Scientific and technological achievements in the 20th century

1900, the German scientist Planck discovered that when atoms split, they would be released.

Huge energy, which he called "quart", is called century development.

Now

Stainless steel 1903 years ago, steel was not only easy to rust, but also easy to be corroded. 1903 to 19 12 years

Suddenly, stainless steel became an outstanding industrial metal as soon as it appeared. Now not only stainless steel is used.

In industry, it is also widely used in medical treatment and human body.

Before air conditioning appeared, the emperor of China needed to get ice from the mountains in summer. 19 1 1 year, W.

Carrier invented air conditioning, and people began to conquer nature.

Aspirin 1897, synthesis of acetylsalicylic acid by Felix Hoffman, Germany, two

A few years later, it was registered as aspirin, and a century later, it became the most popular drug.

Automobile 19 13, American automobile manufacturer Henry Ford officially started his automobile assembly.

The assembly line reduced the cost, improved the efficiency, and made cars enter the homes of ordinary people, which became this.

A decisive event in the last century.

Aircraft190 14 August 200414, the first powered aircraft began to fly. 1933, in the world

The opening of the first regular air route has greatly expanded the space for human activities.

Electric light 19 13. After the patent of tungsten wire was obtained, the electric light began to light up.

Fax 1902, the fax is sent for the first time, and the fax is used for business from 1926.

Movies from 1895 to 65438+February 28th became an entertainment and the earliest popular audio.

The film Jazz Singer was released in new york on June 1927, which was also the first color film "City of Vanity".

City 1935 was released in Britain and America at the same time, and the first wide-screen movie 1953 came out.

Copier 1907, the world's earliest photographic copier appeared in new york, USA.

1959, Xerox 9 14 electrostatic copiers were widely used.

Color photographs had the principle of color photography in the last century, but it didn't appear until the 1940s.

Only with the first batch of color films, color photos have gone through a long cross-century road.

Television Nowadays, the number of televisions per capita in the world is extremely high (one per 10 population on average).

It started at 1927 and started in the hands of Americans.

The world's largest computing, invented by the Internet in this century, is made up of many internet networks.

Computer network and television together make the world news that happens every day spread to the earth in time.

Every corner has opened the curtain of the information age.

Laser 1960 The first laser was born.

Contact lenses were invented by medieval glasses until 1945 when contact lenses appeared.

1964 made substantial progress and invented soft contact lenses.

Heart recorder 1958, 60 years since Oksenning, Sweden invented the heart recorder.

Generation began to apply, so far, it has saved countless lives.

The development of electronic computers began in World War II, and the first computer was produced in 1943.

A computer similar to today's electronic computer.

Penicillin was first invented by Fleming in England in 1929, and was used in the second world in 194 1 year.

Soldiers injured in World War II are considered to be second only to the invention of atomic bombs.

Contraceptive pill 1959 was developed, and human beings began to control their birth rate.

Plastic did not exist before this century, but has become an indispensable thing in our century.

It started with the manufacturing method of phenolic plastics invented by American L. Baekeland in 1909.

Radar Since 1935, people began to use extremely short radio waves to measure long-distance or

An invisible target.

Radio 190 1 Italian Marconi successfully conducted the first radio communication.

Transistor radio was invented in 1948.

X-ray has existed since 1895, and it was not applied to medical treatment until 10 years ago this century.

It exerts great energy.

Nuclear energy was realized in 1939 and used for power generation in 1956.

Watches are one of the inventions that have been changed many times in human history, and they are very comfortable to wear.

The watch appears in 1904.

Artificial kidney Willem Koff designed the first artificial kidney in 1945. This hemodialysis device

Resettlement has prolonged the lives of countless patients with renal failure.

Robot 1983 is manufactured by Volkswagen in Wolfsburg, Federal Republic of Germany.

Made the first robot.

Sputnik19571010 On October 4th, the first Sputnik launched by the former Soviet Union opened the door to mankind.

The space age of class.

In the history of credit card currency, the emergence of credit card is the biggest revolution since the emergence of currency. first

This credit card was issued in the 1920s, and the commonly used credit card is 1950.

Blood transfusion 1900 Karl Rand discovered human blood type, which made blood transfusion possible.

Cloning technology 1997, British scientists successfully bred cloned sheep "Dolly".

Before that, the only shortcoming of all imaginative creations of human beings was that "people can't make them".

People ",so humans have long attributed this most magical manufacturing to being invisible and intangible.

The mysterious power of. The birth of cloning technology broke the last myth of the 20th century.

In addition to some important inventions mentioned above, two other great achievements of mankind in this century have also

Go down in history:

Another great achievement of the United Nations in this century is that mankind has found the road to peace.

As a result of the bloody lessons of the two world wars, the United Nations came into being. We are already in the tide.

This role has been seen in the black war, the Cambodian civil war and the Middle East peace talks.

In the past, many international disputes about world trade were mostly for the price of resources and war.

It is often too expensive to buy. International trade enables global resources to flow freely in a peaceful state.

Exchange, the flow and distribution of resources can be achieved through tariff and non-tariff negotiations, which is necessary for war.

Minimize the importance. In the case of rapid economic development and shortage of resources, 50 years

The absence of war is a great achievement.

Two great achievements of scientific revolution in the early 20th century.

Science in the 20th century was developed on the basis of major theoretical achievements in19th century, such as thermodynamics and electromagnetism, chemical atomism, biological evolution, cell theory and so on. /kloc-Three discoveries (X-ray, radioactivity and electron) in the 0/9th century triggered the physics revolution in the first 30 years of the 20th century, and gave birth to the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics, which became the forerunner and foundation of scientific development in the 20th century.

1, relativity

1905, Einstein, the greatest scientific genius in the 20th century, founded the special theory of relativity at the age of 26, and put forward a brand-new concept of time and space and the equivalence relation of mass (m), energy (e) and e = mc2 (here, the speed of light c = 3× 108m/s), which opened the way for the theoretical application of atomic energy.

It is inconceivable that e = mc2, that is, the energy stored by an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by the square of the speed of light. For example, the energy of 1 g material completely converted is equivalent to all the heat energy released by burning 36,000 tons of coal under normal conditions; In other words, the mass of 1 g is equivalent to 25 million kWh of electricity.

19 15 years, Einstein founded the general theory of relativity, which profoundly revealed the internal relationship between time, space, matter and motion-time and space change with the distribution of matter and the speed of motion. It has become one of the basic theories of modern physics.

Starting from 1923, Einstein devoted himself to the exploration of unified field theory in the latter half of his life, trying to establish a unified field theory including both gravitational field and electromagnetic field. Although they failed, they founded the "Young-Mills Field Equation" in 1950s and developed the so-called gauge field theory, which enabled Einstein's dream unified field theory to be realized on the basis of gauge field.

2. Quantum mechanics

1900, Planck founded quantum theory, and put forward a new concept that energy is not infinitely divisible, and the change of energy is discontinuous. 1905, Einstein put forward the quantum theory of light and revealed the "wave-particle duality" of light. 19 13, Bohr introduced the concept of quantization into the theory of atomic structure. 1923, De Broglie put forward the theory of matter wave. 1925, Heisenberg and Schrodinger established matrix mechanics and wave mechanics respectively. 1928, 26-year-old Dirac put forward the relativistic equation of electron motion in electromagnetic field and the original form of quantum field theory, which made great progress in quantum mechanics including matrix force and wave mechanics.

The establishment of quantum mechanics at the end of 20th century is another revolutionary breakthrough in classical physics after the establishment of 1905- 19 15 theory of relativity. It successfully reveals the basic laws of the microscopic material world, accelerates the development of atomic physics and solid state physics, prepares the theoretical foundation for nuclear physics and particle physics, and promotes the production of chemical bond theory and molecular biology. Therefore, quantum mechanics can be said to be the richest scientific theory in the 20th century, and it still has strong vitality.

Five scientific achievements in the middle and late 20th century

Since 1930s, the basic structure of matter, gauge field, BIGBANG, molecular double helix structure of genetic matter, plate theory, information theory, cybernetics, system theory and other theories have been established one after another, which has further expanded human vision to more comprehensive, macro and micro fields and become a great driving force for the progress of human civilization.

1, the basic structure of matter

Since ancient times, people have been discussing what matter is made of and whether there is a public basic unit. Until the end of 19, people thought that the same primitive was an atom. 19 1 1 year, Rutherford discovered that there was a nucleus inside the atom; 19 13 years, Bohr pointed out that radioactive changes took place inside the nucleus, which led to nuclear physics that studied the composition, changing law and internal binding force of the nucleus.

1932, chadwick discovered neutrons. Since then, people have realized that all kinds of atoms are composed of electrons, protons and neutrons.