When was the electronic computer invented?

in February, 1946, the first electronic computer, ENIAC, came out in California, USA. ENIAC used 18, tubes and 86, other electronic components, which were as big as two classrooms, but the operation speed was only 3 operations or 5, additions per second, costing more than $1 million. Although ENIAC has many shortcomings, it is, after all, the ancestor of the computer, which opened the prelude to the computer age. Up to now, the development of computers has experienced four times, from 1946 to 1959, which we call "the era of electronic tube computers". The internal components of the first generation computers used electron tubes. Because a computer needs thousands of tubes, each tube will emit a lot of heat, so how to dissipate heat is a headache. The longest service life of the electron tube is only 3 hours, and the computer often crashes when it is running because the electron tube is burned out. The first generation of computers were mainly used for scientific research and engineering calculation. The evolution of computers From 1642 to 1643, Blaise Pascalene invented a gear-operated adder, which was the first mechanical adder, to help his father who was a tax collector. In 1666, Samuel Morland in England invented a mechanical counting machine which can calculate addend and subtraction. In 1671, the famous German mathematician G.W.Leibnitz made the first mechanical computer capable of adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing. In 1673, Gottfried Leibniz made a counter with a stepped cylindrical wheel, called "Stepped Reckoner". This calculator can multiply repeated numbers and automatically add them to the adder. In 1694, a German mathematician, Gottfried Leibniz, improved Pascal's Pascalene and made a machine that can calculate multipliers. It is still operated by gears and dials. In 1773, Philipp-Matthaus manufactured and sold a small number of computing machines accurate to 12 digits. In 1775, The third Earl of Stanhope invented a multiplication calculator similar to Leibniz. In 1786, J.H.Mueller designed a differential extension, but unfortunately there was no funding to manufacture it. In 181, Joseph-Marie Jacquard's loom used punch cards to control the weaving pattern. In 1854, George Boole published "An investigation of the laws of thought", which was about symbols and logical reasons. It later became the basic concept of computer design. In 1858, a telegraph line crossed the Atlantic for the first time and provided service for several days. In 1861, a transcontinental telegraph line connected the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone and patented it. From 1876 to 1878, Baron Kelvin made a overtone analyzer and tidal forecasting machine. In 1882, William S. Burroughs quit his job as a bank clerk and concentrated on the invention of the adder. In 1889, Herman Hollerith's electric tabulator performed well in the competition and was used in the population survey in 189. Herman Hollerith adopted the concept of Jacquard loom to calculate. He used a card to store the data and then injected it into the machine to compile the results. This machine enables the results of the population survey, which would have taken ten years, to be achieved in just six weeks. In 1893, the first four-function calculator was invented. Old-fashioned computer In 1895, Guglielmo Marconi sent a broadcast signal. In 1896, Hollerith founded Tabulating Machine Company. In 198, Campbell Swinton, a British scientist, described the electronic scanning method and predicted the manufacture of television with cathode ray tubes. In 1911, Hollerith's watch machine company merged with two other companies to form Computer Tabulating Recording Company (C-T-R), a watchmaking and recording company. But in 1924, it was renamed International Business Machine Corporation (IBM). In 1911, Dutch physicist Kamerlingh Onnes discovered superconductivity in Leiden Unversity. In 1931, Vannever Bush invented a counting machine that can solve difference programs. This machine can solve some complicated difference programs that are a headache for mathematicians and scientists. In 1935, IBM (International Business Machine) introduced "IBM 61", which is a punch card machine with arithmetic parts and can calculate the multiplier in one second. It plays a great role in scientific and commercial calculation. Total * * * made 15. In 1937, Alan Turing came up with a concept of "universal machine ()", which can execute any algorithm, and formed a basic concept of "computability". Turing's concept is better than other inventions of the same type, because he uses symbol processing (symbol concept. In November 1939, John Vincent Atannsoff and John Berry made a 16-bit adder. It was the first machine to calculate with vacuum tubes. In 1939, Zuse and Schreyer created "V2" (later called Z2), which followed the mechanical storage of Z1 and added a new arithmetic component using Relay Logic. But when Zuse finished the draft, the plan was interrupted for a year. Scientific Calculator In 1946, the first official computer "Eniac" was born in the United States, but it consumed a lot of electricity. In 1959, the first small scientific calculator IBM62 was successfully developed. In 196, the data processing system IBM141 was successfully developed. In 1961, the programming language COBOL came out. In 1961, the first subsystem computer was designed by MIT. In 1963, the BASIC language came out. In 1964, the third generation computer IBM36 series was made. In 1965, American Digital Equipment Company introduced the first minicomputer PDP-8. In 1969, IBM successfully developed a 9-column card machine and system-3 computer system. In 197, IBM system 137 computer series was made. In 1971, the University of Illinois designed and completed the Iliac IV supercomputer. In 1971, the first microprocessor 44 was successfully developed by Intel Corporation. In 1972, microprocessor substrates began to be produced and sold in large quantities. In 1973, the first floppy disk was successfully developed by IBM. In 1975, ATARI——88 microcomputer came out. In 1977, Comodol announced that the fully combined microcomputer PET——21 was successfully developed. In 1977, TRS——8 microcomputer was born. In 1977, Apple-II microcomputer was born. In 1978, VLSI was applied. In 1978, bubble memory was used in commercial computers for the second time. In 1979, Sharp announced that it had made the first portable microcomputer. In 1982, microcomputers became popular and entered schools and families in large numbers. In 1984, the Japanese computer industry began to develop the "fifth generation computer"-a computer with artificial intelligence. 1984: DNS (Domain Name Server) domain name server was released, and there were more than 1 hosts running on the Internet. 1984: Hewlett-Packard released an excellent laser printer, and HP also kept the leading technology in inkjet printers. January 1984: Apple's Macintosh was released. Based on Motorola 68 microprocessor. 16M can be addressed. August, 1984: MS-DOS 3., PC-DOS 3. and IBM AT were released, which adopted ISA standard and supported large hard disk and 1.2M high-density floppy drive. September 1984: Apple released a Macintosh with 512Kb of memory, but there was no improvement in other aspects. At the end of 1984: Compaq began to develop IDE interface, which can transmit data at a faster speed, and was adopted by many peers. Later, a further EIDE was introduced, which can support drives up to 528MB. Data transmission is also faster. 1985: Philips and Sony jointly launched CD-ROM drive. 1985: EGA standard is introduced. March 1985: MS-DOS 3.1 and PC-DOS 3.1. This is the first DOS version that provides partial network function support. October 17, 1985: 8386 DX was launched. The clock frequency reaches 33MHz, and it can address 1GB of memory. More instructions than 286. 6 million instructions per second, integrating 275, transistors. November 1985: Microsoft Windows is released. However, it has not been widely used in its 3. version. Need the support of DOS, similar to the operating interface of Apple, so that it was sued by Apple. The lawsuit was not terminated until August 1997. December 1985: MS-DOS 3.2 and PC-DOS 3.2. This is the first system that supports 3.5-inch disks. But it only supports 72KB. Only version 3.3 can support 1.44 megabytes. January 1986: Apple released a high-performance Macintosh. There are four megabytes of memory and SCSI adapters. September 1986: Amstrad Announced the release of the cheap and powerful computer Amstrad PC 1512. 2 MB hard disk drive with CGA graphic adapter, 512KB memory and 886 processor. The mouse and graphical user interface are adopted, and the design is family-oriented. Mouse 1987: Connection Machine Supercomputer Release. Using parallel processing, 2 million operations per second. 1987: Microsoft Windows 2. was released, which was more successful than the first edition, but not much improved. .1987: British mathematician Michael F. Barnsley found the method of graphic compression. 1987: Macintosh II released, based on Motorola 682 processor. The clock is 16MHz, with 2.6 million instructions per second. There is a SCSI adapter and a color adapter. April 2, 1987: IBM introduced PS/2 system. Originally based on 886 processor and old XT bus. Later, it transitioned to 8386 and began to use 3.5-inch 1.44MB floppy disk drive. Micro-channel technology has been introduced, and this series of models has achieved great success. Shipments reached 2 million units. 1987: IBM released VGA technology. 1987: IBM processor 8514/A. April 1987: MS-DOS supports 1.44MB drive and hard disk partition. Multiple logical drives can be separated for the hard disk. April 1987: Microsoft and IBM released the S/2Warp operating system. But it didn't achieve much success. August 1987: AD-LIB sound card was released. The product of a Canadian company. October 1987: Compaq DOS (CPQ-DOS) v3.31 was released. The supported hard disk partition is larger than 32Mb. 1988: Optical computers are put into development, and photons are used to replace electrons, which can improve the processing speed of computers. 1988: XMS standard was established. 1988: EISA standard was established. June 6, 1988: 8386 SX was released to meet the demand of low-cost computers. July to August 1988: PC-DOS 4. and MS-DOS 4.. Support EMS memory. However, due to bugs, 4.1a was introduced one after another. September 1988: IBM PS/2 286 was released, based on 8286 processor, without using its microchannel bus. But other machines continue to use this bus. October 1988: Macintosh Iix released. Based on Motorola 683 processor. It still uses the main frequency of 16 MHz, 3.9 million instructions per second, and supports 128M RAM. November 1988: MS-DOS 4.1 and PC-DOS 4.1 were released. 1989: Tim Berners-Lee founded the prototype of the World Wide Web, and he worked at the European Institute of Physical Particles. Through hypertext links, novices can also browse the Internet easily. This has greatly promoted the development of INTERNET. 1989: Phillips and Sony release CD-I standard. January 1989: Macintosh SE/3 was released. Based on the new 683 processor. March 1989: E-IDE standard is established, which can support hard disk capacity of more than 528MB. The transmission speed can reach 33.3 MB/s. And it is adopted by many CD-Roms. April 1, 1989: 8486 DX was released, integrating 1.2 million transistors. The clock frequency of its successor model reaches 1MHz. November 1989: Sound Blaster Card was released. 199: SVGA standard was established. March 199: Maci