Intangible assets have the following characteristics:
(1) Intangible assets have no physical form.
(2) Intangible assets belong to non-monetary long-term assets
(3) Intangible assets are assets used by enterprises rather than sold.
(4) Intangible assets have great uncertainty in creating economic benefits.
Examples of the characteristics of intangible assets Intangible assets refer to non-monetary long-term intangible assets that do not have physical form, but exist in the enterprise in the form of some special rights, technology, knowledge, quality and reputation, and play a long-term role in the enterprise. Non-monetary long-term intangible assets that do not have physical form but exist in the enterprise with some special rights, technology, knowledge, quality and reputation, and play a long-term role in the enterprise. Intangible assets can be divided into identifiable intangible assets and unrecognizable intangible assets according to whether they can be identified. Identifiable intangible assets include patent right, non-patented technology, trademark right, lease right and land use right. Unidentifiable intangible assets refer to goodwill.
Intangible assets, also called intangible fixed assets, have many common attributes with tangible fixed assets.
1. are long-term assets with a service life of more than one year, and their value transfer is not one-off, but gradually recovered through compensation of product value.
2. They all serve the development and operation of enterprises, and are controlled and utilized by enterprises within an effective economic life, bringing economic benefits to enterprises. They all have value and use value, and can be used for investment and transfer. China helped you succeed in the exam.
Most of them will suffer intangible losses with the technological progress.
However, intangible assets are different from tangible fixed assets and have the following characteristics:
1. Intangible assets have no independent entities, but depend on entities. For example, land use rights depend on land; Goodwill is included in the portfolio of the overall assets of the enterprise; Patent right should be embodied or realized through formula, technology or production line. Therefore, the use value of intangible assets is indirect and can only be realized under certain material conditions. Without relying on entities, intangible assets will become castles in the air.
2. The price of intangible assets has great uncertainty. Some intangible assets of an enterprise are granted or decided by relevant departments, such as patent right, land use right and trademark right. Some of them are the results of the development and operation of enterprises, such as goodwill and non-patented technology. These intangible assets are exclusively used by the owners, and the non-owners are prevented from obtaining and using them by legal or artificial means, which is obviously monopolistic. This monopoly makes the price of some intangible assets determined by the owner, without competitors, and often deviates from its value. At the same time, the validity period of intangible assets is affected by technological progress and market uncertainty, so it is difficult to accurately determine its validity period and economic benefits within the validity period, which makes the price of intangible assets very uncertain.
Intangible assets of real estate development enterprises mainly include patent rights, non-patented technologies, lease rights, trademark rights, goodwill and land use rights.
1, patent right
The patent right is a special right granted by the State Patent Office to the inventor to manufacture or monopolize the achievements of his invention and creation within a certain period of time upon the application of the inventor and the examination that his invention and creation conform to the legal provisions. Without the permission of the patentee, no unit or individual may manufacture or sell its patent. Patent right can transfer ownership or use right. As a technological achievement, patent right has both value and use value, and the price is determined according to the value and use value.
2. Non-patented technology
Non-patented technology refers to technical knowledge unknown to the outside world, such as independent design, modeling, formula, production process and other technical know-how, technical secrets and management knowledge and experience. Not registered in the patent office, secret monopoly. So it is not protected by law and has no validity period. As long as it is not public and has economic benefits, it can be effectively used and can be transferred with compensation.
3. Lease right
Lease right is the right of the lessee to possess and use the leased property under the condition of giving the lessor a certain reward. The right to use the property is valid within the time limit agreed by both parties.
4. Trademark rights
A trademark refers to a mark marked on a commodity with various words or patterns. A trademark shall apply to the Trademark Office for registration in order to obtain the exclusive right. Trademark rights are monopolistic and time-limited, but they can be extended after expiration, so they can also be said to be indefinite. Trademark right plays a role in maintaining the use of trademarks by enterprises to a certain extent and can bring economic benefits to enterprises. Trademarks can be transferred as commodities.
5. Goodwill
Goodwill refers to the value that an enterprise can obtain a higher than normal rate of return on its investment in tangible assets. It is the value formed by comprehensive factors such as superior geographical location, excellent development and operation, high quality or long history of developed products and excellent reputation, which makes the development and operation particularly prosperous. Compared with other enterprises in the same industry, it can obtain excess profits.
6. Land use right
Land use right refers to the land use right that an enterprise rents or sublets land in accordance with the provisions of the national or local land management department and registers with the land management department after paying the transfer fee or transfer fee in one lump sum. Land use rights can be transferred or invested as commodities. However, the land use right that enterprises can use as intangible assets only refers to the land transfer fee or transfer fee paid by enterprises for building their own office buildings and staff quarters. As for the land transfer fee or transfer fee paid for obtaining the land use right for real estate development, it should be included in the development cost as the production cost, not as the intangible assets of the enterprise.
Not all intangible assets have market value. Some are suitable for market demand, and vice versa.
Does the premium paid in advance for three years conform to the characteristics of intangible assets? Do not meet, should belong to the prepaid expenses.
What is the output value of intangible assets? At present, China has studied whether the output value of intangible assets is feasible (1), and found that intangible assets are one of the main factors that constitute the value of modern enterprises. Mainly reflected in ① intangible assets can increase the explanation of accounting information on stock prices, that is, intangible assets themselves have value relevance; ② For the information technology industry, the value correlation of intangible assets is stronger than other industries.
(2) Taking the accounting information of intangible assets disclosed in the statement as a variable, it is found that there is basically no correlation between the information of intangible assets and the stock price, so it is considered that the accounting information of intangible assets disclosed at present cannot reflect the true value of the enterprise. Finally, according to the research conclusion, the author tries to find out the reasons that lead to the relevance of accounting information, and puts forward corresponding countermeasures, that is, to improve the recognition and measurement of intangible assets and increase the relevant disclosure of intangible assets value in accounting statements.
Factors affecting the value of intangible assets The main factors affecting the evaluation value of intangible assets.
1. Profitability of intangible assets. The value of intangible assets comes from the realizable income of intangible assets in the future income period, including the transfer value of the right to use intangible assets within the effective life and the annual income evaluation value of intangible assets. The stronger the profitability of an intangible asset, the higher its evaluation value if the environment and system allow; The weaker the profitability, the lower the evaluation value. Some intangible assets, although the creation cost is 7 yuan, are not needed by the market, or have low profitability and low appraisal value.
2. The service life of intangible assets. As far as value itself is concerned, the value of intangible assets is closely related to the year when intangible assets generate income, and the service life of intangible assets directly affects the evaluation value of intangible assets. Therefore, the service life of intangible assets is an important factor affecting the evaluation value of intangible assets. Each intangible asset generally has a certain service life. On the one hand, the service life depends on the degree of intangible assets; On the other hand, it depends on its intangible loss. The more advanced intangible assets, the higher the leading level and the longer the service life. Similarly, the lower the degree of intangible loss, the longer the period (or income period) of its actual excess income. The principles and basis for determining the service life are as follows: ① The service life of intangible assets protected by law and not affected by the effective time is the legal protection period; (9) The service life of intangible assets protected by law and limited by economic years shall be determined according to the principle of "whichever is shorter"; ② For intangible assets that are not protected by law, the useful life of effective economic benefits determined by technology shall be its useful life; (4) For intangible assets with a transfer contract, the service life shall be specified in the contract.
3. The scientific value and development prospect of intangible assets. General scientific and technological achievements have a process of development-maturity-decline. The higher the technical level of the achievement, the stronger the monopoly, the longer the service life, the stronger the excess income ability of the achievement and the higher its evaluation value; At the same time, the maturity of scientific and technological achievements directly affects the evaluation value. The higher the degree of development, the more mature the technology, the smaller the risk of using the technical achievements and the higher the evaluation value. In addition, the loss and depreciation of intangible assets will also affect its appraisal value. The faster the replacement of intangible assets, the greater the intangible loss and the lower its evaluation value. The loss and depreciation of intangible assets value does not depend on its own use loss, but on its own promotion.
4. The cost of intangible assets. Like tangible assets, intangible assets also have costs. Just relative to tangible assets, its cost determination is not very clear, and it is easy to measure. For enterprise intangible assets, the cost of outsourcing intangible assets is easier to determine, and the cost of self-creation is more difficult to measure. Due to the one-off characteristics of intangible assets, the labor consumed in the process of creation is not horizontal. At the same time, the creation of intangible assets is closely related to its input and failure, but it is very difficult to determine this part of the cost. Generally speaking, these cost items include creation and invention cost, legal protection cost, distribution and promotion cost, etc.
5. How to use the results. From the transfer content, intangible assets transfer includes ownership transfer and use right transfer. The transfer right of intangible assets is directly related to the economic interests of buyers and sellers. Generally speaking, the more rights the buyer obtains, the higher the evaluation value of intangible assets. As far as ownership transfer and use right transfer are concerned, the appraisal value of intangible assets of ownership transfer is higher than that of use right transfer. For example, the transfer price of patent right is much higher than that of patent license. Because a patent can be licensed to multiple manufacturers, each manufacturer only obtains the right to use it, and has limited monopoly and low transfer price, but its evaluation value tends to decrease with the increase of transfer times. In addition, in the technology trade, it is also the transfer of the right to use, and because of its different licensing degrees, it also affects the evaluation value.
6. Market supply and demand. The market supply and demand of intangible assets are generally reflected in two aspects. First, the market demand for intangible assets; The second is the applicability of intangible assets. For intangible assets that can be sold or transferred, the evaluation value changes with the change of market demand, and the greater the market demand, the higher the evaluation value; The smaller the market demand, the lower the evaluation value when similar intangible assets are replaced. Similarly, the wider the application scope of intangible assets, the higher the degree of application, the more demanders, the greater the demand, and the higher the evaluation value.
7. Method of payment. The payment of technology transfer fee often runs through the whole process of transfer, and various payment methods have a direct impact on the determination of evaluation value. When transferring intangible assets, if the price transfer method is one-time payment, the risks in the implementation process and the economic risks after investment are generally borne by the buyer, and the evaluation value at this time should be set at a lower level; If the price is paid in multiple installments, the evaluation value should be higher because of the long payment period; Adopting the payment method of technical entrance fee plus income commission, its evaluation value is in the middle; The commission is completely based on income, and its evaluation value is the highest.
How to understand "trademark is a valuable intangible asset"? The brand value of Coca-Cola is $67.394 billion, Lenovo is $60 billion, Haier is $48.9 billion, Wahaha is $5.6 billion, Shanshan is $4.4 billion, Wanxiang is $2.5 billion and Bird is $400 million.
-These are real examples.
Because the trademark bears the reputation of the enterprise, represents the product quality and service guarantee of the enterprise, and forms the industrial property right-the exclusive right to use the trademark (provided that the trademark must be registered), and the exclusive right to use the trademark is exclusive, and no one may use it without the permission of the relevant right holder, otherwise it will be punished by law.
Generally speaking, registered trademark-exclusive right to use a trademark-intangible assets (value) refers to the value formed by rights, and rights are intangible, so they are intangible assets.
In reality, the use of trademark rights includes charging trademark license fees and pledging or mortgaging trademark rights as assets.
What are the characteristics of the value of intangible assets? Characteristics of intangible assets evaluation
Intangible assets appraisal is different from other assets appraisal, and has its inherent characteristics and requirements. The main features of asset appraisal are:
1. Independent. Independence means that the object of intangible assets evaluation is single, not batch; The evaluation of intangible assets is different for different appraisal objects, so as to correctly reflect the value of a specific appraisal object.
2. complicated. The complexity of intangible assets evaluation means the complexity of its evaluation work. Because: first, there are many kinds of intangible assets, and the comparability of similar intangible assets is low; Second, the expected return of intangible assets is difficult to predict. Due to the different objects and functions of intangible assets, it is difficult to determine the expected effective service life, and the income forecast is very difficult and complicated; Thirdly, because the objective economic environment is closely related to the function of intangible assets, it also increases the difficulty of intangible assets evaluation; Fourthly, because most intangible assets change rapidly, it is difficult to determine the specific replacement time of a certain technology. This also increases the complexity of intangible assets evaluation.
3. effectiveness. In the evaluation of intangible assets, most of them should carefully calculate the economic benefits that intangible assets can get in the effective time in the future, and evaluate the value of intangible assets on this basis, because other forms of asset evaluation are rare. Therefore, evaluating the value of intangible assets based on benefits is a very obvious feature in intangible assets evaluation.
4. Dynamic. Dynamic refers to the evaluation of intangible assets, that is, to examine and evaluate the object from a dynamic perspective and evaluate the value of intangible assets. This is because: on the one hand, technological intangible assets are in the process of development, and any technological achievement will eventually be replaced by another new technological achievement; On the other hand, some intangible assets have the possibility of development and change, such as goodwill and trademarks, or they are more perfect and famous for some reason; It will also change in the opposite direction for some reason. At the same time, the change of time value of money is particularly prominent in the evaluation of intangible assets. Therefore, evaluating the value of intangible assets from a dynamic perspective is the basic requirement of intangible assets evaluation.
The characteristics of intangible assets include? The one that all assets have
What economic benefits are expected to bring to enterprises?
What value can be measured reliably?
What enterprise owns or controls it?
Intangible assets are identifiable non-monetary assets without physical form.
How to confirm the value of intangible assets? To confirm the value of intangible assets, the income method in international evaluation method is adopted.
Principles of asset appraisal
1, principle of independence: independently evaluate qualifications, operate independently, and bear civil liabilities independently.
2. Objectivity principle: proceed from reality, carefully investigate and study, and conform to the actual selection methods and standards of enterprise assets evaluation.
3. Scientific principle: the operation follows the basic principles of asset appraisal, which is in line with national norms and international practices.
4. Principle of security and confidentiality: keep the known technical secrets and business secrets absolutely confidential.
Seven. Basis of asset appraisal
1, the State Council 9 1 Order Measures for the Administration of Assets Appraisal,
2. Assets Appraisal Criteria and Assets Appraisal Criteria-Intangible Assets promulgated by the Ministry of Finance;
3. Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Measures for the Administration of Assets Appraisal (No.36 (92) of the State-owned Assets Supervision Office);
4. Opinions on Operational Standards for Assets Appraisal issued by China Assets Appraisal Association on May 7,1996;
5. Guiding opinions on enterprise value evaluation.
6. People's Republic of China (PRC) Company Law;
7. Trademark Law of People's Republic of China (PRC);
8. People's Republic of China (PRC) Patent Law;
9. Relevant national laws and regulations and relevant opinions and regulations;
10. Evaluate various data collected and investigated.