Second, the nutritional components:
Corn straw contains more than 30% carbohydrate, 2% ~ 4% protein and 0.5% ~ 1% fat, which can be silaged or directly fed. For herbivores, the net weight of 2 kg corn stalk is equivalent to 1kg corn seed, especially after silage, yellow storage, ammoniation and saccharification, the utilization rate can be improved and the benefits will be more considerable. According to research and analysis, the digestible energy of corn stalk is 2 235.8 kJ/kg, which is rich in nutrition, and the total energy is equivalent to that of pasture. It is not only beneficial to the development of animal husbandry, but also has good ecological and economic benefits to make corn straw into highly nutritious livestock feed by fine processing.
Third, use.
There are many corn stalks in rural areas, which have not been fully utilized in recent years. In fact, it is also widely used in rural areas.
1. After crushing, it can be used as green feed or processed into compound feed. This is the most valuable treatment.
2. Make domestic fuel and liquefy the raw materials of the stove.
3. Edible fungi can be cultivated after being crushed.
4. Accumulate fertilizer.
5, converted into electric energy and fuel ethanol.
Four, feed processing methods:
Through mechanical engineering, biological and chemical means, the harvesting, feed processing, storage, transportation and feeding techniques of corn stalk are completed. With the rapid development of animal husbandry in China, new straw feed processing technologies emerge one after another. In addition to being directly fed as feed, corn stalk has been widely used in many aspects such as physics, chemistry and biology, realizing centralized large-scale processing and opening up new ways for feed utilization.
1, silage
It belongs to biological treatment technology and is the main way to utilize corn stalk feed in Shandong Province. The technology is to chop, collect or manually harvest the corn stalks at wax maturity with a silage harvester at one time, then chop the green corn stalks to a length of 1cm ~ 2cm, so that the water content is 67%~75%, and store them in pits, tanks, towers, ponds and plastic bags for compact and sealed storage, so as to artificially create an anaerobic environment and naturally use anaerobic fermentation of lactic acid bacteria to produce lactic acid. Lactic acid bacteria, due to the continuous accumulation of lactic acid, are finally controlled by their own lactic acid and stop growing, thus maintaining the nutrition of green straw and making silage slightly fruity, which livestock prefer to eat.
2. Micro memory
This is also a biological treatment method. Corn stalks should be cut into 5 cm ~8 cm for cattle, 3 cm ~5 cm for sheep and crushed for pigs, which is convenient for compaction, improves the utilization rate of micro-storage pits and ensures the storage quality. The container can be a cement cellar or earth cellar similar to silage or ammoniation, with a layer of plastic film at the bottom and around, and can be made into cylinders, plastic bags, vats, etc. in small batches. The moisture content of straw is controlled at 60%~70%, and microbial active strains are added to the straw, so that the fermented corn straw becomes a feed with sour, fragrant and alcoholic flavor. Micro-storage is a method of degrading cellulose and hemicellulose in corn stalk by microorganisms and transforming them into bacterial protein, which is also the trend of crude fiber utilization in the future.
3. Yellow storage
This is a method to treat dry corn stalks by microorganisms. Crush corn stalks to 2 cm ~ 4 cm, put them into a jar, and add appropriate amount of warm water to stew for 2 days. Livestock don't like to eat dry straw, so the utilization rate is not high. After yellow storage, it is sour, sweet, crisp and soft, and livestock like to eat, and the utilization rate can be increased to 80%~95%.
4, ammoniation
Ammonification is the most practical chemical treatment method. Firstly, cut the straw into 2cm ~ 3cm long, and adjust the water content of the straw to about 30%. According to 100kg of straw, 5-6 kg of urea or 10kg of ammonium bicarbonate and 25-30 kg of water are mixed and stirred evenly to make urea or ammonium carbonate aqueous solution, or every 15kg. Layered compaction, spraying ammoniating agent layer by layer, finally sealing, ammoniating at 25℃~30℃ for 7 days, and feeding after ammonia is completely volatilized. Ammoniated straw feed is usually prepared by stacking method and ammoniation furnace method. Ammoniated corn stalk can improve the digestibility of crude fiber, increase crude protein, and contain a lot of amine salts, which is a good nutritional source for gastric microorganisms in cattle, sheep and ruminants. Ammonia itself is an alkalizing agent, which can improve the utilization rate of crude fiber and increase nitrogen. Feeding cattle and sheep with ammoniated corn stalks can not only reduce the consumption of concentrated feed, but also accelerate the weight gain of cattle and sheep.
Step 5 alkalize
This is also a chemical treatment method. Alkalization treatment of corn stalk with alkaline compounds can open the ester bonds which are unstable to alkali in its cell molecules, make the fiber expand, which is beneficial to the penetration of gastric juice of livestock and improve the digestibility and intake of feed for livestock. Alkalization treatment mainly includes sodium hydroxide treatment, liquid nitrogen treatment, urea treatment and lime treatment. Take lime treatment with wide sources and low price as an example. Add 1kg quicklime into 100 liter of water, stir until it is clear, take the supernatant, stir it evenly in a jar according to the ratio of solution to feed 1:3, and then slightly compact it. The temperature is high in summer, and it usually takes only 30 hours to feed, and it usually takes 80 hours in winter. At present, compound chemical treatment has been developed, which combines the advantages of alkalization and ammoniation.
6. Acid storage
Acid storage is also a chemical treatment method. Spraying some acidic substances on the stored materials, or adding a proper amount of phosphoric acid to the green feed and then adding a little mirabilite for storage, can increase the sulfur-containing compounds in the feed, help to increase the vitality of lactic acid bacteria, improve feed nutrition and resist the invasion of miscellaneous bacteria. This method is simple, can effectively resist "secondary fermentation" and is easier to obtain materials. This method is suitable for yellow storage, which can soften dry straw properly, increase taste and improve digestibility.
7, briquetting
Straw is pressed into high-density cake by feed briquetting machine, and the compression amount can reach 1∶ 15~ 1∶5, which can greatly reduce the transportation and storage space. If used with drying equipment, fresh corn stalks can be squeezed to keep their nutritional components unchanged and prevent mildew. In addition, it is compressed after adding transforming agent, and the straw is ammoniated, alkalized and matured by using the temperature and pressure generated during compression to improve its crude protein content and digestibility. After processing, the corn stalk becomes a block feed with a cross section of 30mm× 30mm, a length of 20mm ~ 100mm, and a density of 0.6t ~ 0.8t cubic decimeter, which is convenient for transportation and storage. A model suitable for companies and farmers.
8. Grass powder
Corn stalks are crushed into grass powder, which is fed to cattle and sheep after fermentation, replacing green hay as feed, adjusting the surplus and deficiency in light and peak seasons, and the feeding effect is good. All moldy corn stalks with moisture content less than 15% can be used as raw materials. When they are made, they should be crushed with a hammer mill. Grass powder should not be too fine, generally, it is 10 mm ~ 20 mm long and 1 mm ~3 mm wide. Too fine to ruminate easily. The crushed corn straw powder and leguminous grass powder are mixed according to the ratio of 3∶ 1, and the whole fermentation time is from 1 day to 1.5 days. Every 100 liter of fermented grass powder, 0.5kg- 1kg of bone powder, 25kg-30k g of corn flour and wheat bran are added.
9. suck
This is a physical and biochemical composite treatment method. The mechanism is that corn stalks are fed into the bulking machine by spiral extrusion, and the spiral pushing material forms axial flow. At the same time, due to the mechanical friction between the screw and the material, the material and the barrel, and the inside of the material, the material is strongly squeezed, stirred and sheared, which makes the material refined and homogenized. With the increase of pressure, the temperature increases accordingly. Under the conditions of high temperature, high pressure and high shear force, the physical properties of substances change from powder to paste. At the moment when the paste material is ejected from the die hole, under the strong pressure difference, the material expands, dehydrates and cools, forming a loose, porous and crisp puffed product, which is loved by livestock for its good palatability and flavor.
From the biochemical process, the highest temperature during extrusion can reach 130℃~ 160℃. It can not only kill germs, microorganisms and eggs, but also improve the hygiene index, inactivate all kinds of harmful factors, improve the quality of feed, eliminate all kinds of harmful factors that promote the deterioration of materials and prolong the shelf life.
The processing technology of corn stalk thermal spraying feed is a similar compound treatment method. The difference is that the straw is put into a thermal spraying device, saturated steam is introduced inward, after a certain period of time, the straw is treated at high temperature and high pressure, and then the pressure is suddenly reduced, so that the treated straw is sprayed into the atmosphere, thereby changing its structure and some chemical components and improving the nutritional value of straw feed. Straw after puffing and thermal spraying can be directly fed to livestock or pressed into blocks.
10, pellet feed
Sun-dried corn stalks, crushed, then added with additives, mixed evenly, extruded in a granular feed machine by a grinding disc and a press wheel, and processed into granular feed. Due to friction and heating during processing, the internal curing degree of straw is deep and thorough, and the processed feed particles have smooth surface, moderate hardness and uniform size, and the particle size can be adjusted within the range of 3mm- 12mm as required. You can also use a complete set of pellet feed equipment to automatically complete the functions of straw crushing, lifting, stirring and feeding, and add various additives at any time, which is fully enclosed and has a high degree of automation. This technology is suitable for small and medium-sized corn stalk pellet feed processing enterprises. In addition, there is a complete set of straw concentrated feed processing and production technology suitable for large feed production enterprises, and its automatic control level is high.