Abstract: Introduction to Seed Knowledge - Characteristics - Classification: Introduces 40 knowledge points such as "What is an original seed" that you need to have when operating a wholesale seed business. The following content is compiled by Dishi.com for your reference. What basic knowledge is needed to operate seed wholesale?
1. What is original seed?
In a nutshell: the best seeds of a certain variety. It includes two meanings: (1) The first generation of seeds with stable traits has been successfully cultivated; (2) The promotion of fine seeds that have been purified and rejuvenated while maintaining the typical traits of the original variety.
2. What is the hybrid generation?
The so-called hybrid seeds are to use two different types or different parents of the same type to cross the parents. The first generation of seeds obtained is called the hybrid generation. It has strong hybrid advantage, which is manifested in high yield and stress resistance. Strong ability, resistance to lodging and pests, wide adaptability. This kind of strong growth potential, better productivity and stress resistance than its parents is called "hybrid vigor".
3. Why can’t the second generation of hybrids be used as seeds?
The reason for the hybrid advantage in the first generation is that they are derived from two parents with different genetic genes, and a double genetic zygote is formed through fertilization. This kind of son can make the hybrid generation show strong hybrid vigor.
Separation will occur in the second generation of hybrids, and the yield will drop significantly, generally by 20 to 30%. Some second-generation hybrids will have even greater yield reductions. Therefore, it cannot be used for seed production in field production.
4. What is the hybridization and degeneration of varieties?
During the planting process of fine varieties, due to sowing, harvesting, drying, storage and other links, mixed degradation will occur, making it impossible for them to play the role of increasing yields of fine varieties for a long time. "Mixed" means mixed with other varieties, resulting in impurity. "Degeneration" means that due to various reasons, the variety itself mutates, good seeds become bad, the yield is reduced, and the cultivation value is lost.
5. What are the causes of mixed varieties and degradation?
It boils down to three types; (1) Mechanical mixing. It is mainly caused by improper cleaning of utensils and places during sowing, harvesting, threshing, transportation, drying, and storage, as well as careless mixing of other varieties during storage. (2) Biological confounding. Even for self-pollinated crops, the hybridization rate is within 4%, and there are still opportunities for natural hybridization; cross-pollinated crops are even easier. The offspring of natural crosses will separate, and some will become better and some will become worse. If you don't pay attention to selection, they will mix and degenerate. (3) The impact of poor cultivation conditions. Due to changes in environmental conditions, some excellent traits of improved varieties may undergo undesirable mutations.
Among these reasons, the main one is mechanical mixing. Due to mechanical mixing, biological mixing is prone to occur, and biological mixing breaks the structure of the original genetic material and shakes the heritability of the original variety, making it susceptible to natural variation due to the influence of environmental conditions.
6. How to purify and rejuvenate conventional seeds and produce simple original seeds?
Two methods can be used to produce original seeds or simple original seeds:
(1) Plant row purification and rejuvenation method can be used for major crops. This method is simple and easy to implement, has good effects and significantly increases production. The specific methods include three links: single plant selection, line comparison, and mixed line breeding. Select individual plants from the fields with higher purity, and compare the lines in the rows of the first year's seeds. In the second year, the best ones are selected and the inferior ones are removed from the mixed-line propagation original seed nursery. In the third year, simple original planting fields are planted, and the seeds are harvested and then planted in large fields. This method applies to breeding units and improved seed production and sales units.
(2) Ear selection method or chip selection method. The first is to select ear seeds according to the amount of seeds to be used; the second is to make the plots to be reserved for seeds good and remove impurities and defects. This method is suitable for farmers to save their own seeds.
7. How to save beans seeds?
Pulses: In the broad sense, leguminous plants are included, such as soybeans, broad beans, peas, kidney beans, lentils, peanuts and other leguminous crops. After the seed fields are harvested, they will be cut or uprooted. The seed plants are air-dried, and the plants are left to mature later. After the busy farming season, they are then shelled to preserve the seeds.
The benefit of leaving the plants for later ripening is beneficial to the accumulation of nutrients in the seeds. It is a safe storage method to protect the vitality of the seeds. The outside of the seeds is protected by a pod shell, which can buffer the humidity changes of the seeds. .
8. Cereal purification and rejuvenation technology
Propagation of improved varieties and breeding are two inseparable stages of breeding work. Breeding belongs to innovation, while breeding of improved varieties belongs to expansion and consolidation. and improve.
Breeding of good varieties must meet three conditions: first, excellence (superiority, excellent traits); second, uniformity (neat and consistent traits); third, transmissibility (excellence and uniformity must be passed on to future generations).
9. What is seed inspection?
Seed inspection is also called seed identification. Seed testing is a scientific method to test the quality of seeds. In agricultural production, seeds refer to seeds in a broad sense, that is, they broadly refer to all sowing materials, including botanical seeds, such as beans, cotton, rapeseed, etc., as well as botanical fruits, such as rice, wheat, and millet. The fruits of millet, millet, etc. also include some botanical vegetative organs, such as potato tubers, sweet potato roots, sugar cane stems, etc.
Seed quality includes two aspects: variety quality and sowing quality. Variety quality refers to the authenticity and variety purity of seeds; sowing quality can be summarized in a few words, namely: "clean", "full", " "Strong", "healthy", "qian".
10. What are the grading standards for seeds?
Purity, clarity, germination rate, moisture
11. Grading standards for cereal seeds?
Among the cereal crops, our city mainly grows wheat and corn. The grading standards for these two crops are: original wheat seed, purity not less than 99.9%, clarity not less than 98.0%, germination The germination rate is not less than 85%, the moisture content is not higher than 13%, the wheat variety is improved, the purity is not lower than 99.0%, the clarity is not lower than 98.0%, the germination rate is not lower than 85%, the moisture content is not higher than 13.0%; corn single cross : First-grade corn single-cross species, purity not less than 98.0%, clarity not less than 98.0%, germination rate not less than 85%, moisture not higher than 13.0%;
Second-grade corn single-cross seeds, the purity is not less than 96.0%, the clarity is not less than 98.0%, the germination rate is not less than 85%, and the moisture is not higher than 13.0%;
12. Grading standards for fiber seeds
Among the fiber crops, cotton is mainly grown in our city. The cotton classification standard is
Cotton wool seed original seed, the purity is not less than 99.0%, the clarity is not less than 97.0%, and the germination rate is not less than 99.0%. Less than 70%, moisture not higher than 12.0%;
Cotton wool seed improved varieties, purity not less than 95.0%, clarity not less than 97.0%, germination rate not less than 70%, moisture not high At 12.0%;
Cotton light seed original seed, purity is not less than 99.0%, clarity is not less than 99.0%, germination rate is not less than 80%, moisture is not more than 12.0%;
Cotton light seed improved varieties, purity not less than 95.0%, clarity not less than 99.0%, germination rate not less than 80%, moisture not more than 12.0%;
13. Oils Seed Grading Standards
Among oil crops, our city mainly grows rapeseed and peanuts. Rapeseed is further divided into conventional rapeseed and hybrid rapeseed. Conventional rapeseed original seeds have a purity of no less than 99.0%, a clarity of no less than 98.0%, a germination rate of no less than 90%, and a moisture content of no more than 9.0%. Conventional improved rapeseed seeds have a purity of not less than 95.0%, a clarity of not less than 98.0%, a germination rate of not less than 90%, and a moisture content of not more than 9.0%; original peanut seeds, a purity of not less than 99.0% and a clarity of not less than 98.0%, the germination rate is not less than 75%, and the moisture is not higher than 10.0%; peanut improved seeds, the purity is not lower than 96.0%, the clarity is not lower than 98.0%, the germination rate is not lower than 75%, and the moisture is not higher than 10.0% ; First-grade hybrid rapeseed, the purity is not less than 90.0%, the clarity is not less than 97.0%, the germination rate is not less than 80%, and the moisture is not higher than 9.0%; the second-grade hybrid rapeseed, the purity is not less than 83.0%, The purity should not be less than 97.0%, the germination rate should not be less than 80%, and the moisture should not be higher than 9.0%;
14. What is the content of variety purity testing?
Variety purity includes two aspects: first, it refers to the authenticity of the seeds, that is, whether the seeds tested are true to their name; second, it refers to the seeds (or plants) of this variety in the seeds (or seeds) for testing. or plant), that is, the variety purity of this batch of seeds.
Testing the purity of varieties can be divided into two parts: field inspection and indoor inspection. Field inspection is to conduct variety purity inspection in the field during the growth period of crops, combined with inspection of the infection level of diseases, pests and weeds, as well as field growth status and lodging conditions. Indoor inspection refers to taking seed samples indoors for inspection after the crops are harvested and threshed. The main purpose is to understand the authenticity and variety purity of the seeds.
Variety purity inspection must be closely combined with field inspection and indoor inspection, with field inspection being the mainstay.
15. What are the main characteristics that should be used to identify the purity of cotton varieties?
The purity of cotton varieties should be identified at the seedling stage, budding stage, flowering and boll stage, catdding stage, and different growth stages. The traits identified are mainly plant traits, leaf traits, boll traits, cottonseed traits, etc.
(1) Plant characteristics:
① Stem: stem height, thickness, and the presence or absence of hairs; stem color is divided into purple and green. ②Plant shape: divided into tower shape, cylindrical shape, loose or compact, etc. ③Fruit branch bearing posture: parallel, upward and drooping.
(2) Leaf characteristics:
① Cotyledons: The shape, size and color of cotyledons. ②True leaves: size of true leaves, number and depth of leaf lobes, leaf color, degree of leaf gloss, number and length of leaf hairs.
(3) The characteristics of the bell, including bell shape, bell size, bell color, etc.
(4) Cotton seed characteristics: including average fiber length, fiber uniformity, cotton seed shape, size, color; presence and amount of short lint, etc.
16. What are the main traits that should be used to identify the purity of corn varieties?
Identification of the purity of corn varieties should be carried out at different growth stages including the seedling stage, jointing stage, and tasseling and silking stage. The traits identified are mainly the plant shape, number of tassel branches, anther color, guard color, filament color, bract color, stem color and other traits.
17. How to observe the purity of seeds?
In the absence of inspection equipment, to observe the seed purity, spread a part of the sample flatly on the sample plate or your hand, first roughly calculate the number of samples, then tilt your hand or sample plate and shake it slowly , make the seeds flow downward evenly, and when the flow is finished, observe the amount of impurities in your hand or plate.
18. How to distinguish pure seeds, other plant seeds and impurities when measuring seed purity?
Clean seeds: Seeds whose structure clearly identifies them as belonging to the species being analyzed (except those that have turned into sclerotia, smut spore masses or nematode galls). Even immature, thin, shrunken, diseased or sprouted seeds are considered clean seeds. Typically includes intact seed units and broken seed units that are larger than half their original size. Other plant seeds: Any plant seed unit other than net seeds, including weed seeds and exotic crop seeds. Impurities: Seed units and all other substances and structures other than pure seeds and other plant seeds.
19. What is the appropriate weight of the sample for measuring clarity?
The number of samples used to measure clarity is closely related to the size and weight of seeds. Generally, there are fewer small seeds and more large seeds. The sample weights specified for some commonly used crops are as follows:
900 grams of corn and peas, 500 grams of soybeans, 450 grams of bitter melon, 120 grams of wheat, barley, and mung beans, 350 grams of cotton, 90 grams of sorghum, and 250 grams of watermelon. , 200 grams of sunflower, 1000 grams of peanuts, 70 grams of cucumber, melon, and melon, 7 grams of tomatoes and leeks.
20. How to control the conditions of seed germination test?
The necessary conditions for seed germination are moisture, air, temperature, and light.
(1) Moisture and aeration: The amount of water in the germination bed is determined according to the characteristics of the germination bed and seeds. For example, add water to 60%-80% of the saturated water content of a sand bed, such as a paper bed, after absorbing enough water, drain off the excess water; if using soil as a germination bed, add water until the soil becomes a ball when you hold it in your hand, and then use your fingers to It is better to crush it with a gentle pressure. The germination bed must always be kept moist during germination. There should be enough air around the seeds during germination and pay attention to ventilation.
(2) Temperature: Seeds germinate normally when the temperature is suitable. Too high or too low temperatures are detrimental to seed germination. Different crops require different temperatures for seed germination. Generally, the appropriate temperature for germination of summer crop seeds is 20-30°C, and the appropriate temperature for germination of winter crop seeds is 20-25°C.
(3) Light: The seeds of most crops can germinate under light or dark conditions, but light is generally used. If germination occurs under variable temperature conditions, lighting should be carried out at high temperatures for 8 hours.
21. How to conduct general seed germination test?
(1) Count the samples. From the well-mixed clean seeds, 400 seeds are randomly counted using several devices or manually. Usually 100 seeds are used as one repetition. Large seeds or seeds with pathogenic bacteria can be further divided into 50 seeds or even 25 seeds as one repetition.
(2) Choose a germination bed. Use washed and high-temperature sterilized sand (0.05-0.80mm) for large seeds, paper beds for small seeds, and paper beds or sand beds for medium seeds.
(3) Bed culture. Arrange the collected seeds evenly on the moist germination bed, keeping a certain distance between the seeds. Label the culture equipment and culture it according to the appropriate conditions for the variety. During the germination period, the temperature, moisture and ventilation conditions should be checked frequently. If there are moldy seeds, they should be removed and rinsed. If the seeds are seriously moldy, the germination bed should be replaced.
(4) Result calculation. It is expressed as the percentage of normal seedlings that grow within the specified time and conditions to the number of seeds tested.
22. How to store sorghum seeds?
Sorghum seeds contain about 70% sugar and 10% protein. Although red-skinned varieties contain tannins, which will reduce the water permeability of the seed coat, they are still prone to moisture absorption because they contain more hydrophilic colloids. The balance moisture of sorghum is relatively high, especially the seeds with a high shelling rate, which are prone to mold due to impurities and bacteria; the seed coat is thin and susceptible to insect damage. Before storage, they must first be dried and airborne, especially to prevent high-temperature heat damage to summer harvest sorghum seeds; the moisture content of autumn sorghum seeds should be reduced to about 12%, and storage equipment should be sealed to be moisture-proof, insect-proof, and rodent-proof.
23. How to store soybean seeds?
Soybeans contain high oil content and very rich protein, and are difficult to store. The moisture content for long-term safe storage must be below 12%, preferably between 9-10%. If it exceeds 13%, there is a risk of mildew. Before entering the warehouse, the damaged grains, frostbitten grains, insect-eaten grains and diseased grains must be removed to improve storage stability. After a period of time after entering the warehouse, the seeds undergo post-thermal action and release a large amount of moisture and heat. That is, about 3-4 weeks after entering the warehouse, the warehouse should be reversed on a sunny day to ventilate and dissipate moisture, combined with screening to remove impurities and prevent mildew.
24. How to store pea seeds?
The seed coat of peas is thin and has poor storage tolerance. During storage, the main damage is caused by the pest pea weevil. Adult pea weevils overwinter in the warehouse and fly to the field to mate and lay eggs when the peas bloom in the second spring. The larvae eat the beans, grow slowly inside the beans, and continue to cause damage as the beans are harvested and stored in warehouses. To prevent bean weevil, airtight insulation method can be adopted. That is, after the peas are harvested, they are dried in the sun on sunny days to reduce the moisture content to less than 14%. When the seed temperature is quite high in the sun, put it into the warehouse and seal it while it is still hot. Let the seed temperature continue to rise due to respiration, so that the seed temperature reaches above 50°C. It will take 30-50 days to kill the larvae lurking in the bean grains. If the number of bean seeds is small, the boiling water method can be used, that is, pour the dried peas into a bamboo basket, immerse it in boiling water, stir quickly for 25 seconds, lift the bamboo basket out, immerse it in cold water, and then spread it out to dry in the sun. Storage.
25. How long is the life of a seed?
Seed life can be roughly divided into three categories: long-lived seeds (more than 15 years), permanent seeds (3-15 years) and short-lived seeds (less than 3 years). The first type of long-lived seeds are long and short, and the second type of long-lived seeds are normal.
Crops that are long-lived seeds include: broad beans, mung beans, milkvetch, cowpeas, adzuki beans, sugar beets, upland cotton, tobacco, sesame, loofah, pumpkin, watermelon, melon, eggplant, cabbage, radish and Chrysanthemum chrysanthemum etc.
Crops that are common seeds include: rice, naked barley, wheat, sorghum, millet, corn, buckwheat, Chinese cotton, sunflower, soybean, kidney bean, pea, rapeseed, tomato, spinach, onion, Onions, garlic and carrots.
Crops with short-lived seeds include: sugar cane, peanuts, ramie, pepper, etc. In addition, many forest trees and fruit tree seeds mostly have short lifespans.
26. Storage methods of several crop seeds
For corn seed storage, ear storage and grain storage methods can be used, and the relative humidity is generally below 80%.
Wheat seeds can be stored in bags or bulk, sealed at low temperatures, covered and stored in hot warehouses. Care should be taken to prevent moisture absorption, keep dry and hot, and need to be ripened later.
Cotton seed storage method: Separate the pre-frost flowers and post-frost flowers, and store them separately after rolling. It is best to use pre-frost flowers to save seeds. The seeds should be fully dried, and the moisture content should be less than 12% before storage. Control the seed pile. The height is preferably half a warehouse to facilitate ventilation. Bury the thermometer into the probe or into a bamboo pole with holes (opened) every 3 meters, and measure inside the bamboo pole.
27. What are the taboos for seed storage?
Firstly, avoid mechanical threshing, secondly, avoid excessive moisture, thirdly, avoid exposure to the hot sun, fourthly, avoid soot steaming, fifthly, avoid chemical pollution, sixthly, avoid moisture and mildew, seventhly, avoid contact with the ground, and eighthly, avoid excessive debris. If there are many, avoid being bitten by rats or insects.
28. What should we pay attention to when storing seeds in winter?
(1) Select the seeds before storage; (2) Store the seeds with good moisture; (3) Avoid mixing; (4) Do not store them in plastic bags, which will affect the survival and germination of the seeds. rate; (5) Seeds should be stored away from humid places; (6) Avoid hot and cold; (7) Do not place them in places where smoke is common; (8) Seeds cannot be placed together with pesticides and chemical fertilizers; ( 9) Stored seeds should be inspected frequently to ensure that the seeds are safely stored for overwintering. Natural disasters such as rain, pests and diseases, or improper cultivation management may result in reduced production, and the company will not bear losses such as reduced production.
29. Which department is responsible for seed administrative law enforcement?
The agricultural and forestry administrative departments of the people's governments at or above the county level are responsible for crop and forest seed work within their respective administrative regions. The seed management agencies affiliated to the agricultural and forestry administrative departments of the people's governments at or above the county level are responsible for specific seed management work.
30. Under what circumstances do seed traders do not need to apply for a seed business license?
There are four situations in which a seed business license is not required. First, the seed dealer specializes in packaged seeds that are no longer repackaged; second, it is entrusted in writing by a seed dealer with a seed business license to sell its seeds; third, the operator establishes within the valid area stipulated in the business license. Branches; fourth, the surplus of conventional seeds produced by farmers themselves are sold and exchanged in the market.
31. What procedures do operators who do not apply for a seed business license need to go through before they can sell seeds?
If a seed dealer sells seeds from an entity or individual with a seed business license, he should go to the local industrial and commercial administration department to apply for a business license with a copy of the other party's business license, business license and seed sales agreement. ; Seed dealers who set up branches within the valid area specified in the business license must register with the local seed management department before they can sell seeds
32. What are the requirements for commercial seeds in the "Seed Law"?
Firstly, the seeds must be packaged in small bags; secondly, the seed packaging must have a label, and the label content must be complete and true; thirdly, the seeds must be a variety approved by the country or our province and allowed to be promoted; fourthly, Seed quality standards must meet national standards.
33. What categories of major crops are included in the "Seed Law"?
Crops include grain, cotton, oil crops, hemp, sugar, vegetables, fruit trees, tea trees, flowers, mulberry trees, tobacco, Chinese medicinal materials, grasses, green manure, edible fungi, rubber, etc. The main crops include rice, wheat, corn, cotton, soybeans, rape, and potatoes.
34. What are improved forest species?
High-quality forest tree seeds refer to approved forest tree seeds. In a certain area, their yield, adaptability, resistance, etc. are significantly better than the propagation materials and planting materials of the current main planting materials.
35. What are the national quality standards for wheat and corn seeds?
Wheat seed standards: purity of original seeds is not less than 99.9%, purity of improved seeds is not less than 99%, clarity is not less than 98%, germination rate is not less than 85%, and moisture is not more than 13% . The standard of corn hybrids must meet the national standard level two, that is, the purity should not be less than 96%, the clarity should not be less than 98%, the germination rate should not be less than 85%, and the moisture should not be higher than 13%.
36. What conditions must be met to apply for a seed business license?
1. Conditions to apply for a hybrid seed business license for major crops: First, apply for a registered capital of more than 5 million yuan; second, have a corn hybrid seed inspection room with more than 2 provincial-level certified Qualified seed inspection personnel assessed by the agricultural administrative department; third, having a complete set of seed processing equipment and 1 seed processing technician. 2. Conditions to apply for a seed business license other than hybrid seeds of major crops: First, apply for a registered capital of more than 1 million yuan; second, have an inspection room and necessary inspection instruments, processing, storage, and seed operations that can meet inspection needs. place. Third, there is a seed inspection personnel who has passed the assessment of the agricultural administrative department at or above the provincial level, as well as storage and storage personnel and processing technicians.
37. How to apply for a seed business license?
The business license for hybrid seeds of major crops, their parent seeds, and conventional original seed seeds shall be reviewed by the county-level agricultural administrative department where the operator is located and issued by the provincial-level agricultural administrative department; other seed business licenses shall be issued by The operator shall be issued by the local agricultural administrative department at or above the county level. When applying for a seed business license, the applicant should submit the following materials to the review authority: First, the crop seed business license application form; second, the qualification certificates of seed inspection personnel, storage and storage personnel, and processing technicians; third, seed inspection instruments and processing equipment , storage equipment list, photos and property rights certificate; fourth, photos of seed business premises. If the applicant applies for a seed business license from the Ministry of Agriculture, he should also submit the following materials to the review authority: first, photos or descriptions of breeding institutions, sales networks, and breeding bases; second, proof of own varieties; third, breeding conditions and laboratory conditions , Description of production and operation conditions. The review authority shall review the application within 30 days from the date of receipt of the application, and report the qualified signed review opinions to the review and approval authority; the review and approval authority shall process the application within 30 days from the date of receipt of the review opinions.
38. How to apply for a seed production license?
To apply for a seed production license, the application shall be submitted by the unit or individual directly organizing the seed production. If the production is entrusted to farmers or rural collective economic organizations, the entrusting party shall submit an application; if the production is entrusted to other economic organizations, the entrusting party or the entrusted party shall submit an application. When applying, the following materials should be submitted to the review authority: first, the crop seed production license application form; second, the qualification certificates of seed inspectors and seed production technicians; third, registered capital certification materials; fourth, inspection facilities, instruments and equipment lists, photos and property rights certificate; fifth, an introduction to the seed drying field or photos of seed drying equipment and property rights certificate; sixth, a photo of the seed storage facility and property rights certificate; seventh, a quarantine certificate and introduction to the seed production location; eighth, an introduction to the production varieties, if so For authorized varieties or genetically modified varieties, relevant certificates, contracts or genetically modified organism safety certificates should also be provided; ninth, the seed production quality assurance system. The review authority shall complete the review and inspection of the materials and on-site within 30 days from the date of receipt of the application materials, and submit the review opinions to the approval authority for those who meet the conditions; for those who do not meet the conditions, the applicant shall be notified in writing and the reasons shall be explained. The examination and approval authority shall complete the examination and approval work within 30 days from the date of receipt of the examination opinions.
39. What content should be marked on the seed tag?
Crop seed labels should indicate the crop type, seed category, variety name, place of origin, seed production and operation license number, quarantine certificate number, import approval number, seed quality index, net content, production year and month, Manufacturer's name, manufacturer's address and contact information. The main crop species should be added with seed production license number and variety approval.
40. What issues should seed dealers pay attention to in their business activities?
Before conducting business activities, seed dealers must first check whether the other party has seed business qualifications, that is, whether they have applied for a business license; if the other party has a business license, they must present a copy of their license and business license With a seed sales agency agreement, go to the industrial and commercial department to apply for a business license, and register with the seed management department before operating and selling; operators should review the seeds before planting, mainly to see whether the seeds are packaged in small bags, whether there are labels, and whether the label content is Complete and authentic, whether the seeds have been approved by the state or our province, etc.; operators must establish sales files during the business process, and farmers must issue seed sales invoices when purchasing seeds. In addition, for each batch of seeds distributed by the operator, both buyers and sellers must jointly sample and seal them as evidence for handling seed quality disputes.