About the author: Guo, a native of Yuncheng County, Heze City, Shandong Province, is an associate researcher, a member of China Cotton Society and Xinjiang Cotton Society. He works in Bazhou Youzhi Seed Industry Co., Ltd. and is engaged in cotton genetic breeding. He used to work in Shandong Cotton Research Center, and Genesis Company is responsible for cotton breeding in southern and northern Xinjiang.
main body
I. Evolution and replacement of cotton varieties
Cotton varieties are important means of production and play an irreplaceable role in cotton production. The development course of cotton varieties in China is introduction-self-cultivation-combination of introduction and self-cultivation-mainly self-cultivation. According to statistics, there were only 10 cotton varieties in China in 1950s. Up to now, there are more than 1000 cotton varieties in China and about 200 cotton varieties in Xinjiang. Cotton varieties have developed rapidly, and the growth figures are amazing. From high yield type, high quality type, disease resistance type, early maturity type, middle and late maturity type, long-staple cotton type and low phenol cotton type. In the past, Xinjiang mainly imported cotton varieties from the former Soviet Union, and later bred cotton varieties such as Junmian 1, Paotai Cotton, Xinluzao 1 and Xinluzao 1. China cotton series, Shandong cotton series, Hebei cotton series, Hubei cotton series and Hunan cotton series were introduced from the mainland, and Xinluzao 42, 50 and Hunan cotton series were popularized in recent years. Every time the varieties are promoted and updated, it has contributed a lot to cotton production, especially the cotton yield has increased from dozens of kilograms per mu to 100 kg, 200 kg and 300 kg, to 400 kg and 500 kg at present, and even achieved super-high yield records of 600 kg and 800 kg per mu. The fiber quality is improved and the disease resistance is enhanced.
Second, the adaptability of cotton varieties
China has a vast territory, great regional differences, diverse climate types and abundant natural resources. According to the climate type, China is divided into five major cotton areas, and Xinjiang belongs to the northwest inland cotton area. Xinjiang is divided into southern cotton area, northern cotton area and eastern cotton area.
There are great differences in cotton yield, farming system, variety maturity and cultivation technical measures. Cotton varieties with their own characteristics have been formed in major cotton areas, and the cotton varieties suitable for this cotton area have high adaptability requirements, and the performance of different varieties or the same variety is very different. I am precocious, you are late, I am high-yielding, you are low-yielding, I am disease-resistant, you are not disease-resistant, and you die in a mess. This is because the problem of varieties bred in different regions and planted in another region shows the adaptability of cotton varieties, while the strength of cotton disease resistance shows that the physiological races of diseases are different, so the disease resistance is very different.
3. What is the area of cotton varieties and strains? e
What kind of seeds can be called cotton varieties? That is to say, through hybridization or systematic breeding, breeders have to go through hybridization, southern propagation, single plant, line selection, observation, comparison, production elimination, indoor seed inspection, growth investigation, disease resistance identification, lint yield analysis, lint weight analysis of each material, wool length, strength, horse value and so on. After five to six years, seven to eight years or even 6500 years. If the country does not allow the strain to be popularized in production, breeders will take out the strain and declare to participate in regional trials in provinces, autonomous regions or countries. It takes one year of preparatory test, two years of regional test and one year of production test, and finally it is approved by the Variety Approval Committee, so it can be widely planted in production, and it is called a variety. Xinluzao series cotton varieties can only be planted in northern Xinjiang, and Xinluzhong series and Xinhai series cotton varieties can only be planted in southern Xinjiang and eastern Xinjiang.
After several years of planting, cotton varieties are degraded by natural hybridization or mechanical hybridization (sowing, harvesting, drying, ginning, lint removal, coating, etc.). ), mainly manifested in the decline of yield, poor disease resistance, small bolls, low lint percentage, short hair, poor strength and high horse value. In order to prolong the service life of varieties and continue to play a role in production, breeders should purify and rejuvenate varieties at this time, that is, establish three nurseries, namely row nursery, product nursery and original seed nursery.
Fourth, the difference between conventional cotton varieties and hybrids
Conventional cotton is a variety that can be planted every year after the breeder has crossed, systematically selected, directionally cultivated, repeatedly selected, propagated in the south and added generations, and its plant growth is neat and consistent, and its main characteristics, such as good stability, yield, resistance, quality and maturity, meet the current production requirements, and are approved by the crop variety approval Committee of the province or autonomous region. The seed company takes the seed of the breeder from the breeder for breeding production, and the original seed-the original seed-the improved seed. Its advantages are simple seed production, convenient operation and fast propagation.
Hybrid cotton is the first generation seed produced by emasculation pollination of two varieties (female parent and male parent). As we all know, Yuan Longping's hybrid corn, hybrid rice, and horses and donkeys have crossed to produce mules. Friends of the Seventh Division know that hybrid cotton Lumian 24 is the main variety of the Seventh Division.
Hybrid cotton seed production includes two-line seed production and three-line seed production, mainly using sterile line seed production, which saves the breeding process of female parent castration and directly pollinates, which can save a lot of seed production costs and reduce seed prices.
Two-line seed production is hybrid seed production by using one sterile line in two ways.
Three-line seed production is hybrid seed production with sterile line, maintainer line and restorer line.
Five, teach you how to choose the cotton varieties suitable for your planting.
The most important thing in cotton production is how to choose cotton varieties suitable for your own cultivation. It is an important event in cotton production, and it is also a key link related to your cotton output and economic income, which must be highly valued by farmers and friends. Every year from the middle and late August to September, even before the cotton harvest in 10/early October, various seed companies are holding different types of on-site observation meetings to organize our farmers to visit and study and discuss the problems encountered in cotton production. But no matter which seed industry or on-site meeting, it is inseparable from the same topic-cotton varieties, so cotton varieties are very important. We farmers have seen one piece of land after another, and we have seen many varieties, and we are dazzled. This variety has a high yield. Which variety has higher yield? This variety of peaches is big, usually 8 to 9 grams, as high as 12 to 15 grams. It is not only big, but also high in clothing. There are many variety advantages. I seem to have seen dozens of varieties, all of which are good.
Misunderstanding of the big clock:
(1) The advantage of big boll variety is that it is interesting to see the disease resistance of big boll, and its appearance gives you a good impression. Disadvantages: Big boll cotton grows tall and loose in the northern cotton area, with large leaves, poor boll setting, thick boll shell, poor batting, easy to be pinched and low lint percentage.
(2) Big boll cotton grows tall and loose, with big leaves, poor boll setting and no disease resistance, but high boll lint percentage.
(3) Varieties with high lint percentage often have poor boll setting, no disease resistance, short cashmere and high horse value.
(4) The varieties of medium-sized bolls (small bolls) generally have stable growth, small leaves, good ventilation and light transmission, strong boll setting, concentrated flowering and boll setting, high yield, good disease resistance, thin boll shell and easy harvest.
On the whole, the weight of the bell is 5.5-6.5g, not less than 5g, not more than 7g, and the clothing percentage is about 45%, and it is sold in the ginning factory for 43%, 42% and not less than 40%. This variety is generally easy to manage, with skin problems, spicy taste, more bolls, high yield, good disease resistance and excellent quality. It is our most ideal variety.
Every farmer should carefully consider what varieties to plant next year. Don't follow the trend, compare with others, and don't listen to some people's exaggerated propaganda. First of all, he should know what his cotton is suitable for, and look at the performance of his cotton this year, such as yield, disease resistance and lint percentage. If he is satisfied, don't change varieties easily, but continue to plant this variety, feeling that his variety has low yield, poor disease resistance and low lint percentage. It's really necessary to change varieties. When changing varieties, you should communicate with people around you, listen to others' opinions on changing varieties, look at the variety performance of surrounding plots, and listen to the opinions of technicians on changing varieties. It is worth reminding farmers to keep in touch with reputable seed companies or breeders, establish good relations, take out 30 to 50 mu of land, or even 10 mu, and plant 2-3 varieties for trial planting demonstration. Observe and compare each variety through the whole growth period, and finally analyze the yield, maturity, resistance, quality, lint percentage, or the variety performance of relatives, friends and neighbors, as the basis for you to choose a large-scale planting variety next year. In a word, if you want to choose a cotton variety that suits you, you must carry out trial planting demonstration in your own field or your neighbor's field, 1-2 years.
6. Problems that should be paid attention to when selecting cotton varieties.
What cotton varieties have been decided, and which company's seeds should be purchased next? Which agricultural store to buy is also a big problem that we need to pay attention to. To buy cotton seeds, you must go to a big agricultural store with good reputation and high reputation. You should find big seed companies with quality assurance and prestigious cotton breeding experts to buy high-quality cotton breeding experts' seeds. Sealed samples after purchase, timely detection of germination rate, moisture and other indicators.
Graphic editor: Tianshan Plant Protection, please indicate the source!