The Pledge of Chrysanthemum (Japanese history related to the film). This book is very comprehensive and helpful to you.
Chrysanthemum and the Knife is the most famous work of American anthropologist Benedict, and it is also a representative work on Japanese culture all over the world. He used "chrysanthemum" and "knife" as physical symbols to explain the two typical cultural types of Japanese culture: "worshipping beauty" and "advocating martial arts". But I wonder if Benedict knows the double referential meaning of "chrysanthemum" and "male love"?
Because "the pleasure in the backyard" is more common in the ancient ways of making love, but because of the similarity (? ), chrysanthemum is often used to refer to the "backyard" of the human body; This should be the reference of "Chrysanthemum" to "Men's Love" in terms of physical images, and the most famous and long-standing emotional story should be "Chrysanthemum Covenant" ("Chrysanthemum Deed") in the Japanese Story of Rain and Moon (written by Ueda Akinari, published in 1776).
Uemon, a story-telling military scholar who lived in Chixue, fell ill during the journey and got help from the left door of Zhang's department. As a result, the two became familiar with each other and became righteous brothers, that is, the "contract of all brothers". At the time of parting, the two agreed to meet again on September 9 next year. A year later, Zuomen appeared in front of Uemon as scheduled, but he has become a ghost ── Zuomen was trapped due to political frame-up, so he had to commit suicide in order to fulfill the contract, so that his soul could get to the appointment in time. This kind of feeling, just as a harmony song in Japan's "Ancient and Modern Collection" sings: "This body is like the morning dew, but I cherish the fate with you. If you meet each other, you will not hesitate to go to the grave. " Because of this story, chrysanthemum is also called "Qi Cao" in Japan.
Is the purpose of the left door "righteousness" or "love"? I remember that at the end of the Japanese film "Imperial edict", Okita Souji, who was full of heroic spirit, chanted this story to the Turkish side in the beautiful atmosphere of cherry trees falling into the English. In his view, this is the ultimate embodiment of men's love, right? And this plot also makes the story of "Chrysanthemum Covenant" more widely known.
It is said that there is no such plot in Ryotaro Shiba's original novel "Blood Wind Record of the Newly Elected Group" (The script of "Imperial edict" is adapted from "The First General Saburo" and "Three Traces of Chaos" in Ryotaro Shiba's "Blood Wind Record of the Newly Elected Group"; By the way, whether it is a newly elected group or a newly written group, there has always been disagreement in the history circle. The title of the book "The Blood Record of the Newly Elected Group" is from the original text. ), Nagisa??shima imposed the plot, I'm afraid it is to strengthen, sit in the real film "male love".
It can be said that Japan, as a country where the "chrysanthemum contract" is born, has always had a long tradition of "male love".
2
Compared with Japan's hypocritical attitude in many aspects, ancient Japan had an equal attitude and courage to face each other when facing personal lust. Before the word "love" or "love" symbolizing the opposite sex became popular in Japan (Meiji era writers Tomuya Kitamura and Xiaoyao Hirauchi translated from English "love" in 1892), whether it was love between men and women, same-sex lovers, one-night sex (even Plato's love), Japan used one word to sum it up: "color". (Incidentally, in ancient China, the word "love" was rarely used, but the word "affection" was used. )
The Japanese Nishihiko Ihara has two famous books, entitled The Lascivious Generation of Men and the Lascivious Generation of Women-in ancient Japan, the word "color" was of course shared by men and women. The love between the opposite sex is called "female color", and the love between men and men is "male color". Moreover, male color is not inferior to female color, which is neither taboo nor immoral. Even in the samurai society of Edo era in Japan, male color has a great tendency to override and spread to the common people society, and male color has become an elegant addiction. As far as the tendency of public opinion is concerned, the social public opinion that men are obviously superior to women in the Edo period and the Wei and Jin Dynasties in China is comparable.
What this article wants to talk about is the phenomenon of masculinity in ancient Japan. The ancient Japanese period here roughly refers to the period around the Warring States Period, the Edo period after reunification, and the Meiji period after the fall of the curtain. In this long 4-5 years, the most prominent phenomenon of masculinity is "multiple ways".
According to anthropologist R. Bale, most of the contents in culture are illusions, and the whole purpose and function of ceremony is a group desire to turn reality into reality. Therefore, "ceremony" is the manifestation of culture and the form to ensure the realization of culture. Japanese culture is a culture that attaches the most importance to "ceremony" in the world, which can be proved by the fact that everything in ancient Japan must be named "a certain way". Since the Edo era, the Japanese have always insisted that "although there is a trail, there must be a considerable person", so there are doorways such as Zen, Tea, Flower, Incense, Extreme (Mafia) and Sex (Prostitute). "All the ways", simply put, is a good man.
Japanese male teenagers keep their hair in front of their foreheads before the age of 2 (that is, "Liu Hai"), and this kind of teenager is called "Ruozhong". But generally speaking, the first condition for being able to participate in the practice of Taoism and be favored is to have a beautiful appearance like Ghana in the "Judgments", that is, a beautiful boy with beautiful flowers-not everyone is qualified to be.
Most of these teenagers are waiters around generals, famous men and even warriors (I remember that the Chinese versions of the game "Tale of Taige Determined" and "Nobuyuki Wild Hope" are translated as "waiters"), also known as "little surnames". Its substantial position is Toy Boy, or "child molestation" in the quaint parlance of ancient China.
Third
The spread of this child molestation custom in Japan has experienced a top-down process.
It is said that this phenomenon first occurred in heian period (The Tale of Genji is set in heian period), but there seems to be no description of child molestation in the book. It can be seen that child molestation was just the end of Qing Ping at that time.) Japanese monks learned from Datang when they came to learn from it. At the end of the 12th century, the Kamakura shogunate set up a centralized samurai system. At that time, child molestation was just a fashionable fashion among the gate (that is, the privileged class of monks) and nobles, and it was an "elegant" thing, which could be said to be a status symbol. Ordinary samurai can't afford to play, and the upper class enjoys the actual patent right. This can be seen from the Japanese works "Tale of the Peace Family" and "Grass in vain".
By the mid-15th century, during the Warring States Period, there were swords and shadows everywhere, and the blood was cold and clear. In such a specific time and space that was completely masculine, the wind of masculinity was strengthened unprecedentedly. Child molestation at this time is not only a habit, but also a necessity.
At that time, because men (from Daming to samurai) spent most of their time on the battlefield, and their wives were not allowed to participate in the war, the solution of sexual desire was largely passed on to the child molesters around these men. This is a very practical objective condition for the occurrence of masculinity at that time.
At the same time, in order to build an unbreakable samurai group, the concept of courtesy and loyalty between warriors and between master and servant has been emphasized unprecedentedly, and absolute loyalty and trust between master and servant is very necessary. At this time, the child molester has become the closest bodyguard around the Lord, which can also be said to be the last line of defense. If the two armies confront each other, the only one who can finally protect the Lord is the child molester around them, which requires the child molesters to have the courage and determination to "treat death as if they were home", and the usual kindness of luck and joy of sex are afraid to be the most intense expression at this moment-the child molester must swear to protect the Lord. Therefore, the child molesters in the Warring States period are different from those who were popular around Gongqing Mountain Gate in the early days, and they also require superb martial arts. To tell the truth, this is a very human expression. The child molestation here can also be called a "lover"-like performance! It is reminiscent of the popularity of gay men in the ancient Greek army, and men fought bravely to show bravery in front of their lovers. It's a wonderful way to improve morale and combat effectiveness. Moreover, child molestation is also a kind of Japanese ninja, that is, using male colors to deal with the enemy-it should be called "the beauty trick" in translation.
So in the Warring States period, the trend of child molestation can be said to be "is like a spring gale, come up in the night, where thousands of chrysanthemums bloom", and it is not surprising that there are even a dozen or twenty child molesters around Daming. At that time, Uesugi, who was known as the "God of the Army", had a very high reputation (some even put forward the "theory of women in Uesugi"), and the story of Nonobunaga Oda and Mori Ranmaru burying Honnoji Temple together has been sung so far, and two of the four kings in Tokugawa (Inoue Naoki and Benduo Zhongsheng) like this tune.
Of course, as a child molester, his status is not static, and it is not uncommon for him to be promoted to a warrior or even a warrior by winning the meritorious military service in the war. Child molestation is only a stage of identity, and it does not hinder promotion and family establishment. Maeda Toshiie, a general around Oda Nobunaga, became Nobunaga's personal servant when he was fourteen years old. As a country boy (the bastard of a country warrior and the local guardian of an official), he became Nobunaga's personal servant. Because of his similar age, heroic appearance and similar personality to Nobunaga, Lee's family was very popular with Nobunaga. Later, Li Jia became a general under Nobunaga because of his repeated military exploits, and eventually became a name above ten thousand people.
After the four brutal wars, with the unification of Nobuyasu Oda and Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Tokugawa Ieyasu opened a shogunate in Edo in 1693, and the Edo era began. In this period of history, the special masculine phenomenon developed in the Warring States period naturally became a popular general habit.
under the influence of bushido, this phenomenon has also formally developed the concept of "multi-Taoism", and gradually became a prominent family, virtually adding various rules and regulations for self-study. In the spirit of many ways, the "loyalty" is emphasized, and the object of this "loyalty" is "alliance between brothers and sisters." Bushido's masterpiece Ye Yin (Yamamoto often faces, in 1716) emphasizes that this kind of relationship must get along for at least five years before it can be formally finalized-it is really demanding.
During this period, the most famous generals in the upper class were three generations of Jiaguang and five generations of Gangji, and Jiaguang was always dismissive of women until he was twenty-two. It is said that there are as many as 13 children around Gangji. (In 1635, three generations of generals formulated the law of "attendance and confession", and all the famous names in the country had to lead a large number of vassals to Edo to go to their posts alone. Isn't this clear that it is necessary to encourage the trend of masculinity or the prosperity of brothels? )
With the advent of the unification of the whole world, economic power has become the mainstream of the times instead of war power, and the economic power of ordinary people in Japanese society has gradually become strong, so the wind of child molestation in samurai society has spread to ordinary people's society. At this time, the phenomenon of child molestation, unlike the special hobby of the military in the Warring States period, has officially become a common "elegant" fashion in society. Ihara Xihe even said: "If there is no alliance brother, it is equivalent to a girl who has no one to propose." At that time, the civilized social atmosphere, on the other hand, treated this kind of homosexual behavior equally with men and women's love, and the trend of masculinity has objectively become a social custom. It seems that "male color" is absolutely indispensable among the good "colors" of the "lascivious generation of men" that Ihara Xihe said. Moreover, it is said that when men want to "snatch love in a horizontal knife" at that time, it usually turns into a love killing incident. On the contrary, it is relatively safe to steal other people's wives-this should also be the embodiment of the spirit of "loyalty"!
5
At this time, the phenomenon of masculinity is by no means confined to the master and servant. The words of Ihara Xihe prove that any ordinary teenager was the object of masculinity at that time. Even as high as the name and the name, this kind of homosexual feelings can occur. The courtship story between two famous names was recorded in the Japanese "Ninggu Zhai Tan Cong" (published in 1614). The courtship story between these two famous names is very interesting. Here, I will introduce the story I saw to you.
One of the two protagonists is Tadashi Horo (1599-1633, whose grandfather followed Nobunaga Oda and Toyotomi Hideyoshi in the military exploits, and was in the mood for love at the age of 16 or 17), who was the Lord of Songjiang City in Izumo (Shimane Prefecture) with the reputation of "a beautiful boy in chinese odyssey". One is Maeda Toshitsune (1593-1658, four men from Maeda Toshiie, the famous master of the history of Qing Dynasty), who was peak sexually at the age of 23 or 4.
Brother Maeda Toshitsune has long admired the beauty of Zhongqing, and with admiration, he entrusted a shogunate flag as a "matchmaker" to convey his affection to Zhongqing.
In the face of great fame, Qi Ben was naturally diligent, so one day, he held a banquet to convey his love for both sides. During the banquet, Qi Ben and the other two were very well-advised, and they took the initiative to leave and let Li often have the opportunity to express their love to Zhong Qing. I didn't expect that both of them were very shy and stayed for a long time, but neither of them spoke. Li Chang can't help it. He is both an elder and an active party, so he suppressed a sentence to break the deadlock: "The moon is beautiful tonight." There is nothing to say but talk about the weather. It seems that everything is natural. But think about it, although this is mediocre, it is a good start.
Guess how Zhong Qing, a "beautiful boy in chinese odyssey", responded?
with a cold face, Zhong Qing immediately replied, "It seems that your brother likes the moon very much, so let your brother enjoy the bright moon alone. I'll leave you now, so as not to interfere with your brother's leisure. " I left Lee Chang hanging on the spot and got a big blush! Then Zhong Qing left in spite of the dissuasion of Qi Ben and others.
Obviously, Li often appreciates and admires this thorn rose even more after hitting a nail. After Zhong Qing left, he was "tossing and turning, thinking about clothes", and a lover is hard to find!
At last, there was a letter from Zhongqing, saying that in order to thank you for your last hospitality, I would pay a return visit another day. Li Chang was ecstatic, and immediately ordered people to build a welcome room, and began to see through the autumn water three months in advance.
When the appointed day finally arrives, Li Chang gets everything ready and looks forward to Zhong Qing's early arrival with great expectation. Unexpectedly, at about ten o'clock in the morning, suddenly a messenger came to report that Zhong Qing was suddenly ill and could not keep his promise. Li Chang was almost desperate at once, so he hid in the quilt angrily, didn't even eat rice, and shouted at the children who brought the rice: "I can't eat!" "
At about six o'clock in the evening, the messenger of Zhong Qing came again. This time, the messenger said that he should deliver the news of the Lord (Zhong Qing) to Li Chang. The courtiers who received the emissary saw that the emissary didn't even ride a horse, and his clothes were very poor. He was probably a humble warrior, and immediately became contemptuous, so he didn't let the emissary go in at once, but he had to report it, so he played an important role.
when Li Chang heard this, a carp jumped out of bed and rushed to the porch, and the courtiers stopped him. How can the head of a country personally go to the porch to meet a humble messenger? Li Chang didn't care at all. He ran quickly to the porch and shouted, "Where is the emissary?" As a result, a beautiful boy jumped out from behind the messenger and replied, "Here it is!" " ── It turns out that everything is Zhong Qing's trick to test Li Chang's mind! Next ── "The golden wind and the high curative value meet" and "A moment of spring night is worth a thousand dollars" ... I'm afraid it's a restricted level.
VI
In the ancient Japanese samurai society, there was no conflict between men falling in love and men's wives. On the one hand, the main reason is that wives have their fixed functions and their status is rarely shaken; On the other hand, masculinity is more regarded as a hobby and habit, and this feeling will change with the growth of being a "brother" and the change of social role.
According to the available data, men in samurai society generally don't like their wives.