buried under pressure after an earthquake
After an earthquake, aftershocks will continue to occur, and your environment may further deteriorate. You should try your best to improve your environment and stabilize it. , try to escape. (1) Try to avoid weak collapsed objects, hanging objects or other dangerous objects above the body; (2) Move away movable broken bricks, rubble and other debris around you to expand the space for movement. Be careful not to force it when it cannot be moved to prevent further collapse of surrounding debris; (3) Try to use masonry, wooden sticks, etc. to support the broken walls to prevent them from being buried under aftershocks; (4) Do not use indoor facilities casually, including Do not use open flames such as power sources or water sources; (5) Do not scream, maintain your strength, and use knocking sounds to call for help; (6) Try to cover your mouth and nose with wet clothes after smelling gas or toxic odors or when there is too much dust .
Post-earthquake rescue and disaster relief
(1) The headquarters issues an order; (2) Rapidly restores communication with the outside world; (3) Implement traffic control and clear roadblocks; (4) Eliminate danger quickly; (5) Restore hospital functions or establish new medical rescue points; (6) Organize rescue operations for buried personnel quickly and effectively; (7) Strengthen social security.
How to find the target of a suppressed person
(1) First find someone familiar with the situation for guidance; (2) Follow local living habits or search near doors and windows; (3) Dialogue Contact and contact the buried person by knocking on objects; (4) Lie down on the ruins and listen carefully; (5) Use all effective tools or means as much as possible; (6) Do not leave easily to search for the target and environment; ( 7) Organize the work into areas, segments, and households, and search thoroughly. 10. When digging and rescuing buried people, what principles should be followed and what rescue methods should be adopted? Principles of rescuing: (1) Rescue those who are close first, then those who are far away; (2) Rescue those who are easy first, then those who are in difficulty; (3) Rescue young adults and medical staff first to increase helpers. Rescue methods: (1) Those who are buried under the excavator should protect the supports to prevent further collapse and hurt people; (2) Expose the head of the injured first, remove foreign objects in the mouth and nose, keep breathing smooth, and if there is suffocation, Immediately perform artificial respiration; (3) When the trapped person cannot climb out on his own, do not pull or force him to avoid further injury. For those with spinal injuries, use door panels or hard stretchers when moving; (4) When it is found that it is impossible to rescue at the moment Survivors should mark themselves to await rescue. 11. How many artificial respiration methods are there to rescue the wounded who are asphyxiated by buried pressure? (1) Mouth-to-mouth blowing method; (2) Supine chest compression method; (3) Heart compression; (4) Acupuncture therapy. The above methods can be performed alternately. 12. What are the commonly used simple artificial hemostasis methods? (1) Finger pressure hemostasis method; (2) Pressure hemostasis method; (3) Tourniquet hemostasis method. 13. Why should we prevent secondary disasters of earthquakes? Earthquakes include direct, secondary, tertiary disasters and even form a disaster chain. Sometimes secondary and tertiary disasters cause greater losses than direct disasters. Damage to buildings and engineering facilities caused by earthquakes is called direct disasters; fires, floods, leaks of gas and toxic gases, and the spread of bacteria and radioactive substances caused by the collapse of buildings and engineering facilities are called threats to life and property. It is a secondary disaster; caused by secondary disasters, the imperfect earthquake relief system, people's indifferent awareness of disaster prevention, and the failure of the command system cause social panic and turmoil, which aggravates the earthquake disaster and is called a tertiary disaster. Therefore, facilities that may cause secondary disasters must be carefully inspected and properly handled before the earthquake, and they should be closely monitored after the earthquake to prevent secondary disasters.
Edit this section on house earthquake resistance
Earthquakes can be prevented
At present, my country's earthquake prevention is generally divided into two aspects: prediction and prevention. Forecasting is to analyze and forecast the data recorded by observation instruments to achieve the purpose of mitigating earthquake disasters. Another way is prevention, because casualties and losses of people and property are mainly caused in buildings, so it is very important to strengthen the earthquake resistance of houses. Strengthening the earthquake-resistant work of houses may increase the investment in capital construction, but it is still beneficial from a long-term perspective, especially in political and economic centers such as certain big cities, large industries and mines, transportation trunk lines, power hubs, and international projects. After determining the earthquake danger zone, construction should be carried out in strict accordance with the requirements of earthquake-proof and anti-seismic design to be prepared.
Careful construction, attention to quality
The Tangshan earthquake almost completely destroyed the entire city of Tangshan. One of the main reasons was that Tangshan before the earthquake was an undefended city. Historical experience and lessons prove that the greatest damage caused by earthquakes to mankind is mostly caused by the collapse of buildings. It can be said that the quality of buildings is directly related to the safety of human life and property. In order to reduce earthquake disaster losses to a minimum, the State Council determined the ten-year goal of earthquake disaster prevention and reduction in 1994, namely: "Governments at all levels and the whole country With the joint efforts of the society, we will strive to make my country's large and medium-sized cities and densely populated and economically developed areas capable of withstanding earthquakes of around magnitude 6 in about 10 years.
"In 1998, the State Council promulgated the Law of the People's Republic of China on Earthquake Prevention and Disaster Mitigation. In 1999, the Standing Committee of the People's Congress of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region promulgated the Regulations on Earthquake Prevention and Disaster Mitigation in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. In November 2001, the State Council promulgated the "Earthquake Safety These regulations clearly stipulate that major construction projects must undergo seismic safety assessment; new construction, expansion, and reconstruction construction projects must meet seismic fortification requirements so that they are not damaged by small earthquakes, can be repaired by moderate earthquakes, and cannot be repaired by large earthquakes. The people in the earthquake area have summarized the earthquake resistance experience of houses in practice: (1) The foundation must be strictly handled and compacted; (2) The layout and structure of the house must be reasonable; (3) The house should be low, and the height of each part should be the best. Consistent; (4) Minimize the weight of the roof; (5) The walls are filled with sand and ash to increase the tensile strength and integrity of the wall; (6) Multi-story buildings should use frame structures as much as possible, at least floor beams and rings Beams increase the integrity of the house. In short, paying attention to building quality, strengthening earthquake resistance, and doing a good job in earthquake resistance of construction projects are of great significance to reducing earthquake disaster losses.
The significance of earthquake protection work<. /p>
Seismic fortification is mainly for buildings (structures). It is a comprehensive work to enhance the seismic resistance or level of buildings (structures). The seismic fortification of new projects should be carried out in three aspects: site, design and construction. Strict control is required, that is, the seismic department shall examine and approve the seismic fortification standards of the site, the design department shall carry out the seismic design of the structure in accordance with the seismic fortification standards, the construction unit shall carry out construction in strict accordance with the design requirements, and the construction department shall inspect and accept the constructed projects based on the importance and risks of the project. Conduct seismic performance appraisals horizontally and make corresponding seismic reinforcements.
The main problems currently existing in new projects
First, there is insufficient understanding of the importance of seismic fortification of new projects; Act according to the new seismic fortification management procedures; third, structural quality is generally ignored and one-sided pursuit of external decoration
How to choose a construction site
Generally speaking, the following should be avoided when choosing a construction site. Several situations: (1) Earthquake-prone parts and nearby areas in active fault zones; (2) Places with shallow groundwater levels and soft soil; (3) Places with underground caves. In limestone areas, if there are relatively large Large karst caves may cause partial collapse during earthquakes. Therefore, tall or heavy buildings should not be built on top of them; (4) Buildings built on steep hillsides, slopes and river ridges are not only prone to collapse , and will also be submerged due to landslides, landslides, or sliding due to gravity. When the conditions of the building are the same, a building built on a relatively solid foundation and a building built on a soft foundation may remain intact. One may damage and collapse. Therefore, when building, you must pay attention to the geological conditions and topography of the foundation.
How to improve the seismic performance of the building
The seismic performance of the building refers to the building. Comprehensive ability to withstand earthquake damage. In order to improve the seismic performance of buildings, the following aspects can be considered: (1) The foundation must be good, the soil must be solid, and the groundwater must be buried deep. During an earthquake, the foundation will not crack, collapse, or liquefy; When building on a foundation that is not suitable for construction, the foundation must be treated first; (2) The building should be flat and the facade should be neat, and the height should not exceed the regulations. Avoid being too open, and try to make the bays as small as possible and have as many partitions as possible to increase the horizontal resistance. Cutting ability. If there are special requirements, measures must be taken in advance; (3) The building materials must have sufficient strength, and the connecting parts or weak links must be strengthened to increase the overall performance of the building. At the same time, the construction quality must be guaranteed; if it is built with investment from an unit or the state, Important buildings must be designed by professionals in accordance with national regulations.
What are seismic fortification requirements and seismic design specifications?
(1) Criteria for resisting earthquake damage in construction projects and seismic vibration parameters or seismic intensity scale used in seismic design under a certain risk level Requirements for earthquake resistance. (2) The principles and specific technical regulations followed by construction projects to meet the seismic fortification requirements are called seismic design specifications. Enhanced earthquake resistance.
Pay attention to construction quality and strengthen seismic fortification
The quality of construction has a great impact on the seismic performance of houses. Although the building design is reasonable and the site is appropriately selected, if the construction quality is not paid attention to, the purpose of earthquake resistance will not be achieved. Construction quality involves the selection of building materials, the preparation and use of mortar, masonry technology, etc. Building materials should be strong. When possible, lightweight materials should be used as much as possible, such as wattle, woodgrass, asbestos fiber board, mineral wool board, gypsum board, grass fiber board, fiberglass products, etc.; when laying masonry, ensure The mortar is full and the masonry is strong. The surface of the masonry should be clean, and the dry bricks should be soaked in water before laying, so that the masonry and mortar can be firmly bonded. All wall bricks must be interlocked and interlocked, and no open joints can be formed, especially at the corners. Pay more attention to the size and distance of the mortises of the wooden frame, so that the tenons can be tightly combined without weakening the wooden components. intensity. The preparation of concrete must be strictly in accordance with the formula proportions, and the concrete in the pouring parts should be uniform and free of pores, etc. In short, careful construction and attention to construction quality are important aspects to ensure that the building has earthquake resistance. If the building materials and other aspects are good but the construction is not good, the seismic performance of the building will definitely not be good. On the contrary, even if the building materials are slightly inferior, if attention is paid to the construction quality, the seismic performance of the building can be enhanced, which is complementary to each other.