The origin of football
In early p>24, FIFA confirmed that football originated in China, and Cuju was the earliest football activity recorded in historical materials. "Warring States Policy" and "Historical Records" are the earliest records of Cuju. The former describes that Cuju was popular in Linzi (now Zibo), the capital of the State of Qi, during the Spring and Autumn Period more than 2,3 years ago, while the latter records that Cuju was a way to train soldiers and examine the physique of soldiers at that time ("Cuju is also a potential weapon, so it is also a way to practice samurai").
the process of confirming the origin
football is the most magical sport in the world today, and it is recognized as the largest sport in the world. According to incomplete statistics, there are about 8, teams in the world, and there are about 4 million registered athletes, including about 1, professional athletes. There are 8 million football fans around the world, with 2 billion people watching during the World Cup, and 1 million people engaged in the football industry around the world.
Football is an ancient sport with a long history. Modern football originated in Britain, from Britain to Europe, from Europe to the world-modern football has become the most popular sport in the world and the first sport in the world! Football originated from an ancient ball game "Cuju" in China, and later spread to Europe through Arabs, and developed into modern football. So, the hometown of football is China.
In July p>1958, when Dr. Havelange, former president of FIFA, came to China, he said: Football originated in China.
In p>1985, at the opening ceremony of the first "Koda Cup" World Junior Football Championship held in China, Mr. Havelange, then president of FIFA, said in his speech that football originated here and has a history of more than 2, years, which is indisputable. Blatter, then director of FIFA's technical committee, said that football originated in China and later spread to the West through war.
In p>21, FIFA President Blatter once again emphasized that "football originated in China" in the Report on the Development History of International Football, which was made at the coach training class organized by the Asian Football Association.
On March 16th, 22, Pele, the king of soccer, visited China. Entrusted by China Tourism Administration, Professor Liu Bingguo, a sports history scholar of Xuzhou Normal University, arranged a cuju performance in Han Dynasty for Mr. Bailey at the foot of the Great Wall, which aroused great interest of Mr. Bailey. On the spot, he joined the "performance" with Mr. milutinovic, the former head coach of China football team.
On February 4th, 24, jerome Champagne, Deputy Secretary-General of FIFA, officially announced at a press conference held in London: "Although many countries consider themselves as the birthplace of football, historians show with definite evidence that football originated from Cuju in China."
On May 8th of the same year, FIFA President Blatter went to Kuala Lumpur to attend the celebration of the 5th anniversary of the founding of the AFC. When he met with the delegation from China, he made it clear that after expert research, football originated from Cuju in ancient China, and awarded the symbolic trophy of "Football originated from China" to the China Football Association. At the same time, he hoped that the 24 China Asian Cup would be used to publicize this concept.
On July 15th, 24, Mr. velappan, Secretary-General of AFC, on behalf of FIFA and AFC, officially announced that China was the origin of football at the press conference held after the opening ceremony of the 3rd China International Football Expo in Beijing. At the opening ceremony in Beijing, FIFA President Blatter visited Linzi exhibition area and signed autographs for Linzi antique cuju.
On May 2th, 25, at the closing ceremony of FIFA Centennial Celebration held in Zurich, Switzerland, FIFA President Blatter presented the certificate of football origin to Linzi. Inscription by FIFA Secretary-General Uus Linz: Because my name is Linz, I am even more proud that football originated in Linzi, and thank China for creating football for the world!
Cuju-the origin of football
The origin of Cuju
Liu Xiang's Bielu in the 1st century A.D.: "Cuju was made by the Yellow Emperor, and it was a potential soldier, or it originated in the Warring States period, and the ancients thought it was a play."
According to Qi Ce of the Warring States Policy, Su Qin became Zhao Xiang, joined forces with Qi to fight against Qin, and he sent an envoy to Qi State to say to Qi Xuanwang, "... Linzi is very rich and real, and all its people are boasters, drummers, builders, pianists, cockfighters, walking dogs, six bloggers and bowlers; ..... "It can be seen from this that Cuju was widely carried out in Linzi, Qi State, 2,3 years ago in Qi Xuanwang (319 BC-31 BC).
According to Records of the Historian Biography of Su Qin, there are 7, households in Linzi City, and the people are rich and well-off. All the people take pleasure in "playing the lute, playing the piano, fighting cocks and running dogs, and bowing in six places". Collection of Records of the Historian quoted Liu Xiang as saying: "Taekwondo, the military situation is also good, so practicing samurai, knowing and having talent, is all about playing."
The prosperity of Cuju in Qi State is closely related to its prosperous economy, rich ideology and culture, advanced science and technology, and martial social habits. Most of the kings in the Qi Dynasty liked to hunt and fight for martial arts. Qi was the country that produced the most politicians, thinkers, economists, strategists and military theorists in the pre-Qin period. Qi's military science is the most developed, and it is said that "Qi's military science is the best in the world". During the period of Qi Huangong and Guanzhong, it was also a powerful country that dominated the vassals on the basis of military conquest. By the Warring States period, the army of Qi was famous for its strength in Ma Zhuang and its bravery and good fighting skills.
evolution of cuju shape
1. In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, four pieces of cuju were solid.
2. Six pieces of cuju in Han Dynasty.
Cuju in Han Dynasty was called "Mao Pill". Under Chapter 25 of Cuju in the History of Han Art and Literature, Yan Shigu, a Tang Dynasty, also explained: "Juwei is the way to do it, and it is a matter of fact, and it is also a play to step on it. ..... "
3. There were eight hollow cuju pieces and twelve hollow cuju pieces in the Tang Dynasty. Made by internal seam method.
According to the records in Cuju Manual and Cuju Atlas, the bow in the Tang Dynasty is no longer a bow in the Han Dynasty, but a balloon with a ball skin and a ball bladder.
"The bow is the word of the ball. Today, Cuju is called the ball game. In ancient times, it was tangled with hair, but today it is made of skin. Take the cell as the inside, and close your breath. "
"Eight pieces of sharp leather were made into balls, which were rubbed in the water in the fire, and a pack of idleness remained as usual, and they did not stop kicking and kicking."
The spherical shell has developed from eight sharp skins to twelve fragrant skins. The raw material is "cooked nitrate yellow leather, but the real material is lightly cut". The process is "close-laid and sewn, with no exposed corners". The weight of the ball made should be "14 Liang". Football specifications should be "broken and rounded".
the game mode of cuju
the direct confrontation between two goals
The court in Han Dynasty was called Jucheng, and the inscription of Jucheng is an inscription carved on the cornerstone of the court. There are only 12 sentences in one sentence:
The inscription of Jucheng
The player bows the square wall, which is like yin and yang.
building a long and standing flat has its own list.
be calm and don't complain.
the method of monthly balance is right, and 26 is equal.
there is no personal relationship.
Juzheng is still alive, and the situation depends on the execution of the machine.
in the Han dynasty, Cuju court was called Jucheng, surrounded by low walls, and the goal was called Jushi. It was like a small house, with six goals on each side. Twelve players played in the game, and the referee and the referee enforced the law. The physical contact between the two players was like fighting, which was the main military training project.
according to the historical data of cuju in Han dynasty, Mr. Tang Hao, a late sports historian, drew a sketch map of reviewing cuju competition in the palace of Han dynasty, which showed that Jucheng in Han dynasty was surrounded by walls, with a reviewing platform in the middle and six goals on one side. Each goal was defended by one person and the first team was attacked by six people. This map can show the basic situation of the double-goal confrontation mode in Han dynasty. However, there are also some shortcomings, such as the reviewing platform is not "left and right", the Jucheng is not square, the Jushi is not "the house is like a bird's wing", and there is a lack of referees on the court, etc., but it can still be used as a reference to understand the competition cuju in Han Dynasty.
Indirect game with single goal
In the Tang and Song Dynasties, there was indirect confrontation with the goal in the middle. The goal was set in the center of the field, and two tall bamboo poles tied a net, and a hole with a diameter of about one foot was left on the top of the net, which was called the eye of the wind. Both sides are on one side to shoot "more wins".
there is no direct physical confrontation between the clustered players. Seven players from each side play, with positive and negative referees, and the rest are on both sides. The rules of the game between the two sides are roughly like this. After the kick-off, the ball can't touch the ground, and if it touches the ground, it will lose, and if it crosses the goal, it will win. The roles and responsibilities of Cuju players on both sides are very clear. The responsibility of the ball head is to pass the ball through the eye of the goal. Other players, such as the forward grip, the vice grip, the left net, the right net and the scattered stand, all use various solutions to keep the ball off the ground and create opportunities for the ball head to pass the ball. The opposing sides are generally divided into Zuo Jun, the right army, and the number of players varies.
The game can be played in three games and five games, with one game being called "better", "slightly better" and "winning the first prize".
the game of cuju without a goal ―― beating in vain
The method of kicking in vain was also very popular in the Song Dynasty. The so-called "hundreds of feet kick, hundreds of solutions" means using the head, shoulders, back, chest, knees, legs, feet and so on to form a whole set of tricks and movements, so that "the ball will not fall all day." From competition shooting to dexterity and ball control technology. There is no need to kick the goal in a casual way, which is commonly known as "white play". White play uses no other equipment except the ball, and the venue is extremely simple. As long as a flat place is used, it is generally chosen in a quiet place. The white play kick method emphasizes tricks, attracts people's interest and is widely carried out. Kicking in vain can be played by one person alone, two people in pairs or three or more people in turn.
folk football organizations
in the song dynasty, artists who played football organized their own groups, called "round clubs", to promote cuju activities and competitions.
At that time, there was also a football organization among the people, which was called "Qiyun Club" or "Round Club".
according to the record of Cuju Pu, this club has had a certain influence in Beijing, and it is said that "if you talk about romance, there is no round club" and "everyone is in harmony, and the three brocade are the first to compete". These words are a reflection and praise for the club. People who join the club should abide by the rules of the club, such as not doing "people turn and step backwards"; Dangerous actions such as people stepping on their shoulders and stepping back. It is also stipulated that "don't kick when the wind blows, don't kick after drinking", etc., and it is proposed that attention should be paid to sports hygiene when playing football.
Cuju's clothes
It can be seen that the clothes of the players in the picture have the following characteristics.
1. In the choice of clothing, pay attention to practicality, choose a round neck robe that combines competitive sports, and tuck up the front. As shown in Li Gonglin's Five Horses Map in Song Dynasty, this kind of "robe" is tied on the right hip, which is beneficial to strenuous sports such as horseback riding and archery, can fully liberate the limbs, expand the range of activities of the limbs, match the flexibility of the limbs, and meet the needs of cuju sports.
2. In local styling design, such as "cross collar" and "group collar open and folded" are all shapes that form a "V" at the collar. Functionally speaking, the "V" shape, on the one hand, is convenient for neck movement, on the other hand, strenuous exercise should be suitable for heat dissipation.
3. In the choice of accessories, the head is wrapped in hats such as cross-legged hoes and towels, and the hair is tied tightly to prevent the hair from scattering and hindering the movement.
Cuju's recovery
In the face of the historic opportunity to demonstrate and confirm the origin of football, Zibo took the lead in using the advantages of local cultural resources to develop a series of products with extremely high historical and cultural value and strong local characteristics in Linzi, and won many national patents and trademarks. The antique Cuju was recognized and highly praised by FIFA and AFC officials including FIFA President Blatter and AFC Secretary General velappan at the 3rd Beijing International Football Expo held in July 24, which established China's Cuju as the ancestor of football and made outstanding contributions to the final confirmation of the origin of football.
In May, 25, at the closing ceremony of FIFA Centennial Celebration held in Zurich, Switzerland, FIFA received a delegation from China, the birthplace of football, with the highest standard of etiquette, in order to thank Cuju, an ancient football in China, for its great contribution to world football. Cuju became the star of the closing ceremony. Officials from FIFA and the Football Associations of five continents competed to sign autographs for this purpose. Now, the origin of football and cuju have become a dazzling business card in Linzi, Zibo and even China.