(1) Input device, which simulates human receptors (eyes, ears, nose, etc.) to receive external information. People tell the computer the tasks, topics, operation steps and original data that need to be completed by the computer through the input equipment, and store them in the memory through the input equipment.
(2) Memory, which simulates the memory function of human brain and stores the input information for retrieval at any time, is a memory device of electronic computer.
(3) Arithmetic unit, which simulates the calculation, judgment and selection functions of human brain, and can perform arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
(4) The controller, which is the function of analyzing and synthesizing the human brain and controlling all coordination work through thinking activities, controls all parts of the computer to coordinate work according to the program in the memory. It is the nerve center of the computer.
(5) Output device, which simulates the thinking results of human brain and its response to external stimuli, reports the calculated results to operators or contacts with external devices to direct other machine actions. The computer composed of the above five parts is the basic part of electronic analog computer, which is called hardware. Only hardware can't effectively simulate and replace some functions of the human brain, and corresponding software or soft devices must be available. The so-called software is a set of pre-programmed program systems. The emergence of artificial intelligence is the result of the progress of human science and technology and the evolution of machines. The history of human development is a history in which people use various production tools to purposefully transform the first nature (natural environment, such as rivers, lakes, mountains and forests, etc.) and create the second nature (that is, humanized nature, such as artificial houses, vehicles and machines, etc.). In order to solve the contradiction between physiological function and labor object and produce more wealth, human beings must make their production tools develop continuously. With the development of science and technology, artificial intelligence is produced and developed in order to meet the urgent need to extend the thinking organs and enlarge the intellectual function after people have created various complicated machines and equipment and greatly extended their hands and feet functions. Philosophically, the material world is not only unified in origin, but also interlinked in law. No matter machines, animals and people, there are identical information and control laws, and they are all information conversion systems, and their activities are all manifested in certain information input and information output. People's understanding of the world is related to the process of obtaining and processing information in practice, and transforming the world is related to the process of controlling external objects according to existing information. In short, all systems can adjust themselves through information exchange and feedback to resist interference and maintain their own stability. Therefore, electronic computers can use information and control principles to simulate some intelligent activities of human beings. From other sciences, cybernetics and information theory use systematic methods to reveal the * * * identical laws of different systems such as machines, animals and people. In this way, the actual description is formalized, that is, a mathematical model is established for phenomena and behaviors; Mechanize the way to solve problems, that is, formulate some algorithms and rules according to mathematical models for mechanical implementation; Automate the process of solving problems, that is, program algorithms and rules with symbolic language, and give them to knowledge intelligent machines to perform certain tasks, so that electronic computers can simulate some human thinking activities. Therefore, cybernetics and information theory are the scientific basis of "intelligent simulation", and "intelligent simulation" is the most important practical result of cybernetics and information theory in practice. Artificial intelligence is a necessary supplement to human intelligence, but there are still essential differences between artificial intelligence and human intelligence: 1. Artificial intelligence is a mechanical physical process, not a biological process. It doesn't have the subjective world composed of world outlook, outlook on life, emotion, will, interest, hobbies and other psychological activities. However, human intelligence is a psychological activity based on the physiological activities of the human brain, which makes people form a subjective world. Therefore, although computers and human brains have similarities in the behavior and function of information input and output, the differences between them are very obvious in this respect. From the input of information, the same thing has the same amount of information for two smart phones, but the amount of information obtained by two different people is quite different. This is the truth that "an expert looks at the doorway and a layman looks at the excitement". From the aspect of information output, the same information output by two machines has the same amount of information. But the same sentence has a very different meaning to the weather-beaten old man and naive children. 3. The computer must accept the instructions of the human brain and work according to the predetermined procedures. It can't output anything that has not been input. The so-called conclusion is just the logical result of input program and input data. It can't ask questions independently and solve problems creatively, and when it encounters an "unexpected" situation that is not included in the procedure, it is helpless or interrupts its work. Artificial intelligence is not creative. On the other hand, the function of human brain can put forward new concepts, make new judgments and create new representations on the basis of reflecting laws, which is rich in imagination and creativity. 4. Artificial machines have no sociality. As a social being, people's brain function is produced and developed to meet the needs of social life. People's social needs far exceed the limited purpose of direct physiological needs, and are determined by the development process of social material civilization and spiritual civilization. Therefore, the thinking ability as a function of the human brain is gradually formed through social education and training, and through the absorption of the culture accumulated in history. People's inner world is so rich and colorful because people's social connections are rich and multifaceted, and human intelligence is social. Therefore, in order to fully simulate the function of human brain, it is necessary to reproduce the whole historical logic of human thought development. No matter how "smart" a computer is, this can't be done. With the development of science and technology and the continuous expansion of the scope of thinking simulation, computers will continue to approach the human brain in function. But in essence, there can only be an asymptotic line between them, and the boundary between them will not be cleared. Simulation is approximate but not equivalent. Artificial intelligence and human brain are partially superior in function, but not as good as the whole. Because artificial intelligence is produced by artificial machines, artificial intelligence will never catch up with and surpass human intelligence. The so-called "predictions" that "robots will enslave people more than people" and "people will become playthings or pests of computer thinkers, and ... be preserved in future zoos" cannot be established. Because it obliterates the essential differences and fundamental boundaries between man and machine. Artificial intelligence enriches and evolves the consciousness theory of dialectical materialism. It further shows that consciousness is the function of human brain and the property of matter. The computer simulation of the function of the human brain shows that consciousness is not a mysterious and unpredictable thing, not a soul that is separated from the human brain inside and outside the body, nor a special material form secreted by the human brain, but a functional attribute of the human brain. This further proves the principle of the essence of consciousness. The emergence of artificial intelligence deepens the principle of the reaction of consciousness to matter. Artificial intelligence is the product of human consciousness and self-knowledge. The emergence of computers means that human consciousness has been partially differentiated from the human brain and materialized into a mechanical movement of matter. This not only prolongs the organ of consciousness, but also shows that consciousness can in turn create a "human brain". This is a great reaction of consciousness to the human brain. From the relationship between consciousness and human brain, the reaction of consciousness to the progress of material form is further deepened, and consciousness as the highest material attribute is the reaction to the development of material movement. Artificial intelligence has caused the change of consciousness structure and expanded the research field of consciousness theory. As a new form of machine, computer has entered the ranks of ideological organs. It can not only complete some conscious activities of the human brain, but also be superior to the human brain in some functions. For example, the speed of human brain processing information and taking action is not as fast as that of computer, and the accuracy of memory and action is not as good as that of computer. Therefore, in modern scientific cognition activities, without artificial intelligence, there will be no breakthrough development of human cognitive ability and continuous expansion of cognitive scope. Computers depend not only on people, but also on people. This makes the discussion of artificial intelligence and the relationship between man and machine complementary increase in the structure of consciousness theory. At the same time, thinking simulation also highlights the role of thinking forms in thinking, which puts forward an important topic for the study of consciousness theory.