In the autumn of the fourth year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (1726), a major case that shocked the whole country happened, namely the so-called "Justine Examination Case". This is another major case after Zhuang Tingxi's Draft of Ming Dynasty, Kangxi's Nanshan Collection and Wang Yongzheng's Essay on the Western Expedition in the third year of Yongzheng. In the traditional literary inquisition, poetry is basically condemned, but only the examination questions in the examination room are blamed. It was actually the second minister of the dynasty, the bachelor of cabinet and the left assistant minister of the Ministry of Rites, and the examiner of Jiangxi Province, Cha Siting. In addition to implicating relatives and killing many people, all Zhejiang Jinshi were stopped from taking the provincial examination. The inside story is really puzzling
Because things came suddenly, there were different legends at that time. Generally speaking, the test question given by Justine is a sentence in "University". The words "dimension" and "stop" are the first words to eliminate "harmony" and "righteousness". In fact, Justine has never talked about this topic, and now there are people who spread it wrongly.
The other comes from "clearing money". It is said: "Cha Jun's title shocked the world, but it was not a book for people to read. Jia people in Liulichang bribed the waiter and stole his spare parts and ink, which made him pay a heavy price. Sejong ascended the pole, and there are still people who want to check books. Jia ren entrusted a waiter and could not get a piece of paper for half a year. One day, I closed the door of the library and did something. When the waiter peeped through the hole, he saw a huge hand, holding a pen and writing a book. The book was finished and the roof beam was covered by a ladder. When I found out, I stole it and handed it over to Jia people. Jia people were full, so they were promoted. " Whether this statement is true or not, or a clue that has been quoted for the first time, is unknown.
All the above legends fail to explain the essence of the problem. Yongzheng's real intention must be stripped of illusion layer by layer and started from scratch.
Justine, the word Runmu, the number Hengpu, and the number. Tea city. Fu Yu is a student. In Kangxi Yiyou (1705), he was named Yakui, and the following year he was a scholar in Lian Jie. Edited by Jishi Shu of the Hanlin Academy. Wu Jia (17 14) is the deputy examiner of Huguang, and Wu Xu (17 18) is the examiner of Sanjin. On the recommendation of Longkeduo, the official minister, he was appointed to walk in the Imperial Palace, and was awarded a bachelor's degree in cabinet and assistant minister of rites. Cai Shen, the imperial envoy of Zuodu, made a recommendation, awarded Zuo Assistant Minister of Ritual Department, and gave a banquet to give lectures. Unexpectedly, the root of this big case that appeared later lies in these two referees.
Cha is knowledgeable and talented, but there are inevitably some arrogant celebrities who often vent their dissatisfaction with the reality at that time. Zhicheng Deng, an expert in the history of Qing Dynasty, also recorded his poem "The Feeling of New Year's Eve" in the Chronicle of Qing Poetry: "You can eat the white stone house, live in it, be regarded as a golden official, and be clean", which is called "the language contains sarcasm". "On behalf of the Prince Shoumou" said: "Willow flowers are full of branches, and the court loves them for a long time. In the third spring, when the birthday is presented in the Jinlong Building, Hua Shao is better. " Zhicheng Deng said, "Neither the prince nor the people who live with him know who he is. Play a phrase' imperial court loves generals', either a pepper room or a chamberlain. Kings were forbidden by the traffic palace, how could they avoid the Yongzheng period? The situation was once recommended by Longkeduo! It is known that this is the disaster of the death of the court. " It is very reasonable to say that this statement is not made by people. Justine likes to play word games, satirize current events, is indifferent in nature, and has a sharp tongue, which is often exposed intentionally or unintentionally in his diary.
Shortly before the murder, that is, on April 11th, the 4th year of Yongzheng (1726), Yongzheng made another literary prison-the money case. In order to show his "imperial kindness" and "leniency", he played a trick and wrote an ingenious imperial edict: "The emperor humiliated his name with his (implying money). At that time, Beijing officials in Haining, such as Chen Yuanlong, the minister of rites, and Xu Yi, the editor of the Hanlin Academy, all wrote poems on orders. Of course, Justine also had to criticize Qian Shiming. He wrote such a poem to show his mind: "be ashamed of ignorance, reading is like laughing all your life." Ambiguous words forget face, absurd words are particularly evil. Compassion net and broad axe neck, a hundred years of shame. From now on, I will return to my hometown, and those who cover their mouths will be ashamed of my name. " Although the poem "The Emperor's Proposition" is insincere and can only be a "red tape", what Justine never expected was that five months later, disaster would befall him, and the end would be much worse than money.
Justine's framing opened a "gap" from the "examination questions". In feudal China, the imperial examination system was implemented. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, a scholar had to pass the county examination, the government examination and the academy examination to obtain the qualification of a student (scholar). Next, the formal examination is divided into three levels: after having obtained the provincial examination, after having obtained the provincial examination, and palace examination. After having obtained the rural examination, it is held every three years in the capital and provincial capitals, and the winner is called Juren. After having obtained the provincial examination, it is usually in August of the lunar calendar, so it is also called "autumn examination". According to the regulations, the exam questions are all selected from the sentences in the Four Books and Five Classics.
In the first year of Yongzheng, Chasiting took the provincial examination in Shanxi and was appointed as the examiner. He also gave the examination questions. He chose two sentences: "Don't worry about others, I don't know what I know", "Enjoy with the people" and "Listen to Zheng". These three questions are fair and not caught by Yongzheng. This is probably related to Yongzheng's belief that the time is not yet ripe.
However, three years later, in the autumn of Yongzheng four years. When Justine was appointed as the examiner in Jiangxi Province, bad luck finally came to him. According to the usual practice, Justine made several test questions: the first question is "A gentleman does not attract people with words, and does not waste words with people", which comes from The Analects of Confucius; Three questions, "If you use it, you will become a Tao, but if you don't use it, you will be at a loss", from Mencius; It is divided into two topics: one is the Book of Changes, where the love between heaven and earth is visible, and the other is the Book of Songs, where a hundred rooms are full and women and children are at peace. Originally, they were all standard and flawless, and when I presided over the provincial examination, I acted very cautiously, and the inspection and prevention of joints were very strict. The examination ended smoothly and everything was normal.
However, Yongzheng made something out of nothing, and suddenly "operated" on Justine under the pretext of "someone reported it". In fact, a long-planned event happened. Yong Zhengdi linked the three topics found in the investigation, saying: "The classics found in today's investigation are preceded by orthography, followed by stop, and the word' orthography' has stop." In addition, Luo Zhi's other examination questions and diary words found contradictory words, * * * 42, as "greater than, resentment, curse", found in prison, after the death of the corpse, is another indication. Brother Cha Sitang and nephew Cha Ji were exiled for three thousand miles (Cha was over eighty years old and died in the garrison soon). People were exiled or enslaved by heroes. Only his brother, the famous poet Cha Shen Xing, and his son were treated leniently. Later, there was an attached meeting among the people, saying that the word "Wei Minzhi" (from The Book of Rites) in Justine's title was beheaded by the words "Wei" and "Zhi". This is probably because Justine wrote A Record of Wei Zheng, from which the later chapters came into being.
Although the Justine case also belongs to the category of literary inquisition, it has a certain political nature because it is linked with the Roncodo case and the Cai Wei case. In fact, it was Yongzheng who further removed Long Keduo's "serial case" in order to weaken and attack his faction. Longkeduo is Yongzheng's own uncle. Before Kangxi's death, with the help of Tong Jiashi's younger brother's special relationship, he served as the head of the imperial academy (in charge of ethnic affairs in Mongolia, Tibet and Xinjiang) and the head of the infantry, and mastered the public security forces in the capital. After Yongzheng acceded to the throne, he attached great importance to Longkodo on the surface, but like Nian Gengyao, Longkodo was also a "graft, bully the weak and fear the hard" figure, which attracted the attention of Yong Zhengdi. So, before the investigation, Nian Gengyao was operated on, and under the pretext of Wang's case, Nian Gengyao was relieved of his functions and powers, and 92 charges were deducted to make him commit suicide, relying on former officials and ministers of the Ministry of War. Later, Cai Wei was found guilty. Justine was recommended by Ronkedo and Cai Wei, and they inevitably had contacts, so they were inevitably regarded as accomplices of Ronkedo and Cai Wei. In addition, Justine sometimes expressed some different views on real politics and Manchu-Chinese relations, and even vented some dissatisfaction. For Yongzheng, a person who keeps a close eye on the political and ideological trends of his liegeman and has a particularly keen sense of political smell, he is naturally regarded as a hostile force and a thorn in his side, and will soon be removed. The so-called test of "resentment and irony" is actually just an excuse and a fig leaf.
After the case was closed in Chasiting prison for several months, Long Keduo was tried for possession of jade articles (royal genealogy), and Wang proposed to dismiss Long Keduo for forty-one major crimes, so that he was banned from business forever, and his property was supplemented by illicit money, and his second son was also punished. In the second year, Roncodo died in the detention center, and this "serial case" came to an end.
The Great Righteousness, a wonderful book through the ages
Yong Zhengdi wrote this book in an unprecedented way, because of unexpected circumstances and accidents related to his inheritance, he sought a place and a secret in the palace. Its original intention was to dispel rumors, but the result was counterproductive. Instead, it became self-exposure, which made people believe it. This wonderful book is unprecedented, and the plot is still a mystery.
In the sixth year of Yongzheng (1728), a case happened in Xi 'an, but it shocked Yong Zhengdi in the Qing palace, making him fidgety and learn from these mistakes. Finally, he compiled a wonderful book called A Great Sense of Justice, which is the case of Ceng Jing.
Killing people with words was not invented by the Qing emperor, but it was also a patent of the Qing emperor, especially Yong and Gan. The attack and persecution of scholars in the early years of Yongzheng aroused their strong indignation. As a result, many middle-and lower-class intellectuals are unwilling to be officials, creating anti-Qing public opinion among the general public and arousing resistance since the Qing army entered the customs. Ceng Jing is one of the representatives of these intellectuals.
Ceng Jing is a scholar in Hunan. He doesn't want to take the imperial examination again and teach in the countryside. He is called "Mr. Putan". He constantly exposed the crimes of the Qing army's entry into the customs to rule the Han people among the students, spread anti-Qing remarks among the masses, wrote books and expounded his own opinions. His two books, Knowing the New Record and Knowing Several Records, focus on exposing Yongzheng's "Ten Sins", namely, seeking father, forcing mother, killing brother, killing brother, being greedy for money, being easy to kill, drinking too much, being lascivious, being loyal to people and being in charge, saying that he is a rare tyrant. Explain the theory of "the distinction between Chinese and foreigners", so that everyone can rise up against the Manchu rule and recover the Han industry. He profoundly exposed the cruel exploitation of the working people by the landlords of Manchu and Han dynasties and called on the people to rise up against exploitation and oppression. Finally, it developed into a just resistance.
According to the widespread public opinion in the society at that time, Ceng Jing thought that Yue Zhongqi was a leader who could instigate the anti-Qing Dynasty, so in September of the sixth year of Yongzheng (1728), he sent a student Zhang Xi to Xi 'an to instigate his actions with his letters to Yue Zhongqi and the book of health workers' camp keeping.
Yue Zhongqi was loyal to the Qing court and didn't want to rebel at all. He can now occupy a high position, and his strategic wisdom is beyond the reach of ordinary people. When Ceng Jing sent him a letter, what he thought was how to deal with it, so as not to make Yongzheng doubt him, but also to catch the conspirators. Yue Zhongqi cheated Zhang Xi's trust with tricks. After obtaining the relevant facts, he immediately reported to Yongzheng. As he has been cheated into telling the inside story, he can no longer conceal the truth, and confessed his contact with Yan Hongda and Yan Ouda, disciples of Zhejiang and Shandong. Due to the seriousness of the case, involving several provinces, Hunan could not hear it, so he transferred the case to Beijing, and Yongzheng personally directed the punishments to hear it.
Ceng Jing's case needs to be investigated, and it's all old scores. Yongzheng had to announce that Ceng Jing had listened to the lies spread by Yunchan, Yunchan and others' minions with disloyalty, so as to gossip, confuse people and vilify the holy family. Then check again, and you will find the case of Lv Liuliang. Ceng Jing admired Lv Liuliang very much and thought that Lv Liuliang had the talent of an emperor, but he didn't have the emperor's orders. It is believed that the center of Lu's theory is "the distinction between Chinese and foreigners", and his research and propaganda on the distinction between Chinese and foreigners was to be an emperor, but he didn't get the opportunity in the end. As early as the tenth year of Shunzhi (1653), Lv Liuliang was a scholar. Since then, he has stopped pursuing fame. It is to recruit disciples to give lectures, write books and make statements, and become famous in one fell swoop. In the eighteenth year of Kangxi (1679), he began the course of being knowledgeable and writing poems. The official recommended him, but he refused. Later, he was repeatedly recommended to be an official, but he sternly refused. Finally he cut his hair and became a monk. Although he lives in the mountains, his influence and his disciples remain in the north and south of the river. People are scrambling to read his books, spread his thoughts and become Lu's disciples and grandchildren. People with lofty ideals in the coastal areas and hinterland all got wind of it. People admire him not only because he is knowledgeable, but also because he opposes the backbone and thoughts of the Qing Dynasty. In his thoughts, "the difference between China people and foreigners" is very solid. He believes that the Qing government seized the land in China, reversed the position of heaven and earth, and made people stick to the position of the Han nationality and never serve the Yidi regime again. In his language and writing, he never admitted that the Qing government was a legal regime.
Yongzheng believed that attacking Lv Liuliang and Yan Hongkui was not about killing second-and third-rate property buyers, but about refuting their thought of "distinguishing between Chinese and foreigners" and eliminating their influence among intellectuals. So he published Lu and Zeng's works and remarks, and asked officials to write articles to refute them. At the same time, he wrote his own paper to refute the theory of "the difference between China people and foreigners". Finally, Yongzheng spent some time thinking and decided on the strategy of "very cooking". Yongzheng would like to take this opportunity to make a general liquidation of all kinds of gossip since the fall of Kangxi, and compile the Ceng Jing case and Ceng Jing's confession into a book called "The Lost Sense of Justice", which is distributed all over the country and made known to scholars and rural Wang Can. Because the saddest part of him is that "some people in the world talk about me like this", he said that he was "shocked to cry" after reading Ceng Jing's "New Record" and was "wronged" by some people in the world, so he wanted to take this opportunity to "clean up the wrongs".
The Mystery of the Great Righteousness is the first wonderful book compiled and published by the emperor in the feudal autocratic era. One of the keys to maintaining dictatorship is mystery. Qin Shihuang's "everyone who says something is guilty of this crime" can be said to be ignorant. The best way to deal with political rumors is not to publicize them, which will disappear after a long time. Otherwise, it is inevitable that something will happen. Everyone knows it, and people will call it shattered glass, adding insult to injury. However, Yongzheng disagreed. He firmly believes that his personal virtue is innocent. "You can test the Emperor of Heaven, and you can * * * hundreds of millions of subjects during the day."
On the sixth day of October in the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), the relevant ministers requested Ceng Jing and Zhang Xi to be punished. Yongzheng excused their crimes on the grounds that they were far away in the countryside and were occasionally confused by rumors, which was not a "rumor". The next day, he was released from sin and said, "I rule the world, and I don't reward anyone for private pleasure or punish anyone for private anger." At the same time, when Ceng Jing and Zhang Xi were released from punishment, they promised that the descendants of the emperor would never feel guilty about it. Yongzheng also praised Zeng and Zhang in the imperial edict, saying that they were not only innocent, but also meritorious, because the person who sent the book was not, the slanderer could not be traced, and his grievance could not be rehabilitated. Later, Yongzheng ordered local officials to lead Ceng Jing to preach in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces; Take Zhang Xi to Hunan and Shaanxi to preach. According to their appearance, they promote Yongzheng's benevolence and filial piety, diligence and love for the people. It was the minions of Achina and Seth Black who pushed the world to speak ill of Yongzheng. Publicize that you are confused by rumors, misjudge the wise monarch, and express repentance. At that time, everyone inside and outside the imperial court and throughout the country didn't know about Yongzheng's "Ten Sins", which was really counterproductive.
For Lv Liuliang, Yongzheng took a completely different approach. Although it is also a collection of official critical articles, it is printed and distributed all over the world. At the same time, let the provincial academic officials seek the opinions of scholars on the punishment of Lv Liuliang case, so as to make full preparations for punishing celebrities and scholars. After two years' work, the criminals were dealt with in the tenth year of Yongzheng (1732): Yan Hongkui and Lu Baozhong (their sons) were beheaded and slaughtered, and another son, Lu and Yan Hongkui's disciple Shen Zaikuan, were executed. The other two families, Lu and Yan, were all exiled to the flag land as slaves. Other participants, including their students, friends, those who published and engraved Lu books, those who found these books, those who knew not to report them and those who handled them improperly, were severely punished.
Yongzheng's handling of Lu case and Zeng case was an unusual "extraordinary cooking", and he once said that he was complacent about his handling. He dared to openly discuss the propaganda that was extremely unfavorable to him, and also let the lawless elements come out as negative teachers themselves, making them change from passive to active. This unusual thinking stunned some ministers at that time, which was really the first wonder.