Before the arrival of industrial civilization, human beings used their hands to meet all their needs. Whether it is building a house or cooking and making clothes, it is done with both hands. But even this would not be enough Both hands should pursue more exquisite things, whether material or spiritual. Therefore, from the wisdom of life, the invention of technology, to the aesthetic ideal, it is embodied by both hands. As aesthetics enters the ten fingers, many arts are born accordingly.
In ancient times, people lived in a state of isolation due to inconvenient transportation. In a relatively independent area, every kind of handmade product is a specialty there. The hand has become the most convenient tool for the brain. Therefore, the more civilized and ancient the nation, the smarter their hands are; At the same time, the hands of different nationalities have unique skills and temperament.
(3) the wisdom and technical content in manual work have been accumulated for a long time from generation to generation. In the long process of spreading and spreading, craftsmen emerge one after another. They are ingenious and clever, or they have made some wonderful improvements and innovations in their skills, or they have improved their aesthetic taste, which has been recognized by people. These new skills or aesthetics are naturally integrated into traditional handicrafts. Exquisite folk handicrafts are all tempered. However, in the era of no patent, the crucial stunts in hand-made are hereditary or handed down in the form of mentoring. If the artist has no heir, the inheritance of skills will be interrupted. Facing the square hole in the bronze mask of Sanxingdui in Guangyuan, we can't know what sharp weapon the ancient Shu people used to cut this heavy bronze 4000 years ago. I don't know what technology they used to cut jadeite into cardboard-like slices and polish them so finely and smoothly. A large number of handicraft skills are born and died, which is exactly why many ancient products cannot be copied to today.
(4) Industrial technology is preserved through archives, and manual intelligence is passed down from mouth to mouth, and it is only preserved in a few short formulas at most. Industrial technology is material, and many handicrafts are emotional and savvy. From the perspective of civilization inheritance, this handmade civilization is memorable and a precious cultural heritage.
It is called heritage because contemporary human beings are undergoing a civilization transformation. Farming civilization belongs to the manual age, and industrial civilization belongs to the machine age. Because the machine's ability and efficiency are thousands of times that of manual work, this transformation is sharp, fierce and invincible, so I did not hesitate to abandon manual work. However, people will only care about the object itself in life, and will not care about the means of creation-machinery or manual. When we realize that handicrafts belong to a disappearing civilization, many handicrafts are on the verge of extinction or simply disappear.
Nowadays, the market has begun to favor hand-made pottery, wrought iron and various weaving techniques, and marked them with high prices. The laws of the market are "scarcity is precious" and "pricing according to work". People recognize this high price because handmade products are simple, vivid and full of human breath. When people touch and make these objects with their hands, they are always permeated with thoughts, aesthetic tastes and feelings about life, and they will not be repeated. This is not available in machine products. In the cold and monotonous era of industrial civilization, handcraft gives people a nostalgic humanistic warmth, just like the flickering candlelight in those antique restaurants.
However, the meaning of heritage is far from this.
⑧ In the process of human civilization, handcraft is the witness of ingenuity of craftsmen in different regions, and it is also the carrier of national and regional spiritual inheritance and the symbol of individuality. From the perspective of cultural anthropology, there are profound life scenes and rich historical information behind every handicraft. Only a small part of this information is embodied in handmade products, and more is preserved in the process of handmade production. Therefore, rescuing and recording endangered and rare folk handicrafts is an important task to protect historical and cultural heritage, and it is also a brand-new topic in the process of human civilization transformation. We haven't done it before, but now we're going to do it. Because old houses are rumbling to say goodbye to us, colorful handicrafts are dying in batches unconsciously.
It is a great progress for mankind to give up manual labor and use machines. But when we use it, we must remember the handwork. Because-
Attending to give up the manual is for the development of civilization; Remember that handcraft is for civilization itself.
1. Some people think that the word "smart" in the underlined sentence in paragraph (2) is not used properly, and it is suggested to change it to "smart". what do you think? Briefly explain why. (2 points)
2. The main intention of the example of "square hole on bronze mask" in the eighth paragraph is () (2 points).
A. Explain the superb craftsmanship of ancient craftsmen in China.
B Explain why many ancient products can't be copied today.
C. it shows that the inheritance of many handicrafts has been interrupted.
D. Explain that the manual civilization in today's society is weakening day by day.
3. The underlined part of the fifth paragraph means "the change of civilization". (2 points)
4. Summarize the significance of manual inheritance. (6 points)
( 1)
(2)
(3)
5. According to the text information, introduce the main characteristics of "machine" and "manual" in the form of dialogue (the dialogue form is as follows, no more than 80 words). (5 points)
"said the machine.
Say it with your hands.
The development of sinology has gone through a long process, from a wisp of smoke to a magnificent view. In this process, the question of "what is Sinology" has always existed. German sinologist Otto? Frank's broadest definition is probably the most acceptable, that is, Sinology is the study of China people and China culture. As a discipline, the core of Sinology is relatively clear, while the boundary is relatively vague. This is closely related to the development of sinology. Traditional Chinese studies originated in14-15th century Japan. As a regional sinology, it has a history of 700 years. Since Matteo Ricci came to China in 1582, he has been preaching Sinology for about 400 years. Academic and professional sinology has gone through nearly 200 years since 18 14, when the first chair of sinology was established in the French Academy. After World War II, American Sinology turned to pay attention to and study modern China, and accumulated academic knowledge for more than 60 years. Due to the different times and cultural concepts, the various forms of sinology research are of course different; However, all roads lead to the same goal, and all concerns are the same. Generations of sinology researchers have made great contributions to China's culture going out of the far east and becoming a positive driving force for the development of world history.
Different forms of sinology research should adhere to an inherent quality-the spirit of dialogue. There are some differences and differences between China and the West in ways of understanding, logic of thinking and even overall cultural concepts. For example, the persistence of western style may lead to gradual understanding, emphasizing the relationship between subject and object and the accuracy of object description; Chinese-style spilling brings harmony and understanding, and when describing objects, the clarity is often a little vague. But there is no difference between the two. Only dialogue and enlightenment, complementarity and harmony generated by "difference", and "neutralization" through "difference" can complete a harmonious and colorful world. Different cultures contain many similar elements and have the same pursuit and ideal. Sinology, based on differences and the basic values of justice, fairness and freedom that human beings yearn for, inspires dialogue and knowledge between different cultures.
Dialogue has endowed Sinology with far-reaching cultural significance. When Sinology constructs the image of China in the world and influences the understanding of China by different civilizations, China academic circles pay more and more attention to overseas Sinology, which has become an important research field faced by China academic circles. Perhaps it can be said that this marks an unavoidable general trend: China is no longer just the object of being known and imagined, but the value subject who strengthens self-knowledge through this knowledge and imagination. No civilization can be self-sufficient in a single environment. The basic model of mutual observation will not only make sinology research, but also make the whole world enter a new paradigm of civilized dialogue. Only when overseas Sinology talks with local scholars in China can we understand the deep mystery of China culture. Only by opening to the world can China scholars further activate ancient traditions and ideas.
[General Comment] This is a very fresh material, published in Guangming Daily in April 2007, written by Mr. Ji Baocheng, Chairman of the National People's Congress. It was originally a speech, but the proposer made a big rewrite, and now it is nearly 1000 words. This paper sets up four multiple-choice questions around "the development of Chinese studies" and "the dialogue spirit that Chinese studies should adhere to". Candidates with broader horizons and less profound cultural background may find it difficult. The overall difficulty is the same as that of Mr. Feng Jicai's woodblock New Year pictures last year.
4. Among the following statements about Chinese studies, the one that does not conform to the meaning of the text is ().
A. The main content of Sinology is the study of China people and China culture, which is acceptable to most researchers.
B although the definition of sinology is broad and easy to be recognized, the specific development process makes its boundary relatively vague.
The history of sinology can be divided into four stages: regional sinology, missionary sinology, academic sinology, professional sinology and American sinology.
D The confusion of "what is Chinese studies" has always existed because scholars have different definitions of Chinese studies.
Answer: c
Commentary: This topic focuses on the ability to "understand the meaning of important words in the text". The ability level is B, words are the basic building materials of an article, and understanding the meaning of words in the article is the basis of reading. Whether the meaning of a word can be understood quickly and accurately in the context is an important sign of reading level. This article always revolves around "Sinology". So, what is Sinology? Candidates must first have a correct understanding. There is no data that the history of sinology is divided into four stages, and the four stages themselves overlap in time. Therefore, the statement of item C is incorrect.
5. The following explanation about the "difference" between Chinese and Western cultural concepts is ()
A. The West pays attention to the relationship between subject and object, and accurately describes the object, while China tends to be harmonious and understanding, and clear and vague coexist.
B "different" refers to the author's "all roads lead to the same goal" and "all worries" in "consistent with all concerns".
C. there are differences in cultural concepts, but there is no difference between good and bad. They can make up for their shortcomings through dialogue.
D. The differences in cultural concepts and the pursuit and ideal of * * * are the premise and foundation for stimulating dialogue and understanding between the two cultures.
Answer: b
Commentary: This question examines the ability to filter and extract information from texts. The ability level is C, screening and extracting the information you need from reading materials is an important means to obtain the information you need for reading purposes. The information mentioned here refers to knowledge, news, intelligence or words, symbols, data, etc. It is obtained by reading. To solve this problem, we must pay attention to the main content of the article itself when reading. The information interval related to stem is in the second paragraph. From the full text, the first paragraph talks about the concept of Sinology, the second paragraph talks about the need to adhere to an internal quality, that is, the spirit of dialogue, and the third paragraph talks about the far-reaching cultural significance of Sinology. According to the first section, "Due to the differences of times and cultural concepts, the various forms of Sinology research are of course different" and the second section, "There are differences and differences between China and the West in the way of understanding, thinking logic and even the overall cultural concept".
6. The following understanding of the relationship between "Overseas Sinology" and "China Culture" does not conform to the meaning of the text: ()
A. China culture always gains a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of itself from overseas sinology research.
Overseas Sinology provides China scholars with a mirror to understand China culture from different angles.
Overseas Sinology must strengthen the dialogue with local scholars in China to deepen their understanding of China culture.
D The understanding of China culture by different civilizations is closely related to the image of China constructed by overseas Sinology in the world.
A: A.
Commentary: This question also examines the ability to filter and extract information from the text. The ability level is C, and item A is always wrong. No such information can be found in the text.
7. According to the information in the article, the following inference is incorrect ()
A. American Sinology existed before World War II, but the focus at that time was not on the concern and research of modern China.
B China scholars' research on overseas Sinology will also become the research object of overseas Sinology, thus enriching Sinology.
With the continuous development of Sinology, different civilizations will have a deeper understanding of China people and China culture.
Sinology once promoted the spread of China culture in the world, but now its function is to activate ancient traditions and ideas through dialogue.
Answer: d
Commentary: this question focuses on the ability of candidates to infer and imagine according to the content of the article. The ability level is C, and reasoning and imagination based on some information provided by the original text is a very important ability in modern text reading. This form can test whether candidates really understand the implied meaning of the original text. The four options provided in this question are inferred from the relevant information provided in the original text. It is required to judge these inferences according to the relevant information provided by the original text and choose the incorrect one. From the full text, the significance of Sinology lies in that on the one hand, it can help foreigners "understand the deep mystery of China culture", on the other hand, it can help "China scholars open themselves to the world" and "further activate ancient traditions and ideas". The explanation of item D is not comprehensive enough, and the mistake of generalization has been made.