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Now, scientists say a mysterious microbe found in Japan's deep-sea mud is the missing link between ancient bacteria and the multicellular organisms that gave birth to humans. A Japanese research team coaxed the creature, which normally lives 1.5 miles below the ocean surface, to comprehensively analyze its properties in the laboratory.
Life on earth was originally composed of simple organisms, such as bacteria, but before this study, scientists had not explained how cells with complex structures evolved, said a research team from the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology in Japan. , the latest discovery of mysterious microorganisms is the link between ancient bacteria and modern multicellular organisms.
This microorganism is named Prometheoarchaeum syntrophicum. It is a transitional stage between simple single-cell organisms such as bacteria and multi-cell animals and plants. The organism is named after the Greek mythological figure Prometheus. , who in myth and legend created humans from clay and stole fire from the gods.
It is a spherical cell with a diameter of about 500 nanometers, which is one 20,000th of 1 centimeter. It has long and slender branch-like tentacle appendages. It has some characteristics of archaea. Archaea are relatively simple single-celled organisms that lack internal structures such as a nucleus and are part of the prokaryotic cell group.
For a long time, scientists have been puzzled by the evolutionary transition from simple bacterial-like cells to complex eukaryotic cells. It first appeared in the transition process from simple cells on earth to complex multicellular organisms, such as fungi, plants and animals. , in order to unravel the mystery, the Japanese research team spent 10 years cultivating Prometheoarchaeum syntrophicum in the laboratory so that they can better observe and analyze the organism. They also studied its relationship with a companion bacterium to determine whether it was responsible for the next stage of evolution into cells with more complex nuclei.
The research team said that the microorganism's appendage can capture and engulf nearby bacteria, and combine with these bacteria to promote the evolution into more complex cells. It initially transforms into mitochondria, which are the power source of the cell and are responsible for respiration and energy. Manufacturing is critical.
The solar system was formed 4.5 billion years ago. The early organisms on the earth, simple marine microorganisms, appeared about 4 billion years ago. The emergence of later eukaryotic organisms opened the way to species evolution and formed today's Species such as palm trees, blue whales, Tyrannosaurus rex, hummingbirds, clownfish, shiitake mushrooms and humans.
Microbiologist Masaru Nobu said: We humans are composed of eukaryotic cells, and their origin and evolution is a crucial issue. Prometheoarchaeum syntrophicum is a type of archaea, and other subgroups of organisms live in cold On the seafloor, they are near a hydrothermal vent system called Rocky Castle, located between Greenland and Norway. Research on Prometheoarchaeum syntrophicum shows that it is a living relative of the earliest fungal organisms.
In 2006, researchers used a submersible research vessel to collect archaea-containing mud from the Ooming Ridge near Japan. They studied it in the laboratory for several years and observed that it was filled with Methane gas slowly multiplies in the container to simulate the deep ocean sediment environment it inhabits.
Masaru Nobu said: We were able to obtain the first complete genome of this group of archaea and conclusively demonstrated that these archaea possess many genes that were thought to be found only in eukaryotes.
We found that Prometheoarchaeum relies on its companion bacteria, an organism that eats amino acids through a sexual relationship with a partner. Without outside help, the organism can neither fully digest the amino acids nor obtain them without any by-product accumulation. Energy, let alone building your own cells.
What are prokaryotes and eukaryotes? What's the difference between them?
Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are cells. They are the basic parts of life, but they are very different. Prokaryotes are the simplest cellular organisms, including: bacteria and organisms without obvious nuclei. Archaea.
They are microscopic-level organisms and may be the first life to evolve on Earth 4 billion years ago. Their NDA, proteins and metabolites are all contained in a single cell membrane. Prokaryotes, derived from the Greek word prokaryotes, have been the only life on earth for more than 2 billion years.
They usually reproduce through a process called dyads, in which one cell divides into two identical daughter cells. Eukaryotes are organisms composed of complex cells that form the building blocks of organisms ranging from algae, plants, humans, and mushrooms. They can also be observed under a microscope and can be multi-celled or single-celled organisms.
They evolved on Earth about 1.5 billion years ago and contain the nucleus and mitochondria. Mitochondria are the power source of cells and are essential for respiration and energy production. Named from the Greek word meaning true core, they can reproduce asexually through mitosis or sexually through meiosis and gamete fusion.
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