Three independent companies merged to form CTR Company, namely: List Machine Company (1896 was established in Washington), Calculation Table Company (190 1 was established in Dayton, Ohio) and International Times Records Company (1900 was established in endicott, new york). At that time, the president and founder of List Machine Company was herman hollerith. The key figure behind the merger is the financier Charles Flint, who called the founders of the three companies to propose the merger and worked in CRT until 1930 retired. Thomas. J. Watson is the founder of IBM. 19 14 years as general manager of CTR, 19 15 years as president. 19 17, CTR entered the Canadian market as an international business machine company. 1924.2. 14 was renamed International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). The company was merged into CTR to manufacture various products, including employee timing systems, scales, automatic meat cutters, and most importantly, to develop computers and punching equipment. For a while, CTR concentrated on punching in and stopped taking part in other activities. 2. During World War II, 200 1. Writer Edwin Black published "IBM and the Holocaust" (ISBN0609808990), which claimed to explain how IBM's new york headquarters and CEO Thomas J. Watson provided punch cards machines to the Third Reich through overseas subsidiaries, and their machines could help the Nazis implement the "final solution". According to the book, with the cooperation of new york, the Geneva offices of IBM, De Homagk and Siemens actively participated in supporting Nazi atrocities. Blake also said that these machines made the Nazis more efficient. In 2003, the company's documentary also discussed this issue. IBM rejected these allegations, and lawsuits based on these allegations were also rejected. During World War II, IBM produced M 1 carbine and Browning automatic rifle. Allied forces widely use IBM equipment for military calculation, logistics and other military supplies. When Manhattan planned to develop an atomic bomb head, IBM punch cards were widely used in Los Alamos for calculation. Richard feynman described this point in his best-selling book "Are you kidding, Mr. Feynman?". During the war, IBM also built Harvard Mark I for the Navy, which was the first large-scale automatic digital computer in the United States. 3. In 1950s, IBM became the main contractor for computer development of automatic defense system of the US Air Force. Only when IBM began to copy the anti-aircraft gun system did it come into contact with the key research conducted by MIT; This work is about the first generation of real-time and digital computers (including many other advanced computers such as integrated video display, core experience inheritance, light gun, the first effective algebraic computer language, analog-digital and digital-analog conversion technology, digital data transmission telephone line, duplex, multiprocessor and network). IBM has manufactured 56 intelligent computers at the price of 10000 yuan each, and invested more than 7000 employees (accounting for 20% of the total employees) in the peak project. IBM neglected to strive for more dominant emerging industries, which led Rand to take over the design of new computers, because according to a project participant (Robert Craig), "We can't imagine that the work in this field will disappear in the future. Where can we attract 2,000 programmers to do this work at IBM?" . IBM will use its huge design experience to combine real-time network design with the start-up of Wise Airlines booking system, and achieve great success. 4. In 1960s, IBM was the largest of eight computer companies (UNIVAC, City Life, Scientific Data System, Control Data Company, General Electric Company, American Radio Company and Honeywell). Speaking of this, people will say "IBM and Seven Stars". Because other companies or their computer departments are very small, only Urban Life, UNIVAC, NCR and Honeywell produce mainframes, and then some people say that "IBM and B.U.N.C.H" Now most of IBM's competitors have long since disappeared, except Unisys. This is because many mergers, including UNIVAC and City Life, NCR and Honeywell, abandoned general mainframes and small departments and focused on profitable product markets. NCR is a cash register (hence the name National Cash Register) and Honeywell has become a market-oriented thermostat. General electric company is still the largest company in the world. But it doesn't work in the computer market. At that time, IBM computer series won the market position, and it is still growing. It was originally called IBM System/360, a more modern 64-bit form, and now it is called IBM-based system (usually called "IBM mainframe"). In the mid-1960s, the success of IBM led the US Department of Justice to investigate IBM's antitrust violations.
IBM in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of new york. According to the lawsuit, IBM violated Article 2 of the Sherman Act by monopolizing or trying to monopolize the market of general digital electronic computer systems, especially computers with commercial designs. The lawsuit lasted until 1983, which had a great impact on the company's practice. IBM introduced the world's first personal computer, 198 1. 12 On August 2nd, International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), headquartered in Armonk, new york, USA, IBM 5150 looked like a beige "big box" with a price of 1565 USD and only 16K bytes in memory. It can use cassette tapes to download and store data, and it can also be equipped with a 5.25-inch software disk drive. The invention of computers makes the relationship between reading be constructed more accurately in the world composed of computers and networks, and the languages here have clear levels: from machine language and assembly language equivalent to infrastructure to "object-oriented" advanced language to meet specific needs ... they "wrote" an orderly world for the second time. It should be the highest achievement of human efforts to play God so far. Different from God's world, in this world, people can clearly know the origin of every creation, but in God's world, our understanding of the language it uses is extremely limited. Today's programmers are all writers in the past, with few readers and bosom friends, but Confucius and Mencius were not much better in their time. Behind Saint Kong, all China people have become his users, and the programmers are still alive, and the whole world has become their users. In the world of machine compilation, imaginative reading has become redundant, because the world is concrete and clear enough, and the logic of existence is no different from that of the "real world"-it requires readers to take action in it. After the 1990s, 1993 65438+ 10/9, IBM announced a loss of $4.97 billion in the fiscal year of 1992, which was the biggest annual loss of the company in American history at that time. Because of this loss, IBM's business activities have undergone major changes, and the focus will shift from hardware to software and services. On March 9th, 20001,IBM, Sony and Toshiba reached an agreement to develop a processor for the next generation game console. International business machines Corp.
In 2002, IBM strengthened its consulting ability by acquiring PricewaterhouseCoopers, a professional consulting service company. The company pays more and more attention to promoting enterprises to solve consulting, services and software, and focuses on hardware and high-value chip technology. By 2005, there will be about 195 professional and technical personnel. There are about 350 outstanding engineers, 60 IBM researchers and a large number of senior engineers. In 2002, IBM announced the launch of a 1000 billion research plan. And realize the necessary technical infrastructure to provide the super resources that "require" all enterprises to use effectively. Since then, the plan has been implemented. In recent years, IBM has continuously increased its patent portfolio, which is a valuable cross-licensing with other companies. From 1993 to 2005, IBM obtained more American patents than other companies every year. The period has exceeded 3 1. 000 patents, IBM is the first person. Protecting the company's intellectual property rights has gradually become the business of enterprises, during which the company created a bottom line of 654.38+0 billion US dollars. In 2003, Fortune magazine quoted Paul, the research director of IBM, as saying that IBM brought 1 billion dollars in profits through intellectual property licensing. In 2004, IBM announced that it would sell its personal computer business to Lenovo Group, a computer manufacturer in China. Lenovo is partly controlled by the China Municipal Government. The transaction was completed with $650 million in cash and $600 million in Lenovo stock. The Trade Commission approved foreign investment in March 2005 and completed it in May 2005. IBM owns 65,438+09% of Lenovo's shares and is headquartered in New York State. The company will reserve the right to use certain brands of IBM. Notebooks have become the most successful products of IBM by purchasing and inheriting Lenovo's product line, including Thinkpad notebooks. On February 8, 2005, the "Cell”CPU architecture jointly developed by IBM, Sony and Toshiba came out. Recently, from the perspective of hardware technology, IBM has focused most of its efforts on providing consulting and purchasing enterprise restructuring services. In the process of consulting, software and technical services, the new IBM has enhanced its global distribution capability, which is very powerful. On June 20th, 2006, Georgia and IBM*** announced a new technology, which recorded that the speed of silicon-based chips reached 500GHz. This is achieved by freezing the chip to F-45 1℃(-268.0C), rather than the CPU speed. At room temperature, the working frequency of the chip is about 350GHz. IBM is a long-term leader in the computer industry and has become the IBMpc in mainframe/minicomputer and ThinkPad.
The most striking. The personal computer (PC) standard it founded is still in use and development. On February 8, 2004, 65438 sold its PC division to Lenovo for $ 1.75 billion, and held shares in Lenovo. IBM has also made great achievements in materials, chemistry, physics and other scientific fields. Hard disk technology was invented by IBM, and scanning tunneling microscope (STM), copper wire technology and atomic etching technology were also invented by IBM Research Institute. In 2003, IBM earned $896,543.8 billion and had 230,000 full-time employees. IBM China includes CSDL of IBM China Software Development Center and CRL of China Research Center. In 2004, we cooperated with Hong Kong Cultural Communication Group to promote China CPU cash register. On February 8th of the same year, 65,438, Lenovo Group, which accounts for nearly one-third of the personal computer market in China, announced that it would acquire IBM's global desktop and notebook computer production and sales business for125 billion dollars in cash and stock. In 2005, the desktop computer and notebook computer business were sold to China IT enterprise Lenovo Group, and Lenovo will still use the IBM brand in five years. ThinkPad and ThinkCentre brands are owned by Lenovo Group. IBM's "Smart Earth" plan is the core of IBM's strategic development in the next decade. IBM invests 6 billion dollars in R&D every year, half of which is used for the "Smart Earth" project. "Smart Earth" strategy was put on the agenda on June 28th, 2009. On the same day, American business leaders held a round-table meeting, and IBMCEO Xiang Peng and US President Barack Obama threw out this idea. The strategy is roughly defined as: embedding and equipping sensors into various physical objects such as power grids, railways, buildings, dams, oil and gas pipelines, and then integrating them through supercomputers and cloud computing to realize the integration of society and the physical world. On this basis, human beings can manage production and life more subtly and dynamically, achieve a "smart" state, improve resource utilization and productivity, and improve the relationship between man and nature. In 2006, IBM became the enterprise with the largest number of patents in the United States for 14 years in a row, and set a new record with 362 1 patents (excluding 30 patents jointly obtained with other entities). IBM spends about $6 billion on R&D every year, and the income directly from intellectual property is about 1 100 million. But intellectual property rights alone are not enough. It is equally important to establish a system that supports, respects and protects intellectual property rights. We are an enterprise composed of creative employees, and we are not alone. Although IBM is one of the largest enterprises in the world, many of our partners, suppliers and customers are small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and some of them are talented freelancers. The patent system must serve every inventor. Based on this principle, on June 5438+ 10, 2007, IBM announced that it would establish an inventor forum, which is an online exchange platform for small and medium-sized enterprises to express their views on the patent system and its reform achievements (such as improving patent quality). According to the statistics of the American Small Business Administration, the number of patents obtained by small enterprises per capita is nearly 15 times that of large enterprises. However, unlike large enterprises, small enterprises lack channels and resources to effectively participate in the construction of patent system. Small and medium-sized enterprises can't master the rules and procedures of obtaining patents, maintaining ownership and transforming patents into marketable products and services. John E. Kelly III, IBM's senior vice president in charge of technology and intellectual property, believes that the purpose of establishing an "Inventor Forum" is to "let the most representative inventors in many invention groups put forward new ideas on patent reform, such as how they can participate in the patent system or how they can help solve the challenges facing the current patent system." In 2006, IBM established a global community and invited experts from all over the world in the fields of law, academics, economics, management, science and technology to discuss issues, clarify the main features of a fully functional intellectual property (IP) market, and draw a blueprint for achieving fruitful reforms. In the past two months, this expert group has discussed the most important issues related to intellectual property rights through a special wiki, sometimes reaching agreement and sometimes seeking common ground while reserving differences. The research results of this project are included in the report "Creating a New Intellectual Property Market", which describes in detail the principle formulated by the expert group on the creation, possession and equivalent exchange of intellectual property rights in the global knowledge economy environment: inventors should submit high-quality patent applications for novel and non-obvious inventions in a certain field. Patent ownership should be clearly stated. Market participants should be self-disciplined. The value of intellectual property rights should be determined fairly according to the latest situation in the open market. Market infrastructure should flexibly support different forms of innovation. A preliminary agreement with practical significance should be reached on the above matters on a global scale. 20 1 1 10 In June, IBM successfully acquired Algorithmics and became an important member of IBM Software Group. Algorithmics is a leading provider of enterprise risk solutions. Financial institutions all over the world use Algorithmics software, analysis and consulting services to help them make business decisions that consider risks, maximize shareholder returns and meet regulatory requirements. The risk experts of the Algorithmics global support team are located in all major financial centers, providing mature and award-winning solutions for market risk, credit risk, operational risk, collateral and capital management. The acquisition of Algorithmics is part of IBM's plan to improve its analytical ability in the financial services industry, which is in line with IBM's strategy of promoting long-term growth by improving business analysis and optimizing software business.