1839,65438 On August 9th, the silver photography work of French painter and physicist Daguerre was published at the joint meeting of French Academy of Sciences and Academy of Fine Arts, and France * * * gave up the patent of this invention and made it public. People usually take this day as the beginning of photography.
On the right is the silver statue of Daguerre.
1838, Daguerre wanted to publish and sell his photographic works. After several efforts, he finally turned to arago, the permanent secretary, astronomer and member of the French Academy of Sciences, and gained his appreciation. He was the first person to see that the invention of photography would make the greatest contribution to the progress of art and science, and he was also the first person to suggest and promote France to buy the right of photographic invention.
Nilpus was also a collaborator of Daguerre. He was four years older than Daguerre and died six years before the publication of Daguerre's silver photography. The French * * * awarded Daguerre an annuity of 6000 francs, and at the same time awarded Nilpus' heir an annuity of 4000 francs as a reward.
British inventor Carl Porter is a pioneer from negative film to positive film. 1835, he began to try out drawings coated with silver chloride or silver nitrate as photosensitive materials, took negative photos in the camera, and then printed them by sunlight. He named his method Carlo photography. After the news of Daguerre's invention of silver disc photography was announced, he raised the issue of invention priority, but it was too late.
Daguerre silver plate photography is to expose the steel plate plated with silver iodide in a black box, then develop it with mercury vapor, and then fix it with salt. The negative image obtained is actually a metal image, but it is very clear and can be preserved forever. Because exposure takes about 20 to 30 minutes, early photography often takes still life, scenery, portraits and so on.
Because of the long exposure time, the photographer needs to sit in a special seat with head support when shooting portraits.
Although it is universally acknowledged that1August, 839 19 is the anniversary of the invention of photography, Daguerre's silver disc photography has actually absorbed the achievements of people's long-term exploration in this field. As early as 13 years ago, Nielpes of France took the world's first Zhang Yongjiu photo "Goldsworth". He painted white asphalt on the tin alloy plate, which can be hardened after exposure and exposed for eight hours. Because of the long exposure time and blurred image, his invention could not be popularized.
Photography has developed from the black box used by painters in sketching since16th century, that is, the table-shaped black box used by painters in those years. The so-called invention of photography is actually a process of finding the most ideal method of recording images.
2. History of medical imaging Medical imaging is an important part of medical science, with a history of 100 years. It is not only closely related to clinical disciplines, but also based on basic disciplines such as human anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology and physics. In addition, the integration of computer science has added vitality and enriched the content.
In recent years, the development of medical imaging is very rapid, the medical imaging equipment is constantly updated, and the inspection technology is constantly improved, which has raised the effect of medical imaging diagnosis and interventional therapy to a new level, effectively promoted the development of clinical medicine and become an important pillar in medical work. Therefore, medical imaging is also an important clinical medicine and a compulsory course for medical college students.
3. The history of Photography The word photography in English comes from the Greek Φ ω? Phos (light) and γ ρ α φ ι? Graphis (painting, drawing) or γ ρ α η graph η, together, means "drawing with light". Refers to the process of recording images with some special equipment. Generally, we take pictures with mechanical cameras or digital cameras. Sometimes photography is also called photography, that is, the process of exposing the photosensitive medium by using the light reflected by the object. Someone once said an incisive language: the photographer's ability is to transform the fleeting ordinary things in daily life into immortal visual images.
The earliest existing photos in the world can be traced back to 1827, from the Frenchman Joseph? The hand of neptune.
1857, Og Relander (18 13- 1875) created a Renaissance-style work composed of more than 30 negatives: two lifestyles, which marked the maturity of painting and photography.
4. Who are the photographers who record history? On the afternoon of June 65438+February 65438+September 9, the first floor of the former site of Guangxi Provincial Art Museum was packed, and many photographers from our city gathered here to listen to Chen Xiaobo, senior photography editor of Xinhua News Agency, explaining the important contemporary photographers and their works in China.
The works of He, Yonghe, Lu Yuanmin, Jie Hailong, and others flow on the projection screen, which is a feast of images. Chen Xiaobo explained on the side, explaining this difficult topic with a faint tone-what is a photographer who records history, and even raised a question worthy of consideration by Guilin photographers-where should we look when choosing photos that reflect Guilin? Many excellent photographers are quiet. Chen Xiaobo said that news photography in China has two role models: He Yan Guang, photo director of China Youth Daily, and Wang Wenlan, assistant editor-in-chief of China Daily.
He won several photojournalism awards in China for his works such as One Small Step for the Two Parties and One Big Step for the Country, and SARS Ward (group photo). Chen Xiaobo said: "Some journalists who pay attention to fashion and influence don't like He Yan Guang's works very much and feel dull, but I don't think so.
Those works that have been used countless times are very simple. Their photographers don't use weird lenses, don't get close to others, and don't want to push the machine to others' noses or foreheads when taking pictures. "Chen Xiaobo told the audience that people who don't know much about photography tend to think that those who have long hair, wear big boots, hold long lenses and make their behavior public are photographers.
In fact, the good photographers I have come into contact with are very ordinary people, who don't carry big lenses and have big vests with many words printed on them, just like a good writer doesn't pin many pens on his chest. He said that many later photographers, compared with him and Wang, may have surpassed them in a certain report, but they could not surpass them as a whole, because everything they did later was not doing the thing itself, but being a human being.
"He Yan Guang is a person who makes a hullabaloo about in the face of life. Wang Wenlan is much softer than him, but he is also recording history. Wang Wenlan's most famous works include bicycles in China, hutongs in Beijing and a theme related to music. He is a lover of classical music. "
Wang Wenlan sometimes takes photos in an alley near Chen Xiaobo's workplace. Chen Xiaobo told the audience that the camera used by Wang Wenlan was not very big.
Photographers should not disturb people in principle. Many excellent photographers I have contacted at home and abroad are quiet, even shy, and their clothes are not exaggerated. For example, I know that Wang Wenlan likes to wear two colors of clothes, one is gray similar to the land, and the other is dark green similar to the bark. They don't yell and make trouble wherever they go, but many photographers make trouble for others first, so that others are afraid of themselves and their machines.
When we want to choose a photo reflecting Guilin, where should we start? Chen Xiaobo believes that photographers must know history before they can work for it. Why some young photographers' photos can't reflect the depth of history is because they don't know enough about history.
She took the artificial landscape photo of a real estate as an example to illustrate. "I and He Yan Guang's home is next to this property, and we were thinking about buying its house.
There is a lake in the middle of the building, and there are several black swans in the lake. He Yan Guang took this shot with the sensitivity of news. The caption is: On July 7, 2004, two artificially fed black swans swam in the artificial lake of a building outside the South Fifth Ring Road in Beijing.
Because of the beautiful lake color, the commodity price here is as high as 7500 yuan per square meter, and Beijing is a city that is extremely short of water. "Chen Xiaobo said that many of us who do news photography will think when we see this photo and its caption. This is his Yan Guang, and only he will think so and shoot like this.
As he expected, a few months later, the black swan disappeared without a trace and the water in the lake was gone. Chen Xiaobo praised He Yan Guang for his well-written subtitles. Similar to him, Yonghe, the chief reporter of Xinmin Evening News, is also a photographer who can contain a lot of information in the text description.
Yonghe has a photo of a big student graduating. The title is "June 2, 20051day, 3500 students of Shanghai Jiaotong University cheered at the graduation ceremony. This year, the number of college graduates nationwide reached 3.38 million. According to the employment rate of the previous year, 4 million graduates could not find jobs. "
In the lecture, Chen Xiaobo showed some works of He Yong's "Shanghai Image Sketch from 2003 to 2006". Chen Xiaobo said that the Shanghai in Yonghe lens may not be the same as others imagined, but people who have been to Shanghai will think that he filmed the most real and ordinary life of Shanghainese.
Who do editors of foreign periodicals want to take photos with in Shanghai? The first thing they think of is harmony. It's an honor for a photographer.
"When many years later, we thought of choosing a photo of Guilin. Is there a person who lasts for 30 or 20 years, even if it lasts for 10 years? " This question put forward by Chen Xiaobo is worth thinking about by Guilin photographers. Only the people around you, the places you are most familiar with. Chen Xiaobo told the audience that we have always advocated that photographers should not go far away to shoot, so you just need to shoot people around you and the most familiar places, but most photographers don't listen to advice and must go to Xinjiang, * * *, Inner Mongolia, Paris, London and other places, but they feel that things around them are too familiar and don't want to shoot.
In the lecture, Chen Xiaobo showed the works of Lu Yuanmin, a documentary photographer in Shanghai, focusing on things in a small area around him. Chen Xiaobo said that after work, Lu Yuanmin went to take photos of people he knew, taking photos in small streets, taking photos of painters in rough houses and taking photos of old people in small houses in Shikumen, but when he went out, he was meticulous in suits and ties.
Chen Xiaobo said that when he planned a photo exhibition in Europe, he was repeatedly asked by Europeans to provide some photos of China's family environment. Journalists in China rarely have the opportunity to take photos in other people's homes, but there are these images in Lu Yuanmin's photos. In his speech, Chen Xiaobo also mentioned Zhu Xianmin, vice chairman of China Photographers Association.
"Zhu Xianmin lived in the basin at the border of Lu Yu 17 years ago. /kloc-at the age of 0/7, he didn't know there were bananas in the world. He only eats apples. He doesn't know whether to wear long trousers for cotton trousers or socks for cotton shoes. Later, he left the village and went to the northeast.
5. Basic introduction of the development history of medical imaging.
Medical imaging refers to the technology and process of obtaining the internal tissue image of human body or a certain part of human body in a non-invasive way for medical treatment or medical research. It is the reasoning calculus of the inverse problem, that is, the reason (the characteristics of living tissue) is deduced from the result (observing the image signal). As a science, medical imaging belongs to biological imaging, including image diagnosis, radiology, endoscope, medical thermal imaging technology, medical photography and microscope. In addition, although technologies including EEG and brain magnetic resonance imaging focus on measurement and recording, and there is no image display, the generated data can be regarded as another form of medical images because of its positioning characteristics (that is, it contains location information). In clinical application, it is also called medical imaging, or imaging medicine. Some hospitals will set up imaging medical centers, imaging medical departments or imaging medical departments, and set up related instruments and equipment. There are specialized nurses, radiologists and doctors who are responsible for the operation of instruments and equipment, image interpretation and diagnosis (in Taiwan Province Province, doctors are responsible), which is different from radiotherapy in radiology. In medicine, medical engineering, medical physics and biomedical informatics, medical imaging usually refers to the science of studying the composition of images, the technology of capturing and storing, and the research and development of instruments and equipment. The research on how to interpret, interpret and diagnose medical images belongs to radiation medicine or other medical fields (such as nervous system and cardiovascular diseases). ) auxiliary science.
Colleges and universities offer such professional types.
At present, the medical imaging specialty offered in colleges and universities in China is divided into four-year system and five-year system. See the entry "Medical Imaging Technology" in Baidu Encyclopedia for details.
Edit the development history of this paragraph.
1895, German physicist wilhelm konrad rontgen discovered that X-ray (commonly known as X-ray) turned a new page in medical imaging. Before that, doctors had to rely on palpation except direct incision, but both methods had certain risks.
Editing this modern medical imaging technology
Since the development of medical imaging, there are other imaging technologies besides X-ray, and many imaging technology applications have been developed. In addition, in the application of biomedical information, in order to exchange and consult the generated digital image files and digital image files, the medical digital image transmission protocol technology is developed.
roentgen rays
Angiography, angiocardiography, computed tomography, dental radiography, fluoroscopy, mammography, radiography.
Gamma ray
Positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission tomography (SPECT) of gamma camera.
Magnetic vibration
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
ultrasonic
Medical ultrasound (medical ultrasound)
Optical photography
Endoscopy (endoscopy)
other
Fluorescein thermal imaging, microscope, photoacoustic imaging, thermal imaging.
Composite application
Positron emission tomography (PET/CT) and single photon emission tomography (SPECT/CT).