Who can introduce the Inter series and AMD series CPUs?

Intel's main CPU series models are:

Pentium

Pentium Pro

Pentium II

Pentium III

Pentium 4

Pentium 4EE

Pentium-m

Celeron

Celeron II

Celeron III

Celeron IV

Celeron D

Xeon, etc.

AMD's main CPU series models are:

K5

K6

K6-2

Duron

Athlon XP

Sempron

Athlon 64

Opteron etc.

Interface type

We know that the CPU needs to be connected to the motherboard through a certain interface in order to Do the work. After so many years of development, the interface methods adopted by CPU include pin type, card type, contact type, pin type, etc. The current CPU interfaces are all pin-type interfaces, and corresponding to the motherboard, there are corresponding slot types. Different types of CPU interfaces vary in the number of jacks, volume, and shape, so they cannot be mixed with each other.

1) Socket 775

Socket 775, also known as Socket T, is the interface corresponding to the CPU currently used in the Intel LGA775 package. Currently, this interface is used in the LGA775 package. Pentium 4, Pentium 4 EE, Celeron D and other CPUs. Unlike the previous Socket 478 interface CPU, the Socket 775 interface CPU does not have traditional pins on the bottom, but is replaced by 775 contacts, which is not a pin type but a contact type. The signal is transmitted by contacting the 775 contact pins in the corresponding Socket 775 slot. The Socket 775 interface can not only effectively improve the signal strength of the processor and increase the processor frequency, but also improve the yield rate of processor production and reduce production costs. As Socket 478 gradually fades out, Socket 775 will become the standard interface for all future Intel desktop CPUs.

2) Socket 754

Socket 754 is the CPU interface when the AMD 64-bit desktop platform was first released in September 2003. Currently, this interface is used by low-end Athlon 64 and The high-end Sempron has 754 CPU pins. As Socket 939 becomes more popular, Socket 754 will eventually fade out.

3) Socket 939

Socket 939 is a 64-bit desktop platform interface standard launched by AMD in June 2004. Currently, high-end Athlon 64 and Athlon use this interface. 64 FX with 939 CPU pins. Socket 939 processors cannot be mixed with the old Socket 940 socket. However, Socket 939 still uses the same CPU fan system mode. Therefore, fans previously used for Socket 940 and Socket 754 can also be used on Socket 939 processors.

4) Socket 940

Socket 940 is the earliest released AMD 64-bit interface standard, with 940 CPU pins. Currently, this interface is used by Opteron servers/workstations. and the original Athlon 64 FX.

With the new Athlon 64 FX switching to the Socket 939 interface, Socket 940 will become a dedicated interface for Opteron.

5) Socket 603

Socket 603 is used more professionally and is used in Intel’s high-end server/workstation platforms. The CPUs using this interface are Xeon MP and early Xeon. 603 CPU pins. CPUs with Socket 603 interface are compatible with Socket 604 slots.

6) Socket 604

Similar to Socket 603, Socket 604 is still used in Intel’s high-end server/workstation platforms. The CPUs using this interface are 533MHz and 800MHz FSB Xeon . CPUs with Socket 604 interface are not compatible with Socket 603 sockets.

7) Socket 478

The Socket 478 interface is the interface type currently used by the Pentium 4 series processors, with a pin count of 478. The Socket 478 Pentium 4 processor is small and has an extremely tight pin arrangement. Intel's Pentium 4 series and P4 Celeron series both use this interface.

8) Socket A

Socket A interface, also called Socket 462, is the current socket interface for AMD's Athlon XP and Duron processors. The Socket A interface has 462 pins and can support 133MHz FSB.

9) Socket 423

The Socket 423 slot is the standard interface of the original Pentium 4 processor. The appearance of Socket 423 is similar to the previous Socket type slots, and the corresponding CPU The pin count is 423. Socket 423 slots are mostly based on Intel 850 chipset motherboards and support Pentium 4 processors from 1.3GHz to 1.8GHz. However, with the popularity of DDR memory, Intel developed the i845 chipset that supports SDRAM and DDR memory. The CPU socket was also changed to Socket 478, and the Socket 423 interface disappeared.

10) Socket 370

Socket 370 architecture was developed by Intel to replace the SLOT architecture. It looks very similar to Socket 7. It also uses a zero-plug force slot. The corresponding CPU is 370 stitches. Intel's famous "Copper Mine" and "Tualatin" series CPUs use this interface.

11) SLOT 1

SLOT 1 is a CPU interface developed by Intel to replace Socket 7 and patented. In this way, other manufacturers cannot produce products with SLOT 1 interface. The CPU with the SLOT1 interface is no longer the familiar square shape, but has become a flat rectangular parallelepiped, and the interface has also become a golden finger instead of a pin.

SLOT 1 is a slot designed by Intel for the Pentium Ⅱ series CPU. It integrates the Pentium Ⅱ CPU and its related control circuits and secondary cache on a daughter card. Most Slot 1 motherboards use 100MHz FSB. The technical structure of SLOT 1 is relatively advanced and can provide greater internal transmission bandwidth and CPU performance. This type of interface has been eliminated, and there are no products with this type of interface on the market.

12) SLOT 2

SLOT 2 is more professional and is used in high-end servers and graphics workstation systems. The CPU used is also the expensive Xeon series.

Slot 2 has many differences compared to Slot 1. First, Slot 2 is longer and the CPU itself is larger. Secondly, Slot 2 is capable of higher-demand multi-purpose computing processing, which is the key to entering the high-end enterprise computing market. In the standard server design at the time, general manufacturers could only use two Pentium II processors in the system at the same time. With the Slot 2 design, 8 processors could be used in one server at the same time. Moreover, Pentium II CPUs with Slot 2 interface used the most advanced 0.25 micron manufacturing process at the time. Motherboard chipsets that support the SLOT 2 interface are 440GX and 450NX.

13) SLOT A

The SLOT A interface is similar to Intel's SLOT 1 interface and is used by AMD's K7 Athlon. In terms of technology and performance, SLOT A motherboard is fully compatible with various original peripheral expansion card devices. It does not use Intel's P6 GTL+ bus protocol, but Digital's Alpha bus protocol EV6. The EV6 architecture is a more advanced architecture that uses a point-to-point topology with multi-threaded processing and supports a bus frequency of 200MHz.

Core Type

Core (Die), also known as the kernel, is the most important component of the CPU. The bulging chip in the center of the CPU is the core, which is made of monocrystalline silicon using a certain production process. All calculations, acceptance/storage commands, and data processing of the CPU are performed by the core. Various CPU cores have fixed logical structures, and logical units such as first-level cache, second-level cache, execution unit, instruction-level unit, and bus interface will all have a scientific layout.

In order to facilitate the management of CPU design, production, and sales, CPU manufacturers will give corresponding code names to various CPU cores, which are also the so-called CPU core types.

Different CPUs (different series or the same series) will have different core types (such as Pentium 4's Northwood, Willamette, K6-2's CXT and K6-2+'s ST-50, etc.), Even the same core will have different versions (for example, the Northwood core is divided into B0 and C1 versions). The changes in the core version are to correct some errors in the previous version and improve certain performance. These changes, Ordinary consumers rarely pay attention. Each core type has its corresponding manufacturing process (such as 0.25um, 0.18um, 0.13um and 0.09um, etc.), core area (this is a key factor in determining the cost of the CPU, and the cost is basically proportional to the core area), Core voltage, current, number of transistors, size of cache at all levels, main frequency range, pipeline architecture and supported instruction set (these two points are key factors that determine the actual performance and efficiency of the CPU), power consumption and heat generation , packaging method (such as S.E.P, PGA, FC-PGA, FC-PGA2, etc.), interface type (such as Socket 370, Socket A, Socket 478, Socket T, Slot 1, Socket 940, etc.), front-side bus frequency (FSB )etc. Therefore, the core type determines the performance of the CPU to some extent.

Generally speaking, new core types often have better performance than old core types (for example, the Northwood core Pentium 4 1.8A GHz at the same frequency has better performance than the Willamette core Pentium 4 1.8 GHz) be higher). But this is not absolute. This situation usually occurs when a new core type is just launched. Due to imperfect technology or immature new architecture and manufacturing processes, the performance of the new core type may not be as good as that of the old core type.

For example, the actual performance of the early Pentium 4 with the Willamette core Socket 423 interface is not as good as the Tualatin core Pentium III and Celeron with the Socket 370 interface. The actual performance of the current low-frequency Prescott core Pentium 4 is not as good as the Northwood core Pentium 4 with the same frequency, etc. . However, as technology advances and CPU manufacturers continue to improve and perfect the new core, the performance of the new core's mid- to late-stage products will inevitably surpass that of the old core products.

The development direction of the CPU core is lower voltage, lower power consumption, more advanced manufacturing processes, integrating more transistors, and smaller core area (this will reduce the production cost of the CPU thus ultimately lowering the selling price of the CPU), more advanced pipeline architecture and more instruction sets, higher front-side bus frequencies, integrating more functions (such as integrated memory controllers, etc.) and dual and multi-core (That is, a CPU has 2 or more cores inside) etc. The most significant advancement in CPU cores for ordinary consumers is that they can buy CPUs with stronger performance at lower prices.

In the long history of CPU, there are many and complicated CPU core types. The following is an introduction to the mainstream core types of Intel CPU and AMD CPU respectively. Introduction to mainstream core types (only for desktop CPUs, excluding notebook CPUs and server/workstation CPUs, and excluding older core types).

(1) Core types of Intel CPU

1) Tualatin

This is the famous "Tualatin" core, which is Intel's Socket 370 architecture The last kind of CPU core adopts 0.13um manufacturing process, the packaging method is FC-PGA2 and PPGA, the core voltage is also reduced to about 1.5V, the main frequency range is from 1GHz to 1.4GHz, and the external frequency is 100MHz (Celeron) and 133MHz (Pentium III), secondary cache is 512KB (Pentium III-S) and 256KB (Pentium III and Celeron). This is the strongest Socket 370 core, and its performance even exceeds the early low-frequency Pentium 4 series CPUs.

2) Willamette

This is the core used by the early Pentium 4 and P4 Celeron. It initially used the Socket 423 interface and later switched to the Socket 478 interface (Celeron only has 1.7GHz and 1.8GHz, both are Socket 478 interfaces), using 0.18um manufacturing process, the front-side bus frequency is 400MHz, the main frequency range is from 1.3GHz to 2.0GHz (Socket 423) and 1.6GHz to 2.0GHz (Socket 478), secondary The caches are 256KB (Pentium 4) and 128KB (Celeron) respectively. Note that there are also some models of Pentium 4 with Socket 423 interface that do not have L2 cache! The core voltage is about 1.75V, and the packaging method uses Socket 423's PPGA INT2, PPGA INT3, OOI 423-pin, PPGA FC-PGA2 and Socket 478's PPGA FC-PGA2, and the PPGA used by Celeron, etc. The Willamette core has backward manufacturing technology, high heat generation and low performance. It has been eliminated and replaced by the Northwood core.

3) Northwood

This is the core used by the current mainstream Pentium 4 and Celeron. The biggest improvement between it and the Willamette core is that it uses a 0.13um manufacturing process, and both Using Socket 478 interface, the core voltage is about 1.5V, the secondary cache is 128KB (Celeron) and 512KB (Pentium 4), the front-side bus frequency is 400/533/800MHz (Celeron is only 400MHz), the main frequency range is respectively 2.0GHz to 2.8GHz (Celeron), 1.6GHz to 2.6GHz (400MHz FSB Pentium 4), 2.26GHz to 3.06GHz (533MHz FSB Pentium 4) and 2.4GHz to 3.4GHz (800MHz FSB Pentium 4), and 3.06GHz Pentium 4 and all 800MHz Pentium 4 support Hyper-Threading Technology, and the packaging method uses PPGA FC-PGA2 and PPGA. According to Intel's plan, the Northwood core will soon be replaced by the Prescott core.

4) Prescott

This is Intel's new CPU core. It was first used on Pentium 4. Now low-end Celeron D also uses this core extensively. It is the same as Northwood's largest CPU core. The difference is that it uses a 0.09um manufacturing process and more pipeline structures. It initially uses Socket 478 interface, and will all switch to LGA 775 interface in the future. The core voltage is 1.25-1.525V, the front-end bus frequency is 533MHz (does not support hyper-threading technology) and 800MHz (supports Hyper-Threading Technology), with main frequencies of 2.4GHz and 2.8GHz for 533MHz FSB and 2.8GHz, 3.0GHz, 3.2GHz and 3.4GHz for 800MHz FSB. Compared with Northwood, its L1 cache has been increased from 8KB to 16KB, while its L2 cache has been increased from 512KB to 1MB, and the packaging method uses PPGA. According to Intel's plan, the Prescott core will soon replace the Northwood core, and the Prescott core 533MHz FSB Celeron will soon be launched.

5) Prescott 2M

Prescott 2M is the core used by Intel on desktop computers. Unlike Prescott, Prescott 2M supports EM64T technology, which means that it can use more than 4G of memory and is 64-bit CPU, this is Intel's first desktop CPU using 64-bit technology.

Prescott 2M core, using 90nm manufacturing process, integrated 2M L2 cache, 800 or 1066MHz front-side bus. For now, P4’s 6-series and P4EE CPUs use the Prescott 2M core. The performance of Prescott 2M itself is not particularly outstanding, but due to the integration of a large-capacity second-level cache and the use of higher frequencies, performance is still improved. In addition, the Prescott 2M core supports Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology (EIST). This technology is exactly the same as the energy-saving mechanism in Intel's mobile processors. It allows the Pentium 4 6 series processors to reduce their operating frequency during low loads, thus significantly reducing their operating heat and power consumption during operation.

(2) Core types of AMD CPU

1) Core types of Athlon XP

Athlon XP has 4 different core types, but all have * **Differences: Both use Socket A interface, and both are marked with PR nominal value.

2) Palomino

This is the core of the earliest Athlon XP, using 0.18um manufacturing process, the core voltage is about 1.75V, the second level cache is 256KB, and the packaging method is OPGA. The front-side bus frequency is 266MHz.

3) Thoroughbred

This is the first Athlon XP core using 0.13um manufacturing process. It is divided into two versions: Thoroughbred-A and Thoroughbred-B. The core voltage is 1.65V. -1.75V or so, the secondary cache is 256KB, the packaging method is OPGA, and the front-side bus frequencies are 266MHz and 333MHz.

4) Thorton

Using a 0.13um manufacturing process, the core voltage is about 1.65V, the secondary cache is 256KB, the packaging method is OPGA, and the front-side bus frequency is 333MHz. Think of it as Barton with half of the L2 cache blocked.

5) Barton

Using a 0.13um manufacturing process, the core voltage is about 1.65V, the secondary cache is 512KB, the packaging method uses OPGA, and the front-side bus frequencies are 333MHz and 400MHz.

(3) Core type of new Duron

AppleBred

Using 0.13um manufacturing process, core voltage is about 1.5V, L2 cache is 64KB, packaging method Using OPGA, the front-side bus frequency is 266MHz. It is not marked with PR nominal value, but is marked with actual frequency, including 1.4GHz, 1.6GHz and 1.8GHz.

(4) Core types of Athlon 64 series CPUs

1) Sledgehammer

Sledgehammer is the core of AMD server CPU and is a 64-bit CPU, generally 940 interface, using 0.13 micron process. Sledgehammer is powerful and integrates three HyperTransprot buses. The core uses a 12-stage pipeline, 128K first-level cache, and integrated 1M second-level cache. It can be used in single-channel to 8-channel CPU servers. The Sledgehammer integrated memory controller has smaller latency than the traditional memory controller located on the north bridge and supports dual-channel DDR memory. Since it is a server CPU, it of course supports ECC verification.

2) Clawhammer

Using 0.13um manufacturing process, the core voltage is about 1.5V, the second level cache is 1MB, the packaging method is mPGA, uses the Hyper Transport bus, and has a built-in 128bit memory controller. Adopts Socket 754, Socket 940 and Socket 939 interfaces.

3) Newcastle

The main difference between Newcastle and Clawhammer is that the second-level cache is reduced to 512KB (this is also the relatively low level adopted by AMD in order to meet market needs and accelerate the promotion of 64-bit CPUs. (the result of price policy), other performances are basically the same.

4) Wincheste

Wincheste is a relatively new AMD Athlon 64 CPU core, a 64-bit CPU, generally a 939 interface, and a 0.09 micron manufacturing process.

This core uses 200MHz FSB, supports 1GHyperTransprot bus, 512K L2 cache, and has good cost performance. Wincheste integrates a dual-channel memory controller and supports dual-channel DDR memory. Due to the use of a new process, Wincheste generates less heat than the old Athlon and its performance is also improved.

5) Troy

Troy is AMD's first Opteron core using the 90nm manufacturing process. The Troy core is based on Sledgehammer and adds a number of new technologies. It is usually 940 pins and has 128K L1 cache and 1MB (1024 KB) L2 cache. It also uses a 200MHz FSB, supports 1GHyperTransprot bus, integrates a memory controller, supports dual-channel DDR 400 memory, and can support ECC memory. In addition, the Troy core also provides support for SSE-3, the same as Intel's Xeon. Overall, Troy is a good CPU core.

6) Venice

The Venice core evolved on the basis of the Wincheste core. Its technical parameters are basically the same as Wincheste: it is also based on the X86-64 architecture and integrates dual-channel memory control. processor, 512KB L2 cache, 90nm manufacturing process, 200MHz FSB, and supports 1GHyperTransprot bus. There are three main changes in Venice: First, it uses Dual Stress Liner (DSL) technology, which can increase the response speed of semiconductor transistors by 24%, so that the CPU has a larger frequency space and is easier to overclock; second, it provides support for SSE -3 support is the same as Intel's CPU; the third is to further improve the memory controller, increase the performance of the processor to a certain extent, and more importantly, increase the compatibility of the memory controller with different DIMM modules and different configurations. In addition, the Venice core also uses dynamic voltages, and different CPUs may have different voltages.

7) SanDiego

SanDiego core is the same as Venice. It is evolved on the basis of Wincheste core. Its technical parameters are very close to Venice. Venice has new technologies and new functions. , the same as the SanDiego core. But AMD is positioning the SanDiego core above its top-tier Athlon 64 processors, even in server CPUs. SanDiego can be regarded as an advanced version of the Venice core, except that the cache capacity is increased from 512KB to 1MB. Of course, due to the increase in L2 cache, the core size of the SanDiego core has also increased, from 84 square millimeters on the Venice core to 115 square millimeters, and of course the price is higher.

(5) Core types of Sempron series CPUs

1) Paris

The Paris core is the successor of the Barton core and is mainly used in AMD's Sempron , the early 754 interface Sempron part used the Paris core. Paris uses a 90nm manufacturing process and supports the iSSE2 instruction set, generally 256K L2 cache and 200MHz FSB. The Paris core is a 32-bit CPU derived from the K8 core, so it also has a memory control unit. The main advantage of the CPU's built-in memory controller is that the memory controller can run at the CPU frequency and has less latency than the memory controller traditionally located on the north bridge. Sempron using Paris core has significantly improved performance compared to Socket A interface Sempron CPU.

2) Palermo

Palermo core is currently mainly used in AMD's Sempron CPU, using Socket 754 interface, 90nm manufacturing process, voltage around 1.4V, 200MHz FSB, 128K or 256K Level 2 cache. The Palermo core is derived from K8's Wincheste core, but is 32-bit. In addition to having the same internal architecture as AMD's high-end processors, it also has AMD's unique technologies such as EVP, Cool'n'Quiet; and HyperTransport, bringing users an excellent processor that is cooler and has higher computing power. . Since it was born out of the ATHLON 64 processor, Palermo also has a memory control unit. The main advantage of the CPU's built-in memory controller is that the memory controller can run at the CPU frequency and has less latency than the memory controller traditionally located on the north bridge.

(6) Dual-core type

Before 2005, the main frequency has always been the focus of competition between the two major processor giants Intel and AMD. Moreover, the processor frequency has also reached one peak after another, driven by Intel and AMD. While the main frequency of the processor is increasing, it is also found that under the current situation, the increase of the main frequency alone can no longer bring obvious benefits to the improvement of the overall performance of the system, and the high main frequency brings huge problems to the processor. Calories. What's even more disadvantageous is that Intel and AMD are already somewhat unable to increase the frequency of processors. Under this circumstance, both Intel and AMD have set their sights on the development direction of multi-core. Without large-scale development, it is undoubtedly a wise choice to develop existing products into multi-core processor systems with more powerful theoretical performance.

A dual-core processor is a processor based on a single semiconductor that has two processor cores with the same function, that is, two physical processor cores are integrated into one core. In fact, the dual-core architecture is not a new technology, but dual-core processors have been a server patent before, and now they have begun to become popular.

1) Introduction to Intel’s dual-core processors

The dual-core processors currently launched by Intel include Pentium D and Pentium Extreme Edition, and the 945/955 chipset is also launched to support the new The two newly launched dual-core processors, produced using the 90nm process, use the LGA 775 interface without pins, but the number of chip capacitors at the bottom of the processor has increased and the arrangement is different. .

Figure 18

The core processor of the desktop platform, code-named Smithfield, is officially named the Pentium D processor. In addition to getting rid of Arabic numerals and using English letters to represent this generational change of dual-core processors, the letter D is also more reminiscent of the meaning of Dual-Core.

Figure 19: Dual-core Pentium D processor after removing the casing

Figure 20: Internal diagram of the dual-core architecture

Intel’s dual-core architecture is more like A dual-CPU platform, the Pentium D processor continues to be produced using the Prescott architecture and 90nm production technology. The Pentium D core is actually composed of two independent Prescott cores. Each core has an independent 1MB L2 cache and execution unit. The two cores add up to a total of 2MB. However, since the two cores in the processor have independent caches, it is necessary to ensure that the information in each second-level cache is completely consistent, otherwise operation errors will occur.

Figure 21 MCH coordinates the mutual calls between the two cores

In order to solve this problem, Intel handed over the coordination work between the two cores to the external MCH (Northbridge )chip.

Although the data transmission and storage between caches is not huge, due to the need for coordination and processing through the external MCH chip, there is no doubt that it will bring a certain delay to the entire processing speed, thus affecting the overall performance of the processor. .

Due to the Prescott core, Pentium D also supports EM64T technology and XD bit security technology. It is worth mentioning that Pentium D processors will not support Hyper-Threading technology. The reason is obvious: correctly allocating data flows and balancing computing tasks among multiple physical processors and multiple logical processors is not easy. For example, if the application requires two computing threads, obviously each thread corresponds to a physical core, but what if there are 3 computing threads? Therefore, in order to reduce the complexity of the dual-core Pentium D architecture, Intel decided to cancel support for Hyper-Threading technology in Pentium D targeted at the mainstream market.

Both are made by Intel, and the difference in the names of the two dual-core processors Pentium D and Pentium Extreme Edition also indicates that the specifications of the two processors are also different. Among them, the biggest difference between them is the support for Hyper-Threading technology. The Pentium D cannot support Hyper-Threading Technology, while the Pentium Extreme Edition has no such limitation. With Hyper-Threading technology turned on, the dual-core Pentium Extreme Edition processor can emulate two additional logical processors and can be recognized by the system as a quad-core system.

2) Introduction to AMD’s dual-core processors

The dual-core processors launched by AMD are the dual-core Opteron series and the new Athlon 64 X2 series processors. Among them, Athlon 64 X2 is a desktop dual-core processor series designed to compete with Pentium D and Pentium Extreme Edition.

Figure 22

AMD’s Athlon 64 X2 is a combination of the Venice cores used on two Athlon 64 processors. Each core has an independent 512KB (1MB) L2 Cache and execution unit. Apart from one more core, there are no major architectural changes compared to the current Athlon 64.

Figure 23 Comparison between Athlon 64 X2 (left) and ordinary Athlon 64

Most of the specifications and functions of the dual-core Athlon 64 X2 are no different from the familiar Athlon 64 architecture. , that is to say, the newly launched Athlon 64 X2 dual-core processor still supports the 1GHz HyperTransport bus and has a built-in DDR memory controller that supports dual-channel settings.

Unlike Intel dual-core processors, the two cores of the Athlon 64 X2 do not need to coordinate with each other through the MCH. AMD provides a technology called System Request Queue inside the Athlon 64 X2 dual-core processor. When working, each core places its request in SRQ. After obtaining the resource, the request Will be sent to the corresponding execution core. In other words, all processing is completed within the scope of the CPU core and does not require the use of external devices.

Figure 24 AMD Athlon 64 X2 internal schematic

For dual-core architecture, AMD’s approach is to integrate the two cores into the same silicon core, while Intel’s dual-core The processing method is more like simply bringing the two cores together. Compared to Intel's dual-core architecture, AMD dual-core processor systems do not suffer from transmission bottlenecks between the two cores.

Therefore, in this respect, the Athlon 64 X2 architecture is significantly better than the Pentium D architecture.

Although AMD does not have to worry about power consumption and heat generation such as the Prescott core compared to Intel, it still needs to consider ways to reduce power consumption for dual-core processors. For this reason, AMD did not adopt the method of lowering the main frequency. Instead, it adopted the so-called Dual Stress Liner strained silicon technology in its Athlon 64 X2 processor produced using the 90nm process. Used in conjunction with SOI technology, it can produce a processor with higher performance higher, lower power consumption transistors.

The most affordable benefit that the Athlon 64 X2 processor launched by AMD brings to users is that they can use the newly launched dual-core processor without changing the platform. Just upgrade the BIOS of the old motherboard. . Compared with Intel's dual-core processors, which must be replaced by new platforms to support them, upgrading dual-core systems will save a lot of money.

Front-side bus

A bus is a set of transmission lines that transmit information from one or more source components to one or more destination components. In layman's terms,