The elegiac couplet was born in the Northern Song Dynasty. According to the autumn rain two essays, volume 6 elegiac couplet:
I don't know when the elegy began, but it was an ancient elegy. Even if there are two sentences, they are related to the neck and abdomen. "Shilin Yanhua" contains: "Han Kang Gong got a solution. After palace examination Province, he is the third person. Later, he moved to Ningzhong, JaeHee. Su Rong Ju says, "Three people come first, four enter Xining, and four assist schools. "This is the text of the elegiac couplet.
Xi Ning (1068- 1077) is the national name of Song Shenzong. According to this statement, Su Song () first joined Han Jiang (Kang Gong) in the year when Han Jiang died (1088). As historical data, this connection is of great significance; However, as a model of elegiac couplet, there are also some shortcomings.
Second, the couplet should pay attention to the following points:
1. Appropriate praise
After death, it is natural for others to recall his achievements, his achievements in study and his achievements in life. Therefore, elegiac couplet should praise its people. It's different from today's eulogy. The eulogy is longer and has more words. In the case of affirming achievements, we can mention the shortcomings of the deceased (generally no words are used), while the elegiac couplet has only a few words. I don't know whether I want to have a "37-37" or "28-28". So generally speaking, elegiac couplets only talk about beautiful things. For example:
Raise the flag of Yunnan Province, and the army will shake Sichuan and Xinjiang. Listen to the slogan "Qing imperial system", and the wind will be ambitious.
I was sent to a foreign country, and I was worried about my motherland. I want to ask those compatriots who are crying.
This is the Cai E League, which created a lofty image of a modern democratic revolutionary and patriot with examples of life and death. Another example is:
Writing a book is based on Zhong Changtong's self-criticism, which is a terrible informant of Xiaoru.
The revolution followed Gu Ning's rise, vigorous and upright, which aroused the prestige of great men.
This is Zhang's couplet, praising his achievements in writing books and his strong spirit in the revolution respectively.
If praise between relatives and friends, between teachers and students, between officers and soldiers, and between superiors and subordinates is easy to understand and logical, then as a hostile force, if we can objectively evaluate each other, we need to have a big heart and a big mind. Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, a successful politician, also knew others in this respect. As we all know, after the Qing army entered the customs and swept the south of the Yangtze River, Zheng Chenggong fought against the Qing Dynasty and even attacked Nanjing according to Xiamen and Jinmen. 16 1 year,1.20 thousand people recovered Taiwan Province province occupied by the Netherlands for 38 years, continued the anti-Qing dynasty, and died in Taiwan Province province the following year. Kangxi worked together:
The four towns are more interested in him. The two islands are stationed in the division and dare to compete for half of the southeast.
Kings don't have an inch of land. When they are in a corner, they will know that there is lonely loyalty overseas.
Lianzhong not only affirmed Zheng Chenggong's historical achievement in recovering Taiwan Province, but also understood his anti-Qing action, which also played a comforting role for those adherents of the Ming Dynasty.
Use the language of mourning
The elegiac couplet is different from the couplets given to birthdays and temples. Although it must be praised, it must be expressed in sad language. Otherwise, how can it be called "Peng"?
Grace Hayes
Work hard for nine days (holding a great man)
Praise of lofty medical ethics
Prescription cures all diseases (holding famous doctors)
Unless this couplet is hung at the memorial service, it is really shameful that it is "elegiac couplet". Some special associations are not cautious in this regard:
Confucian classics led the Tang and Song Dynasties.
This person is between elegance and chivalry (holding Zhang)
In addition to patents, architecture is also * * *, up and down for five thousand years, whether it is Shang Tang or Wu Zhou.
Wan Li, Lenin and Lincoln don't praise (Sun Yat-sen) for restraining power and seeking liberation.
I'm afraid the Su-Song League quoted earlier has no lamentation and has been ignored. But it is also possible: this is a poem (a poem), from which two sentences are taken, and the mourning language is among the other sentences that have not been taken.
There are two situations in which there is no clear mourning couplet, and it is not necessarily an elegiac couplet:
First, there are vague mourning words, or some words can be understood as mourning words. For example, the former leader led Zhang Meng ("writing for the starting point") and "being strong and upright" can be understood as a tragedy.
Second, there is a sense of loss. For example, Kangxi, as the emperor, can't use the word "cry", but "only knowing that there is loneliness and loyalty overseas" can appropriately express his grief and regret.
It should be said that in elegiac couplet, paying attention to mourning is more important than indicating attributes. To deal with beginners, we must first learn to use elegies and write realistic elegies. To this end, the following describes the commonly used mourning language:
Tears, dreams, soul, spirit, loyalty, righteousness, eternal life, heroic spirit, eternal life and heroism. (above nouns)
Mourning, mourning, sadness, injury, crying, crying, mourning, shock, hanging, forbearing, falling, breaking, sinking, leaving, crying, wilting, worrying, fading, thanking, comforting, sighing, returning, shaking, pitying, mourning. (above verb)
Cold, sad, miserable, cold, disabled, lonely. (above adjectives)
Jude, eternity, justice, ignorance and trust. (above adverb)
Still, stay forever, stay forever, peace, sadness, smile, hatred, cold moon, drinking clouds, evoking souls, rest, rain, spring, wind, wind, clouds, mountains, trees, music, heartbroken, crazy, and earth. (the above phrase)
The blue is destroyed, the jade is broken, the flowers and the moon are gone, the building is empty, and the cold rhyme disappears. (The above is only for women)
3. Parenthood
The elegiac couplet must conform to the identity of the deceased. Holding men and women should be distinguished by special language; People from different professions, such as politics, military, business and academia, all have their own professional languages; In kinship, people with different names also have corresponding titles and allusions. These, generally practical books in pairs, are listed. It is not difficult to find, so there are not many examples.
What needs to be introduced and noted is that the elegiac couplet must conform to the author's identity. When a woman dies, her father (mother) holds her daughter, her husband holds her wife, her son (daughter) holds her mother, and her sister holds her sister. As colleagues, they should conform to their respective identities. As scholars, teachers and students are holding hands, and their tone is completely different:
Grass is cultivated by bathing, and there is no end to teaching. It's been too long to sigh that the source is far away in Surabaya.
The mountains are full of thoughts, the voices are always separated, and the mind is empty. Fan Yueyun is deep (holding the teacher)
A writing brush is almost the same as an inkstone. If it is blue, I regard it as a friend phobia.
The door wall is silent today, with peaches and plums full of branches. There are such talents (students) in the domain.
Former students compared themselves to "grass" and regarded teachers as "mountains", lamenting that they could no longer be taught by teachers; Teacher Hou Yilian thinks that although there are peaches and plums all over the world, shine on you is better than Blue, and she regards her favorite students as bosom friends. Now that all the students are dead, she suddenly feels lonely and disappointed.
Not only the smallest order, but also teachers and students. As far as an incident is concerned, people inside and outside the bureau wrote differently. There are also many differences between colleagues, alienated people and close people. Let's look at Kang Youwei's League of Six Gentlemen after the Reform Movement of 1898.
I don't hate Yin Gan's torture and Song Yue's slaughter in vain, and you are no better. When you are Zheng Xue's teacher, you can ask where the king is.
The partisan struggle in the Han Dynasty, the talk in the Jin Dynasty, and the ancient vibration are all fierce today, just like Xu, his son, who hangs his eyes and flies in.
Six people, including Tan Sitong, were killed in the Reform Movement of 1898, and Kang Youwei, as the main figure of this reform, will certainly write such strong and intense words. He killed Yin Bigan, Song Dynasty, Xiao Ru and Wu Zixu in vain, denouncing the die-hards in the Qing Dynasty today, fearless and unscrupulous. Imagine that if it weren't for Kang Youwei's position, others wouldn't be so generous in writing couplets.
Attach importance to emotion
Sometimes writing elegiac couplets, without praise or narration, only reflects the author's heartbreak. This kind of couplet is touching and affectionate, and often becomes a masterpiece of elegiac couplets.
In the kinship couplets, the couple are linked together, and their feelings are the heaviest, such as the couplets in which the husband holds his wife:
The most pitiful ignorance of future generations, Youzi pillow charming cry, asked when mother will return.
I hope he has eyes to make up for the shortcomings of this life and get married in the afterlife.
If you cry like complaining, although it is a domestic discourse, it can best express your heart. Another example is the wife holding her husband's couplet:
Lovers, this life is not all afterlife.
Future generations of debt, two people * * * negative one end.
This is Liao Meng of He Xiangning. He has nothing to say about the cause of death of the deceased. What he poured out was the feelings of husband and wife and his own beliefs.
There is an elegiac couplet sent by a woman:
I don't want you to go. Why don't you have a wife? If Ye Luan takes it again, it's better to have a wife than to die.
When a father is sad with his children, he should have a mother. May he be rewarded every day and have food every day, knowing that his foster mother is his own mother.
This seemingly testamentary self-couplet comforts her husband, cares for future generations, makes people cry, and is virtuous and respectful.
The elegiac couplet between friends should also emphasize emotion. 191610/0/0/day, Cai E, a modern democratic revolutionary, died and was recuperating in Japan:
The founding of the country is brave and healthy, and it is more quiet and practical. It is a person who can create a lifetime.
Once sent to Shanghai, suddenly the whole world cried and I began to cry, which made the sick Kyushu people feel very uncomfortable.
Written in the second couplet, it is true and touching, and every word cries blood.
5. Describe the cause of death
The elegiac couplet should describe or point out the cause of death, and the sudden departure due to the disaster can better reflect the heaviness of sadness; Even if you die of illness, or overwork, or die young in middle age, you can still write between the lines. After reading Kang Youwei's League of Six Gentlemen, we know that Tan Sitong and others were brutally killed.
Such as Guo Moruo holding Zhang's first part:
Huang Zi died of illness, Nie Er died in the sea, and Zhang Shu died in enemy bombing. He put a heavy responsibility on our shoulders, and the situation followed.
It is pointed out that Zhang Shu's "death from enemy bombing" aroused the indignation of future generations against the Japanese invaders more than those who died from "illness" and "sea".
For example, Yi Yin helped Kunming "12. 1 1 tragedy" to unite with the local government;
Be the host and let you know how brave my students are.
Don't be a slave, and watch him slaughter our people.
I understand that patriotic students were slaughtered and died by reactionaries, and their heroic spirit endures forever.
Drowning man:
Even if you are a hundred years old, you might as well ride the wind and waves.
A cup of love, boundless, on high.
"Braving the wind and waves" and "boundless rivers and seas" are words that point out the cause of death, but they are not only words, but also contain some warnings and cynicism.
1987 In August, the writer Shu Gao was killed by a drunk driver in Qinghai. As a good friend, I wrote a couplet, ending with the sentence "I hate cars because you left them behind", and also pointed out the cause of death.
Sometimes couplets have to point out the place of death. Such as Wu Shan Zun Wan Diao Li Yuan Lian:
Golden bag died in Yangzhou.
It is difficult for Wan Li to return to Shu Road.
Li Tiaoyuan, a talented person in Sichuan, is an official in Jiangnan. He died in Yangzhou, penniless, and his friends joined together to be buried together, so he can't be buried in his hometown any more. The land names used in the United States clearly reflect these. There are many similar usages. For example, the next branch of Nie's arm in Ye Ting Changlian has the phrase "Long Star flies to the Black Tea Mountain", pointing out the location where Ye Ting and other "April 8th" righteous opportunities are difficult.