Overview of international trade
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International trade is the exchange of goods and services between different countries (and/or regions) in international trade. International trade is the international transfer of goods and services. International trade, also known as the World Trade Organization.
International trade includes two parts (import and export trade) import and export (export trade), sometimes called import and export trade.
Look at international trade and foreign trade (foreign trade) from a country's perspective.
International trade, international trade is produced and developed under certain historical conditions. Two basic conditions for forming international trade:
(1) the development of social productive forces;
(2) formation.
Surplus commodities for exchange, exchange projects between these surplus countries, the development of international trade, and social productivity.
3. International trade and foreign trade
Foreign trade is the difference between the exchange of goods, technologies and services of a country (or region) and the activities of other countries (or regions). Therefore, designating a specific country refers to foreign trade. As an island country of China's foreign trade, such as the United States, Britain and Japan, it is also called foreign trade of overseas trade.
Edit this paragraph] Classification of international trade Direction of goods movement International trade can be divided into
1, import trade (import and export trade): foreign goods or services enter the country's market.
2. export trade: exporting one's own goods or services in foreign markets.
3. entrepot trade (entrepot trade): The market of country A transports goods within the territory of country C through countries B and C..
Transit trade. Obstacles to transit trade, international trade, WTO members can not engage in transit trade with each other.
1, which can be divided into tangible trade (tangible trade): physical goods, international trade forms of import and export goods.
Invisible trade: the import and export of technologies and services without physical form. For example, the import and export of machinery, equipment, furniture and other commodities is physically called visible trade. Patent transfer, tourism, finance, insurance, enterprises and cross-border services are all goods without physical form, and their import and export are called intangible trade.
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In international trade, the trade relationship between producing countries and consuming countries can be divided into direct trade and direct trade: it refers to the behavior of commodity producing countries and commodity consuming countries trading commodities through a third country. The exporting country is called direct export, and the importing country imports directly.
2. indirect trade (entrepot trade and re-export): refers to the behavior of commodity producers and commodity consumers buying and selling commodities through a third country, which is called indirect export of producer indirect trade, indirect import of consumers, re-export of third countries and re-export of third countries.
For example, there are some opportunities after the war in Iraq, but the risks are also great. Some enterprises are exporting goods to Iraq. The first batch of goods are mostly sold to Iraq's neighboring countries, and then exported to Iraq, Iraq's neighboring countries.
[Edit this paragraph] The main features of international trade
International trade in goods is the scope of commodity exchange, which is essentially the same as domestic trade, just because it is in different countries or regions. Compared with domestic trade, it has the following characteristics:
1。 The differences of goods involved in international trade in different countries or regions may have different policies and measures, legal systems and conflicts, as well as language and culture, social customs, and domestic trade involving more complicated issues.
2。 Generally, in the international trade of goods with high transaction volume and amount, the transportation distance can be satisfied for a long time, so the risks of both parties are greater than those of domestic trade.
3。 Commodities in international trade are influenced by changes in bilateral relations and political and economic changes in the international situation under the conditions of both parties to the transaction.
4。 In the international trade of goods, besides bilateral trade, the processes of cooperation, transportation, insurance, banking, commodity inspection and customs in domestic trade are much more complicated.
Here are some comparisons between international trade and domestic trade. International trade and domestic trade are not only the same, but also very different. International trade is more complicated than domestic trade.
* * * Gay international trade and domestic trade.
1, social reproduction has the same status;
2. Exercise of goods;
3. The same basic function affects and restricts the laws of commodity economy.
Second, international trade and domestic trade.
1, national economic policy;
2. Differences between different languages, laws and customs;
The difference between countries in currency and weights and measures is the customs system;
4, the risk is greater than domestic trade and international trade business.
To sum up, international trade is more complicated than domestic trade.
[Edit this paragraph] International trade and statistical analysis indicators of international trade
Excluding trade volume and currency trade volume, price changes affect trade volume, making it possible to compare trade scales in different periods. There are three concepts to master.
(1) Total import and export volume (foreign trade value): refers to the total import and export volume of a country in a certain period.
Generally speaking, domestic currency can also use the habit of international currency. It is said that the world foreign trade volume announced by the United Nations is in dollars. In countries that count tangible goods, export FOB is the price of intangible assets with import CIF; The customs declaration of the goods has not been counted yet. international trade
(2): The value of international trade is based on a country's total foreign trade expressed in world currency, also known as the value of international trade. It is in a certain period that the export trade in the world is equal to FOB price.
(3) Eliminate the influence of trade: the change of trade price accurately reflects the actual international trade or a country's foreign trade, and establish an index. On the basis of deleting the calculation of trade volume in the reporting period from the fixed annual base price index, the so-called trade volume in the reporting period is equivalent to trading at comparable prices (excluding the influence of price changes).
Trade can be divided into quantitative international trade and foreign trade as well as export trade and import trade.
2. Trade balance
Trade balance refers to the difference between a country's overall exports and imports within a certain period (usually one year).
(1) trade surplus (trade surplus). China is also called surplus (excess exports exceed imports): it means that exports exceed imports in a certain period of time.
(2) China's trade deficit (deficit trade), also known as "trade deficit (more than imports, more than exports), deficit means that exports are less than imports in a period of time.
(3) Trade balance: a period when exports and imports are equal.
It is generally believed that trade surplus can promote economic growth, increase employment and pursue trade surplus with other countries in the world. However, huge fiscal surplus often leads to trade disputes. For example, the Japanese-American automobile trade war.
Terms of international trade: the relativity between export commodity prices and import commodity prices, also known as import parity exchange rate parity price, international trade terms. It is about exporting one unit of goods in exchange for the number of units of imported goods. Obviously, in the exchange of imported goods, it is more and more favorable. The change of terms of trade in different periods is usually expressed by trade index, and the ratio of export price index to import price index is calculated as follows: export price index divided by import price index, and then multiplied by 100 (assuming the base period trade index is 100).
During the reporting period, the terms of trade index was greater than 100, which was the base period for the improvement of terms of trade.
During the reporting period, the terms of trade index was less than 100, and the terms of trade deteriorated compared with the base period.
Trade commodity structure, trade commodity structure and trade composition are the proportion of the total trade value of various commodities. This involves a commodity classification, and there are generally two classifications.
(1) Secretariat, United Nations Standard International Trade Classification (SITC): Tangible goods are divided into 10 categories, four categories of goods are called primary products, eight categories of product manufacturers, and the ninth category of primary products are other commodities, the proportion of import and export commodities of finished products and the structure of traded commodities.
(2) The factors of production are classified into production commodities, which can be divided into labor-intensive commodities, capital-intensive products and some factors of production-intensive products.
5. Geographical direction of trade
(1) Direction Geographical direction of foreign trade (international trade direction)
& gt The country of origin of foreign trade and the distribution of exported goods and imported goods indicate the degree of economic and trade ties between countries in various regions of the world.
For example, in 2003, before China 10 was imported 10 were Japan, EU, Taiwan Province Province of China, ASEAN, Korea, USA, China, Hong Kong, Russia, Australia and Brazil. In 2003, China's top ten export markets 10 were in Japan, the United States, Japan, ASEAN, South Korea, Taiwan Province Province, Australia, Russia and Canada, the European Union, Hong Kong, ASEAN, South Korea, Taiwan Province Province, Russia, Australia and Canada.
(2) Geographical direction of international trade.
Refers to the geographical distribution of international trade and goods flow, as well as the share of various regions and countries in international trade status. Usually their exports (or imports) account for the proportion of the world's total export trade (or imports).
For example, in 2003, the top eight countries or regions in world merchandise exports were the United States, Germany, Japan, France, China, Britain, Canada and Italy, and the top eight countries or regions in world merchandise imports in 2003 were the United States, Germany, Britain, Japan, France, China, Italy and Canada.
6. Dependence on foreign trade
Dependency of foreign trade is a basic measure, which refers to the interval index of countries (or regions) whose national economy is about to leave. The proportion of national income or gross national product and total import and export of foreign trade in the whole country.
[Edit this paragraph] Exploitation in international trade
Liu Zhou, a young scholar, found that the current international exchange rate mechanism contains a hidden exchange rate mechanism, that is, capital exploitation in the capital age. Hidden secrets in the open development of international exchange rate mechanism. The text says: "
The current international exchange rate mechanism is an important part of the current unequal international economic and trade order. The exchange rate mechanism of "a few exploiters in the world" is a favorable environment.
For example, exchange 7.5 yuan for 1 yuan. It is common for an American to spend $8,000 in America. However, when an American changes $8,000 into RMB in China, it is 60,000 yuan. The low price in China is 60 thousand, and the price in China and the United States is very high. More than 8000 dollars to buy that in America, I don't know what kind of value I can buy. In other words, Americans spent $8,000 in China, and China did not produce, did not need to work, and did not need to take any RMB. 8,000 yuan multiplied by the profit of realizing the risk of capital appreciation investment, and this part of the value-added profit comes from the fact that it realized Sino-US relations by relying on the blood and sweat of the people occupied by China. In the United States, all developing countries and western developed countries have always been the main situation in the world-that is, low prices and low currency exchange rates, and high currency exchange rates in developed and developing countries. In Japan, the yen is low, but the price is high. In Japan, Europe and America also feel the lack of funds caused by the differences between Japan, but people in Europe and America feel very rich in developing countries like China. Because the money they can change into their own currency is multiple of their own currency, on the other hand, the price in their own country is horribly lower than its price, so their country can only buy a matching developing country because they can buy a box of games or even more. This is the basic reality of the times), therefore, the current international currency exchange rate mechanism is an extremely reactionary exchange rate mechanism, which is used by most developing countries and is a very hidden tool. It is the basis of current international power relations, and its basic content is the relationship between colonial plunder and colonial era. With the development, it gradually forms a tool of peaceful plunder and becomes a developing country with unequal international economic and trade order with other regions. (The truly equal exchange rate mechanism is basically based on the national price index, because lower prices indicate that its currency contains a large number of physical objects, and its exchange rate is correspondingly higher. Although the price is high, its currency contains less physical objects, so its exchange rate should be lower. This is common, but it is also true. )
This paper holds that developed countries (especially the capitalists of multinational consortia) have their own capital and management tools on the surface, but most of them make profits in the international market. In fact, their profits are mainly realized through the unequal international trade mechanism. We know that the current unequal international trade mechanism was formed by history and the product of colonial conquest of countries in history, and it is still maintained by force until now. Therefore, there is no doubt that when peaceful capitalists in developed countries profit, they basically plunder peacefully in the international market; They took on a new meaning in the real hypocritical peace of predatory power. In essence, it is a bloody whole historical era, a dirty predatory war. What are the beneficiaries of capitalists and instigating this dirty war? Their profits depend on the historical strength of their own country as well as the strength of their own country, so in the final analysis, in the power of money, their hair is still war money. So the biggest capital in the capital era is not capital, but violence.
[Edit this paragraph] Parallel import in international trade
In recent years, with the close relationship between intellectual property rights and international trade, many complex problems in the field of international trade and international intellectual property rights are cross-protected. In a typical parallel issue of intellectual property protection and international trade.
The so-called parallel import generally refers to intellectual property issues or monopolizing the licensee's rights, prohibiting legally produced products from being imported from abroad, legal political parties without the consent of the relevant intellectual property importing countries in international trade, national acts to protect intellectual property rights and any legal means to import the products sold. The problem of parallel import essentially reflects the conflict between intellectual property trade and goods trade, and the conflict between intellectual property protection and international trade liberalization, which has become a hot spot of concern and controversy. & lt/ "In fact, whether from the legal point of view or from the perspective of judicial protection, China's legal regulation of parallel imports is still in an immature state. At the international level, China is a signatory to the World Trade Organization and the World Intellectual Property Organization, and has concluded and participated in a series of important international intellectual property protection treaties, such as the Berne Convention, the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, and the Agreement on Trade-related Intellectual Property Rights. The issue of parallel imports is basically stipulated by the contracting parties themselves. In this way, China's main legal issues about parallel import are based on domestic laws. However, China's patent law, copyright law and basic law of trademark intellectual property rights are unrelated "parallel imports" issues. Again, this should involve parallel import law. In this respect, the contents of China's Anti-Unfair Competition Law, Foreign Trade Law and Customs Law are not involved.
There is still no legal basis for parallel import in China, which leads to the phenomenon of parallel import in real life, which is more than that in court, and it is not impossible. Intellectual property rights holders suffer from the definition of rights and don't know our attitude towards parallel import. In the past few years, because China is a developing country with low production costs, it has been adopting a policy of imposing high tariffs on imported goods. Under such circumstances, there are still few parallel imports in China. However, from the development trend of international trade, there is a great possibility of parallel import production growth. For example, by reducing our trade barriers, the existing trend of potential parallel imports will open the door. Tariffs have been greatly reduced and quotas have been reduced. On the one hand, the transaction cost of parallel importers is greatly reduced, which increases the possibility of parallel imports. On the other hand, products entering parallel imports through smuggling channels enter formal channels, which increases the process of parallel imports. In addition, due to the weakening of import quota license and market access, the right to operate foreign trade will be realized, which is the institutional premise of China's parallel import preparation. In addition, from a global perspective, the intellectual property products of China enterprises are exported abroad, which leads to parallel import disputes. Therefore, the problem of parallel import in international trade must be paid enough attention. The identification and standardization of parallel import is an inevitable development trend. Before the establishment of the system, enterprises should have a necessary understanding of the basic meaning and possible consequences of parallel import, so as to make reasonable business decisions on the basis of fully estimating market risks.
[Edit this paragraph] Sustainable development of international trade and environmental constraints
The international trade and environmental constraints of sustainable development mainly come from the following five aspects: first, international environmental conventions, environmental regulations and WTO agreements; Environmental labeling system, series standards of international environmental management system, regulations and technical standards of five importing countries on environment and trade
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