Cherry tomatoes have bright color and rich taste. In addition to being eaten as vegetables, they can also be eaten as fresh fruits. Therefore, they are deeply loved by consumers and the market demand is also increasing year by year. Cherry tomatoes have strong adaptability and can grow as long as they are given suitable environmental conditions. Therefore, in most tomato-producing areas in my country, greenhouse planting technology is used for off-season planting. So how are cherry tomatoes grown off-season using greenhouse technology? Today we will talk about the off-season planting of cherry tomatoes in greenhouses in conjunction with the planting of cherry tomatoes in winter and spring.
1. Cherry tomato seedling cultivation
The sowing time for winter and spring crops is from November to December. Choose a greenhouse with good lighting conditions and a certain temperature and humidity requirement for seedling cultivation. For seedlings, the matching of seedling substrate is very important.
1. Substrate preparation
Take 1 cubic meter of substrate as an example: 0.6 cubic meters of peat, 0.2 cubic meters of vermiculite, 0.2 cubic meters of perlite, and 700 grams of potassium nitrate are required , 700 grams of superphosphate. The substrate matched in this way has physical and chemical properties that are conducive to the growth of seedlings, is low in cost, and has a certain degree of fertility.
2. Sowing
Put the matched substrate into the seedling plug tray. It should not be too much and should be flush with the mouth of the plug tray, and then sow the cherry tomato seeds into the hole. In the tray, sow one seed in each hole with a depth of about 0.5 cm, and finally cover it with a layer of substrate with a thickness of about 0.5 cm.
Place the sown plug trays evenly on the seedling bed, spray water in time, and water thoroughly. Keep the moisture content of the substrate above 90%. After pouring water, immediately cover it with plastic film for heat preservation and moisture retention. If the temperature is too low during the seed germination stage, the seeds will not germinate normally. Generally, the daytime temperature is required to be around 26~30°C, and the night temperature is around 22°C. If the temperature cannot be reached, you can set up a shed above the seedbed, cover it with plastic film, and add an insulation quilt at night to increase the temperature inside the shed and ensure normal emergence of cherry tomatoes.
3. Management during the emergence period
Cherry tomatoes begin to germinate about 5 days after sowing. When 80% of the seeds have emerged, remove the mulch in time. At this stage, it is easy to form tall seedlings. After planting, tall seedlings will grow slowly, suffer from many diseases, and have low yield. The key to reducing tall seedlings is to control the humidity. After emergence, increase ventilation and reduce the humidity in the shed. Generally, the moisture content of the substrate is reduced to 60% to 70%, and the relative air humidity is about 80%. The temperature remains at 25℃~28℃ during the day and around 20℃ at night. Strengthening temperature and humidity management can effectively prevent the emergence of tall seedlings.
4. Management during the seedling period
The first true leaf of cherry tomatoes grows about 12 days after emergence and enters the seedling management period. During this period, the temperature in the shed needs to be increased and the temperature maintained during the day. At 27~30℃, the night temperature can be appropriately lowered and maintained at 15~20℃, which is beneficial to the uniform jointing of cherry tomato seedlings and the differentiation of flower buds.
When the cherry tomatoes grow 2 leaves and 1 heart, if you find some weak seedlings in the same seedling tray, you need to select them 1 or 2 times. You can select the weak seedlings and cultivate them separately. , to ensure that the cherry tomato seedlings grow evenly and have the same size.
When the seedlings grow 2 to 3 true leaves, the flower buds begin to differentiate. The first flower buds differentiate correspond to the first inflorescence that appears after the plant has 6 to 7 true leaves. At this stage, increase the light as much as possible. Under the condition of maintaining a suitable temperature, the insulation is uncovered early and covered late at night, and artificial light is provided through fill lights at night.
5. Management during the seedling stage
About 25 days after emergence, cherry tomatoes grow 3 leaves and 1 heart and enter the seedling stage. At this stage, it is necessary to reduce the temperature and humidity in the shed, increase the number of ventilations, and harden the tomato seedlings. The daytime temperature is 23~27℃ and the night temperature is 15~18℃. The moisture content of the substrate should be maintained at 60%~70%. 35 to 45 days after emergence, 5 leaves and 1 heart will appear, and the seedlings can be planted when they are 15 to 20 cm tall.
2. Planting management
The planting time of winter and spring tomatoes and cherries is generally around January. Planting can only be carried out when the ground temperature in the shed is stable above 10℃. Since cherry tomatoes have high requirements for water and fertilizer conditions, fertilization and soil preparation must be carried out before planting.
1. Fertilization and soil preparation
Fertilization and soil preparation are not only applicable to cherry tomatoes, but also to other tomatoes. The cultivation of tomatoes and cherries using straw reactors has achieved good results in actual planting, and the operation is not complicated.
About 16 days before planting, dig a fermentation trench. The size of the fermentation trench should be determined according to the needs of the crops and the planting method. Generally, the trench depth is about 35cm, the trench width is about 60cm, and the trench spacing is 90. ㎝, now the fermentation ditch is covered with straw. The thickness of the straw is about 30cm. After spreading the straw, the straw must be trampled firmly.
Next, sprinkle the straw-decomposing microbial agent on the straw. Please refer to the manufacturer's instructions for specific usage and dosage. Then sprinkle urea again. The dosage of urea is 4% of the total weight of the straw. Finally, Cover the straw with about 25 cm of soil. The straw reactor can not only increase the humus content in the soil and increase soil permeability, but is also very beneficial to the growth of cherry tomatoes. Because straw fermentation is a slow process, it can supply nutrients for a long time, which can just meet the needs of cherry tomatoes for their vigorous growth in the later period.
2. Root soaking of seedlings
Dipping the roots of cherry tomatoes before planting is an effective measure to prevent pathological diseases. Use fludioxonil suspension 1500 Soaking the roots and rhizomes with the liquid for 10 to 15 minutes can effectively prevent root rot and root rot. Of course, the specific selection of pharmaceuticals should be based on the diseases that have been common in the local area in previous years. The scientific use of pharmaceuticals should be selected.
3. Planting
Cherry tomatoes are mostly cultivated in greenhouses using high borders, with a border width of about 80 cm, a spacing of about 70 cm between two borders, and a border height of about 25 cm. After finishing the border, Start digging a planting hole with a depth of 5 to 8 cm. Two rows of planting holes are staggered. Place the cherry tomato seedlings into the planting holes and then cover them with soil and compact them. The cultivation method is a border with double rows, a row spacing of 50 cm, a plant spacing of 30 to 40 cm, and about 3,000 plants per acre.
When planting, the soil should be buried flush with the root mass. Burying the soil too deep is not conducive to slowing down the seedlings. Planting should be done at the beginning of a sunny day and at the end of a cloudy day, which is conducive to slowing down the seedlings. After planting, the light and temperature in the shed need to be conducive to seedling growth. If there are continuous cloudy days after planting, it will not be conducive to seedling growth and soil-borne diseases will easily breed. The specific planting time should avoid noon when the light is strong. It is better to choose planting before 11 o'clock in the morning or after 3 o'clock in the afternoon.
After the planting is completed, drip irrigation pipes are laid. Each drip irrigation pipe corresponds to a row of cherry tomatoes, and then covered with mulch film. The mulch film plays a role in insulating and moisturizing the soil, reducing evaporation and reducing the air humidity in the shed. After covering the mulch, pour the planting water as soon as possible to help slow down the seedlings. After 5 to 7 days of slowing down the seedlings, a new leaf will grow and the slowing down of the seedlings will be completed.
After slowing down the seedlings, a small amount of ventilation and cooling can be used. The daytime temperature is maintained at about 25℃, and the night temperature is maintained at about 15~18℃. Appropriate squatting of the seedlings can cultivate strong seedlings and prevent overgrowth.
3. Management during the flowering and fruiting period
About 20 days after planting, the cherry tomato plant will grow to 10 to 15 leaves, and buds will begin to appear between 6 to 7 leaves. Fruiting period management, the entire flowering and fruiting period is about 4 to 5 months, which is divided into early fruiting, mid-fruiting and late fruiting.
1. Management of the early stage of fruiting
The management of the early stage of fruiting refers to the entire period from the budding and flowering of the first fruit to the enlargement and maturity, which is about 50 days. The early stage of fruiting is also a period when the vegetative growth changes to reproductive growth and vegetative growth. When tomatoes and cherries grow to more than 30cm, they need to be removed in time.
①. Pruning by removing vines
To pull the plant to grow upright, it should be noted that one end of the rope is fixed at the next node of the first spike of inflorescence, and pruning is performed while removing vines. There are two pruning methods: single-vine pruning and double-vine pruning. Single vine pruning: Only keep one main trunk in the middle, knock off all other branches, and bear fruit on the main vine. Double-vine pruning: Generally, a strong side branch is selected at the next node of the first spike flower, and then all side branches at other nodes are cut off, and the fruit is produced on the main vine and the reserved side branches.
Double-vine pruning is generally used. Double-vine pruning can first save seedlings. In addition, the leaves will be larger in the later high-temperature seasons, which can protect individual fruits and avoid sunburn. The results are relatively concentrated compared to single-vine pruning, and the early yield is relatively high. After the pruning is completed, when the side branches grow to about 20 cm, the vines need to be removed separately.
The market price of cherry tomato cultivation is relatively high in winter and spring, so high early yields are conducive to improving planting efficiency.
②. Pollination
Cherry tomatoes are self-pollinating crops. In the greenhouse, especially during winter and spring, the air humidity in the greenhouse is relatively high, the temperature is low, and there is no wind. , lack of small pollinating insects, pollination and pollination are prone to confusion and other obstacles, and show problems such as severe flower drop, low fruit setting rate, and the formation of more deformed fruits. Therefore, bumblebees or Osmia bees can be used to pollinate cherry tomatoes during the pollination period. The tomato fruits produced after pollination will be plump, well-rounded, and uniform in size. If there are no local conditions for bee pollination, artificial assisted pollination can also be used to increase the fruit setting rate.
③. Thinning flowers and fruits
The petals will fall off about two days after pollination, and fruits the size of mung beans will appear, proving that fruit setting has been successful. If there are a large number of flowers in an inflorescence, in order to improve the marketability of the fruit, you can remove 1 to 3 flowers at the top of the inflorescence, which will help the fruit to be uniform in size. Depending on the growth of the plant, plants that are growing well should leave more flowers; plants that are growing thinner will have slightly fewer flowers. If it is too thin, you can leave no fruit in the first ear and let it directly sit on the second ear.
④. Water and fertilizer management
When the first ear of fruit begins to expand and the second ear of fruit sits, start to increase the supply of fertilizer and water. At this stage, the soil moisture content should be maintained at 50 Between % and 60%, high-potassium fertilizers can be applied with water while watering. Generally, high-potassium water-soluble fertilizers with a nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium ratio of 16:8:34 are used, and the dosage per acre is 10kg. Water and fertilize every 15 to 20 days.
⑤ Temperature and humidity control
As a result, it is reasonable to control the daytime temperature between 25 and 28°C and the night temperature between 13 and 15°C. At this stage, the low temperature should be lower to prevent the plants from growing too much. While ensuring the temperature of the shed, appropriately increase the ventilation volume and reduce the humidity in the shed. The relative air humidity is maintained between 50% and 60%.
About 40 days after the cherry tomatoes bloom and are pollinated, the fruit swells and begins to change color, first changing from green to white, then slowly to orange, and finally to red. The color change period generally takes about 15 days. When the entire fruit turns red, the color change is completed and can be harvested at the right time.
⑥. Timely harvesting
Each ear of fruit can mature 2 to 4 fruits at a time. Timely harvesting will help other fruits expand and mature. Harvesting too late will cause the fruits to compete for plant nutrients. It affects the expansion of other fruits and makes the fruits soft, which is not conducive to storage and transportation. It is more suitable to harvest mature fruit trees in the early morning, usually before 10 am. At this time, the temperature when harvesting the fruits is low, which is conducive to storage. Try to avoid harvesting after the temperature rises in the afternoon.
2. Management in the mid-fruiting period
①. Water and fertilizer management
The mid-fruiting period is also the fruiting period. Generally, the yield is higher from April to May. This stage It is also a critical period for yield formation. As a result, the demand for water and fertilizer is large in the mid-term. It is required to water and fertilize every 10 days, and the soil moisture content is controlled between 60% and 70%. When watering, apply high-potassium water-soluble fertilizer with the water at a rate of 10 to 15 kg per acre. At this time, using high-potassium fertilizer can improve the quality of cherry tomatoes and promote fruit expansion and color change.
Nitrogen and phosphorus are also indispensable during this period. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 2:1:4 as the appropriate fertilization ratio. In addition, medium and trace elements must be supplemented in time.
②. Temperature and humidity management
In the middle of the fruiting period, the supply of fertilizer and water is sufficient, and the plants are prone to leggy. You can increase the temperature difference to control it. The daytime temperature is controlled at 28~32℃, and the night temperature is controlled. The appropriate temperature is 13~16℃. Lowering the night temperature can prevent the plants from growing too much and also help the fruits to expand.
Ventilation is a very important means to ensure the quality of cherry tomatoes. If ventilation is improper, the temperature in the shed will fluctuate, which may easily cause fruit cracking. Generally, it takes 2 to 3 operations to open the air vents every morning and gradually open the air vents; it also requires 2 to 3 operations in the afternoon to gradually close the air vents to maintain an even rise and fall in the temperature in the shed. Timely ventilation is also helpful to reduce the humidity in the shed. Generally, it is appropriate to maintain the relative humidity of the air in the shed between 45% and 55%.
③, pruning, and removing old leaves
The vegetative and reproductive growth of cherry tomatoes are very strong in the mid-fruiting period. The top of the plant tends to grow horizontally and needs to be manually wound every 3 to 4 days. Make the vines grow upright at a time. While winding the vines, knock off the sprouted branches. When pruning, be careful to break off the branches from the base. If they are left too long or the wound is too large, it is easy for bacteria to breed and cause disease.
In the mid-term results, there are many lower leaves, which are easy to close, affecting ventilation and light transmission. The lower old leaves can be selectively removed, and some leaves can also be selectively removed between two rows to increase ventilation and light transmission conditions. . The specific operation time should be carried out in the morning on a sunny day to facilitate wound healing.
④. Falling vines
Cherry tomatoes have an unlimited growth type, and their growing points continue to rise. As a result, the main vines can grow to about 2 meters in the mid-term. If the plant is too tall, it will affect the ventilation in the shed. Light increases the difficulty of management, so it is necessary to drop the vines. After the lower ears of the plant are harvested, the vines should be dropped in a timely manner. According to actual production needs, it is generally necessary to drop the vines 2 to 3 times. Adopt the lying method of falling vines, untie the hanging rope of the plant, and then lay the branches and vines to be dropped on the border along the direction of the cultivation row. After determining the height of the fallen vines, hang the vines again and drop the vines. Lie down in an orderly manner facing the same direction.
3. Late fruiting period
Generally in mid-to-late May, as the temperature rises, the plant growth gradually weakens, and cherry tomatoes enter the late fruiting period. The main task in the late fruiting period is to prevent premature aging. , Sustain production and ensure quality.
①. Water and fertilizer management
As a result, in the later period, the temperature rises, evaporation increases, and the soil suddenly becomes dry and wet, which is easy to form deformed fruits and cracked fruits. It is recommended that vegetable farmers reduce the amount of watering. Increase the frequency of watering to ensure that the soil moisture content is basically consistent. And according to the remaining fruiting ears, while supplementing high potassium fertilizer, increase nitrogen fertilizer, apply 10kg of high potassium water-soluble fertilizer and 5kg of nitrogen fertilizer per acre. In addition to flushing with water, you can also topdress the leaves and spray some medium and trace element fertilizers. Increasing the supply of fertilizer and water can effectively prevent premature plant aging and stabilize yields.
②. Temperature and humidity management
As a result, in the later period, the temperature is high and the light is strong. Ventilate and cool down in time during the day. The temperature is controlled below 30°C and the relative air humidity is controlled between 45% and 50%. between. In the late growth period, the main management tasks are to prevent high temperatures and strong light. You can use sunshade nets to reduce light intensity and lower the temperature in the shed. The other is to retain as many leaves as possible and use them to provide shade and cooling, which is good for the fruit. form protection. In the later stages of growth, it is also necessary to drop the vines. The specific operation method is the same as the method of dropping vines in the middle stage of fruiting. Before the vines fall, in addition to removing the old leaves in the lower part, the old leaves and diseased leaves in the middle can also be removed, which is beneficial to ventilation and light transmission and reduces the chance of disease.
③. Pruning and pruning
Pruning and pruning are still required in the later stage of fruiting. Due to the strong external light in the later period, the growth of the plant becomes weak and the fruit is easily sunburned. You can pre-prun the top of the plant. Leave 2 to 3 side branches, each with 3 to 4 leaves for topping, to increase the leaf area of ??the upper part of the plant, enhance the plant's vegetative growth, and also serve as a shade for the lower fruits.
Our country has a vast territory, and different regions have different climatic conditions. Cherry tomatoes should be grown according to the sales season, and crops should be reasonably arranged. Greenhouses should be used to cultivate cherry tomatoes in off-season, and corresponding scientific management measures should be used to ensure that The yield and quality of tomatoes also allow cherry tomatoes to be marketed early and fetch a good price.