Road lighting is an integral part of urban infrastructure. It plays a decisive role in the city's traffic safety, social security, people's lives and city appearance. It plays an irreplaceable role and is a symbol of the city's strength and Level of maturity. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially since the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, with the rapid progress of my country's urban modernization construction, urban road lighting has achieved brilliant results and has become a thriving and vigorously developing public utility.
The development history of urban road lighting in China
Our country has had fuel-fired street lighting since ancient times. There are "lamp directors" assigned by the local government who are responsible for lighting, extinguishing and refueling. thing. It was not until Shanghai first adopted electric lights in 1879 that some cities in my country gradually switched to electric lights with difficulty. However, the urban road lighting in old China was as dim and backward as the politics and economy at that time. "When night falls, there are flickering lights" became a true portrayal of that time. In 1949, when the People's Republic of China was founded, urban road lighting in my country was reborn and developed rapidly. By 1979, the number of urban street lights nationwide (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan, the same below) had grown from less than 100,000 at the beginning of liberation to 570,000. lamps, the mechanical equipment has developed from bamboo ladders for lamp installation and repair to curved-arm elevated vehicles. However, during this period, due to the influence of the leftist ideology of "production first, life later", my country's urban road lighting, like the entire urban construction, experienced a tortuous development process, especially during the "Ten Years Cultural Revolution" period, it was in a state of stagnation. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in 1978, as my country's economy and urban construction re-entered the stage of healthy development, urban road lighting ushered in the spring. In March 1980, the State Administration of Urban Construction, together with the Ministry of Electric Power, issued the "Opinions on Strengthening Urban Road Lighting Work" based on extensive investigations and studies, clearly stating that urban road lighting work must conscientiously implement the policy of serving production and people's lives. From the perspective of cultivating and developing a public utility, unified regulations and requirements were made for the business scope, management system, work requirements, financial guarantee, safe production, electricity conservation and team building of urban road lighting, and the requirements were put forward. Accelerate the formulation of national unified technical standards for street lamp engineering, technical operating procedures for street lamps, technical grade standards for street lamp workers, and technical and economic management indicators for the street lamp industry, so as to improve the technical and management level of urban road lighting in our country. Under the guidance of this work opinion, my country's urban road lighting industry has begun to embark on a systematic, standardized, legal and scientific track. In June 1980, the State Administration of Urban Construction enthusiastically supported the urban road lighting technical information station composed of 35 domestic urban street lighting management units, forwarded the station's working regulations to the country, and promoted the urban road lighting industry to carry out technical intelligence activities. In July 1987, the Urban Construction Bureau of the Ministry of Urban-Rural Development and Environmental Protection issued the first technical document "Urban Road Lighting Guidelines" for my country's street lighting industry. On this basis, the Ministry of Construction issued the street lamp industry standard - "Urban Road Lighting Design Standard" in June 1991. In 1998, the recommended industry standard "Technical Conditions for High Pole Lighting Facilities" was specially released. In November 1992, the Ministry of Construction issued the "Regulations on the Management of Urban Road Lighting Facilities" in Order No. 21. In addition, during the 1990s, the state issued the "Implementation Methods for Quantitative Assessment of Comprehensive Urban Environment Improvement", "National Municipal Engineering Facilities Maintenance Estimation Indicators", "National Municipal Engineering Investment Estimation Indicators", and "National Unified Municipal Engineering Budget Quotas". "" and "Municipal Utilities Energy Saving Technology Policy" both list chapters and sections on urban road lighting. In order to adapt to the development of urban road lighting project construction, ensure the construction quality of street light projects, promote technological progress, and ensure the safe and economical operation of lighting facilities, the Ministry of Construction issued the "Construction and Acceptance Regulations for Urban Road Lighting Projects" in July 2001. . In particular, the standards, regulations and indicators issued by the above countries are based on extensive investigation and analysis of the current situation of urban road lighting in my country and summarizing the practical experience of street lighting systems. They refer to the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) and the road lighting specifications, standards or indicators of some countries. Therefore, in a certain sense, this shows that urban road lighting in my country has developed into a mature public utility.
The fruitful results of urban road lighting since reform and opening up
Since my country implemented the policy of reform and opening up in 1978, with the acceleration of economic development and urbanization, urban road lighting has become more and more important. It has attracted great attention from governments at all levels and the attention of all aspects of society. After entering the 1990s, it has embarked on the fast lane of development, constantly making new progress and new results. Number of street lamps: According to statistics from the Urban Road Lighting Technology Information Center on 500 of the 664 cities in the country in 2001 (the same below), there were 3.9565 million street lamps in urban road lighting, which was 57.7% higher than the total number of street lamps in the country in 1979. 20,000 lamps increased by 6.94 times. Street light source: Keeping up with the development of science and technology, green energy-saving lamps with high luminous efficiency, low energy consumption and long life are widely used in the second and third generation light sources. By the end of 2001, there were 2.3293 million third-generation high-pressure sodium lamps in use, accounting for 58.87% of the total number of street lamps; there were 730,900 second-generation high-pressure mercury lamps in use, accounting for 18% of the total number of street lamps. . 47%; there are 389,800 green energy-saving lamps, accounting for 9.85% of the total number of street lamps; there are 259,400 low-pressure sodium lamps and other light sources belonging to the second and third generation light sources, accounting for 9.85% of the total number of street lamps. 6.56%. The first generation of incandescent light sources has been banned from use in new street lamps since 1979, and the original ones have been gradually phased out. By the end of 2001, there were still 247,100 lamps, accounting for 6.25% of the total number of street lamps. Street lamps and lanterns: There has been a qualitative leap in the materials, processing technology and appearance of lamps and lanterns. Changed from the uniform enamel parallel covers in the past, now, streamlined lamps with simple and novel shapes are on the main roads in cities everywhere, striving to reflect the modern atmosphere of the city; colorful decorative lamps in squares and street gardens decorate and beautify the surrounding environment; in residential areas The graceful courtyard lights are harmonious and harmonious with the artistic conception of the residential area and complement each other. Street light poles: After experiencing the upgrading of "fir poles - cement poles - equal diameter steel poles - tapered poles", especially in large squares, bridges and other public places, 3822 base heights have been erected across the country. High pole lights above 25m have become a new landscape in the local city. Street light lines: With the improvement of urban modernization construction, many cities generally lay underground cables in main road light projects. Especially during the national comprehensive urban environment improvement activities in the 1990s, many cities transformed overhead street light lines in downtown areas into underground cables. cable. By the end of 2001, the number of underground street lamp cables reached 94,600 kilometers, accounting for 39.07% of the total length of street lamp power supply lines of 242,100 kilometers. Street light control: The control methods are constantly changing from traditional "manual control" to "time control", "light control" and "time control and light control integration". In order to improve the accuracy of street light turning on and off time and eliminate large-scale traffic accidents, It provides a reliable guarantee for the "light on during the day" and "black on the night" phenomena of the area. Especially with the widespread application of computers, some large and medium-sized cities adopt the modern "three remote" (remote control, telemetry, and remote signaling) control method based on the characteristics of urban street lights with "multiple points, long lines, and wide coverage". The control room monitors every street light in the entire city in real time, and integrates multiple functions such as test data, alarm faults, query intercom, display printing, and automated office networking to implement energy-saving measures such as full-night lights and midnight lights. , reducing the labor intensity of inspection and maintenance and improving the quality of road lighting services, producing obvious social and economic benefits. Street light management: In accordance with national regulations, methods and standards, street light management units in various cities generally strengthen internal management to ensure lighting rates, publicly commit to service standards to the public, and improve the level of street light engineering and daily maintenance. Since the 1990s, many street light management units in large and medium-sized cities have used advanced computer CAD methods to design street light projects, combined with the street light "three remote" control system to establish a database of urban street light facilities, and tried to build a comprehensive database with urban planning and other departments. Urban geographic information system makes efforts to build a modern city. Benefit from the "Three Persistences" Throughout the development process of urban road lighting in my country, especially since the reform and opening up, the key to achieving rapid development and fruitful results is the "three persistences": 1. Persistence Reform of urban construction management system.
Since the reform and opening up, my country has implemented the policy of "unified planning, rational layout, comprehensive development, and supporting construction" in the urban construction management system. In urban construction and transformation, it insists on synchronous planning and construction of various underground and above-ground facilities including street lights. , which undoubtedly provides a reliable implementation guarantee for road lighting as an urban road supporting facility. Therefore, in the construction of urban roads and residential buildings in various places, it is common to light up roads (bridges) and illuminate new villages. 2. Persist in the pursuit of scientific and technological progress. The short cycle and rapid replacement of light sources, lamps, light poles and control methods for urban road lighting are unmatched by other urban public utilities. This is of course inseparable from the rapid technological progress, but more importantly, in my country's urban road lighting industry, there are a group of scientific and technological personnel who love their careers, are brave enough to explore, and dare to be the first, and insist on developing and applying new light sources, new technologies, and new technologies. Technology and new materials keep my country's urban road lighting industry young and energetic. Among them, the Urban Road Lighting Technical Information Center, a mass organization, has played an active organizing and promoting role in exchanging technical information on the national street lighting industry for 22 years since its establishment in 1980. In particular, the technical and professional publication "Road Lighting" sponsored by the station has changed from irregular publication to regular publication, and later from "semi-annual" to "quarterly". So far, it has published 52 issues in total, which is the leading publication in the national street lighting industry. Technical exchanges provide a never-ending stage. 3. Adhere to the innovation of ideas and concepts. With the in-depth development of the construction of socialist civilization, people not only pay more and more attention to the lighting function of street lights, but also have an increasing need for its role in decorating and beautifying the city. They believe that pleasing street lights are a symbol of urban prosperity and an indicator of the city's technological level. It is a symbol of economic strength and is a major factor in creating a city's cultural atmosphere and improving its investment environment. The innovation of this concept has prompted local city governments to attach great importance to urban road lighting and universally implement "light projects". Government leaders also personally inspect the street light types of every main road and residential area. Therefore, the second half of the 1990s became the fastest growing period in the history of urban road lighting in my country. Outlook Now that we have entered the 21st century, our country has begun to build a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way and implement the third step strategic goal of socialist modernization. Standing at the height of the new century, new situation, and new goals, looking forward to the future, my country's urban road lighting industry will move in the direction of "modernization, greening, and rule of law" against the background of accelerating urbanization and open up for development. To serve a market economy and improve people's quality of life. 1. Urban road lighting is included in the city’s overall plan. The 21st century is the century of urbanization. Accelerating urbanization is one of the major strategies for my country to achieve its modernization goals. Since urban road lighting is an integral part of the city's organic whole, and its technical, systematic and social nature is very strong, it will be included in the city's overall plan as a subsystem. This is an inevitable rule for scientific city construction and an era. A historical call for the development of urban road lighting in my country. Of course, at this stage, the preparation of urban road lighting planning is still a new topic, and professionals in urban construction, planning, municipal administration, street lighting, power supply, aesthetics, art, etc. must be extensively organized to participate in the preparation. However, this is the development of urban road lighting in my country. inevitable trend. 2. Unified and standardized management of urban nightscape lighting. The urban nightscape lighting that has quietly appeared in my country since the 1990s has put forward new requirements for urban road lighting, requiring it to be integrated with ambient lighting such as surrounding buildings to shape the city's image and improve its taste. Objectively, this also requires urban nightscape lighting to be integrated into urban design. As there is currently no corresponding urban nightscape lighting standard in my country, we should refer to the relevant technical documents of the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) and develop a scientific set of standards based on my country's national conditions. , normative, operable, and relevant standards with legal management characteristics. 3. Green lighting has become the dominant form of urban road lighting. Since modern cities must be ecological and sustainable cities, my country's urban road lighting in the new century will vigorously implement green lighting projects, save lighting electricity, and establish high-quality, efficient, economical, comfortable, safe, reliable, and environmentally friendly lighting systems to meet Urban road lighting quality, lighting environment and the need to reduce environmental pollution. In accordance with this requirement, my country's urban road lighting needs to further promote the use of high-efficiency, low-energy electric light sources, lamps, electronic ballasts and electrical accessories, and transform street lighting facilities in a planned and step-by-step manner to implement this system project.
4. The engineering technical standards and various management quotas for urban road lighting are becoming increasingly improved. With the development of economy and society and the improvement of people's living standards, especially the continuous emergence of new technologies, new materials, new products, and new processes, the existing engineering technical standards and various management quotas for urban road lighting in my country are facing the need to be revised and improved. tasks to meet the needs of urban modernization. 5. The pace of modernization of urban road lighting management continues to accelerate. In a certain sense, the management modernization of urban road lighting will be more arduous, more arduous, and more urgent than the task of modernizing facilities. At the current stage, there is an urgent need to screen, finalize, standardize and serialize the "three remote" control systems for street lights that have been developed in some large and medium-sized cities since the 1990s, so as to popularize and use them in large and medium-sized cities across the country. Actively create conditions conducive to daily maintenance and promote the modernization of urban road lighting management with the modernization of street light control methods. 6. The reform of urban road lighting management system has entered a critical stage. With the establishment of my country's socialist market economic system, the urban road lighting management system will implement the separation of "construction, management and maintenance" in accordance with the direction of "diversified investment, market-oriented operation, social service, and industrial development" to serve enterprises Separately, we will promote bidding for the design, construction and maintenance of street light projects, form a market competition mechanism, and promote the vigorous development of urban road lighting.