Facing the energy crisis and environmental crisis, all countries in the world have put forward the goal of controlling the growth of mineral energy consumption, improving energy efficiency, developing new and renewable energy, protecting the environment and taking the road of sustainable development. Therefore, building energy efficiency is a basic trend of world building development in recent years, and it is also a new growth point of contemporary building technology. In our country, the waste of building energy consumption is quite serious, and there are many reasons, such as backward technology, unscientific design, improper management, and weak awareness of energy saving. Therefore, building energy conservation is imperative.
The so-called building energy saving is to reduce the energy consumption of residential buildings in long-term use through technological progress, rational utilization, scientific management and rationalization of economic structure under the condition of ensuring the thermal comfort environment of the living room.
1 should be the most basic energy-saving consciousness in residential design.
In the overall planning and individual design of residential buildings in most parts of China, it is undoubtedly the most basic design and the most basic energy-saving measure to improve the indoor thermal environment of residential buildings, strive for a good orientation for the main space of residential buildings, meet the requirements of winter sunshine and make full use of natural gas energy. In the design of residential buildings, the main space facing south, or east to south, or west to south, has always been considered a reasonable design. This is the application of the most basic energy-saving consciousness in residential building design. Therefore, China's current national standard "Code for Residential Design (GB50096- 1999)" stipulates that "each house should have at least one living space with sunshine. When the total number of living spaces in a house exceeds four, two of them should get sunshine. " The current national standard "Code for Planning and Design of Urban Residential Areas (GB50 180)" stipulates the minimum time limit of residential sunshine standard.
2 distinguish between the main space of the house and the energy-saving design of the building
In the early urban housing design, it is obvious that all bedrooms should be placed in the best sunshine and ventilation conditions, and in the south, so as to provide the best environment for residents to enjoy natural energy. In recent years, with the development of national economy, people's living standards have improved and housing conditions have been continuously improved. The bedroom in the house is no longer multifunctional, but is more reasonably understood as a rest area. Its main function is to sleep, rest and store clothes. It needs a relaxed and quiet space with certain privacy. During the day, people work, study and go out. Even at home, all kinds of daily activities are not in the bedroom. So it is mainly used for sleeping at night, and most of the bedrooms are empty during the day. Whether in the south or the north, whether there is direct sunlight or not makes little difference to building energy efficiency. On the premise of meeting the requirements of ventilation and lighting and ensuring the air tightness and heat insulation of windows, the bedroom does not face south and does not affect the building energy saving. Therefore, in a house, the bedroom is not the only main space occupying the south. "Hall" has become the main space for residents' daily activities in modern houses. The sunshine in the daytime is more direct and energy-saving for the "hall" of the life activity center. For office workers, due to the implementation of the weekend system, the number of days at home during the day has increased, accounting for about a quarter of the total number of days in the year. For the elderly and infants, most of the time is spent in the hall. Even if students stay at home in winter, summer and Sunday, the main activity space is in the hall, so the area of the hall is far larger than that of a dormitory now. Therefore, if the living room faces south and the sun shines on people who are active in the living room during the day, its energy-saving effect is self-evident. If it is a living room facing south, the indoor natural thermal environment is better, which can greatly save the energy consumption of heating and air conditioning.
3. Strengthen the energy-saving design of building structures.
(1) wall energy saving.
Wall is the main body of building envelope, and we can use block wall with good thermal insulation performance, strong heat storage capacity and low strength, such as aerated concrete block. It can also take the form of composite wall, such as internal thermal insulation composite wall, external thermal insulation composite wall, sandwich composite wall and so on. However, due to the great influence of thermal bridge on thermal insulation, the country has begun to restrict the use of internal thermal insulation composite walls. Moreover, in the long run, the effect of external insulation of external wall is obviously higher than that of internal insulation. Because the composite wall can meet the various functional requirements of the envelope, this composite wall made of high-efficiency thermal insulation materials and bricks has more advantages. (2) Energy saving of doors and windows.
External doors and windows are the weakest parts of residential energy consumption, and their energy consumption accounts for a large proportion of the total energy consumption of residential buildings, in which the heat transfer loss is 1/3 and the cold air penetration is 1/3. Therefore, the thermal insulation performance of doors and windows can be improved by improving the air tightness of doors and windows, adopting appropriate area ratio of window to wall, increasing the number of windows, and adopting venetian blinds and window panels under the condition of ensuring the requirements of sunshine, lighting, ventilation and viewing. Its energy-saving measures are:
(1) Control the ratio of windows to walls in residential buildings. The ratio of residential window to wall refers to the ratio of residential window area to residential facade unit area. "Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Civil Buildings" has made strict provisions on the ratio of windows to walls of residential buildings in different areas and orientations.
(2) Improve the air tightness of residential exterior windows and reduce cold air infiltration. If foam plastic sealing strips are provided, new door and window materials with good sealing performance are adopted. The gap between the door and window frame and the wall can be sealed with elastic soft materials (such as felt), elastic sealing materials (such as polyethylene foaming materials), sealing paste and the gray opening on the frame. The frame and fan can be sealed with rubber, rubber plastic or foam sealing strips, high and low joints, return air slots, etc. Sealing strips, high and low joints and battens outside joints can be used for sealing between fans; The seal between the fan and the glass can be made of various elastic beads.
③ Improve the thermal insulation performance of residential doors and windows. Doors and balcony doors should be filled with polystyrene board or rock wool board in the hollow of the door according to the requirements of fire prevention and theft prevention to improve their thermal insulation performance; It is best to use steel-plastic composite windows and plastic windows to avoid cold and hot bridges caused by metal windows. Double glass or triple glass can be set, and insulating glass, coated glass and low emissivity glass can be actively used. Reasonable design can open the window sash area, ensure the natural ventilation in the south and reduce the direct penetration of cold air in the north.
④ Set "Temperature Damping Zone". The so-called temperature damping zone is an intermediate layer between indoor and outdoor, which can prevent the direct penetration of outdoor cold air like a thermal brake and reduce the heat loss of external walls and windows. In residential buildings in northern China, all external doors and windows of the north balcony are closed by closed balconies, the external doors are equipped with dampers to prevent cold air from flowing backwards, the stairwell is closed, and the manhole on the roof is closed. , can achieve good energy-saving effect.
(3) Roof energy saving.
As a part of the outer envelope, the thermal insulation of the roof is also indispensable. We can use high-efficiency thermal insulation materials as the thermal insulation layer of the roof, and we can also use overhead thermal insulation roof or inverted roof to improve the thermal insulation performance of the roof. The key points of roof energy-saving measures are as follows: firstly, the roof insulation layer should not use high-density and high-thermal conductivity insulation materials to avoid excessive roof weight and thickness; Secondly, the roof insulation layer should not use insulation materials with high water absorption rate to prevent the insulation layer from absorbing a lot of water when the roof is wet and reducing the insulation effect. If thermal insulation materials with high water absorption rate are selected, vent holes should be set on the roof to eliminate water that is not easy to drain in the thermal insulation layer. Now, high-efficiency thermal insulation materials have been applied to the roof. In some buildings, the traditional asphalt perlite or cement perlite is replaced by expanded perlite insulation core, which overcomes many shortcomings of traditional practices. The thermal insulation core board has the advantages of convenient construction, low price and no environmental pollution; Core board is a flexible product, which is not only suitable for flat roof, but also suitable for curved roof, and its thermal insulation project can better reflect its advantages.
4 end
Building energy saving is a systematic project. In the long process of planning, implementation and effectiveness, it involves many links such as planning, design, construction, debugging, operation and maintenance. As a person in the design industry, we should design energy-saving buildings according to local resource conditions. Adjust measures to local conditions, use local materials and make rational use of them. Moreover, the concept of life cycle cost should be established, and the lowest sum of all costs incurred within 50 years of building life should be taken as the basis for selection and decision-making, regardless of the lowest one-time consumption. At the same time, we should pay more attention to the new concept of comprehensive design process, organize relevant professional positions to intervene at the beginning of the scheme, consider the mutual influence as a whole, and seek reasonable solutions.
It can be predicted that with the development of building energy-saving work and people's urgent need to improve the thermal environment of buildings, building energy-saving technology will surely develop rapidly.
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