(1) There are many scientific and technological achievements, but the conversion rate of achievements is low.
The transformation rate of scientific and technological achievements is the most direct comprehensive index reflecting the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. But at present, the index lacks consistent statistical caliber and clear calculation method. Among the indicators reflecting the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, there are many concepts such as application rate, popularization rate and conversion rate of scientific and technological achievements, not only with diverse names, but also with inconsistent statistical methods. At present, the consistent view is that the transformation rate of scientific and technological achievements in China is not high, far below the level of developed countries. According to statistics, China has achieved more than 40,000 scientific and technological achievements every year, but the transformation rate of scientific and technological achievements is about 25%, and the real industrialization is less than 5%, which is far from the average transformation rate of 80% in developed countries (Wang Shunbing, 20 1 1). The national average patent implementation rate is only 30%, but more than 70% of the patents in colleges and universities, including many original new technologies, new materials, new products and new processes, have not been implemented for various reasons (Wang Shunbing, 20 1 1).
According to the statistics of science and technology published in recent years, since 2004, the number of patent applications and the turnover of technology market in China have shown a continuous growth trend, while the number of contracts in the technology market has fluctuated and has not changed significantly. By comparing the turnover of domestic and foreign technology contracts, it is found that the average turnover of domestic technology contracts is still far lower than that of imported technology contracts, which further confirms the reality that the transformation rate of scientific and technological achievements is low and slow. However, the harm caused by the low degree of transformation of domestic scientific and technological achievements is costly. The achievements of R&D supported by a large amount of funds have not been fully applied, but a large number of foreign advanced technologies and equipment have been introduced, which not only leads to a serious low return on investment, but also is not conducive to the independent innovation of domestic enterprises and the R&D of domestic core technologies, which limits the R&D, promotion and application of domestic related technologies. In addition, because the imported technology does not adapt to the national conditions and other reasons, the imported technology often cannot play an effective role, resulting in the blind introduction of technology and the waste of national financial resources.
Weak pilot links
Scientific and technological achievements are creative labor achievements with theoretical and practical value obtained by people through transforming the objective world, but they are basically productivity in the form of knowledge. It is necessary to screen, verify, improve and perfect the laboratory results or theoretical results through pilot tests to eliminate all kinds of uncertainties, so as to solve the contradiction between the hidden productivity of knowledge form and the actual productivity of industrialization (Figure 4-5). In addition, there are great technical risks, market risks and capital risks in the transformation process of scientific and technological achievements, especially high and new technologies, which need to be amplified, tested, trial-produced and sold in the pilot stage to solve the problems that are not considered or incomplete in the research and development stage of achievements and pave the way for industrialization. It can be said that it is the key link for high-tech achievements to be transformed into commodities to enter the pilot scale-up test from the laboratory. However, at present, there is a lack of pilot test of scientific and technological achievements in China, and the major achievements listed in the pilot test in China are less than 5% of the major achievements in the whole year. Scientific research units and enterprises are also unwilling to undertake the pilot work because of the risk of pilot scale-up. Researchers aim at completing scientific research achievements, ignoring the secondary development of original scientific and technological achievements; Enterprises hope to get mature technology and put it into production, or unilaterally pursue economic benefits and directly put the laboratory results into factory production, which exposes many unexpected problems in the start-up of the factory and eventually leads to the failure of the transformation of results.
(C) the venture capital institutions are not perfect
Venture capital originated in the United States in the 1950s and became the most critical and effective means to solve the shortage of funds for the industrialization of scientific and technological achievements. Although China began to develop venture capital as early as the mid-1980s, for example,1September 1985, the State Council officially approved the first financial institution specializing in venture capital business in China: China New Technology Venture Capital Company, and 1992 established Shenzhen Venture Capital Fund. However, the development of venture capital in China is still in the primary stage, the venture capital mechanism has not been fully established and perfected, and the capital market is underdeveloped. Far behind the western developed countries, even worse than some neighboring countries, the role of venture capital in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements is not obvious (Wan, 2006). Looking at the scientific and technological achievements that have been transformed in China at present, less than 5% rely on venture capital. It can be said that venture capital has become a serious factor restricting the industrialization of high-tech achievements in China. In addition, due to the weak awareness of venture capital and the lack of risk prevention mechanism, many enterprises have suffered heavy losses, which leads some enterprises to tend to short-term and quick success in project development, and few people pay attention to major high-tech achievements; For some projects with long conversion cycle and high technical and market risks, banks are not enthusiastic. Because the basic principle of traditional commercial banks' operation is operational safety, and the three most prominent characteristics of the industrialization of scientific and technological achievements are high investment, high risk and high efficiency, because the industrialization of scientific and technological achievements, especially in the pilot stage, has a great demand for capital investment, and traditional commercial banks are far from meeting the capital demand of the industrialization of scientific and technological achievements. Compared with foreign countries, loans from financial institutions are far from supporting scientific and technological activities. Because private capital does not have a good return mechanism, few funds are invested in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. Generally speaking, the imperfect venture capital institutions, operating mechanism and operating environment have become the important reasons for the lack and slow development of venture capital funds in China.
Figure 4-5 Schematic Diagram of Pilot Project