1842, Nobel's mother led the Nobel brothers to leave Stockholm for St. Petersburg, Russia, to reunite with Emmanuel, who opened a pharmaceutical factory there. Nobel was the youngest of the three brothers at that time, but under the education of a tutor, he became a famous chemist at the age of 16, proficient in English, French, German, Russian, Swedish and other languages.
1850, my father sent Nobel to Paris to study chemistry, and one year later he went to the United States to study for four years under the guidance of ship designer Eriksson. In the United States, he learned the technology of mechanical manufacturing and mastered the scientific knowledge that the heat generated by material combustion and gas expansion can be converted into force. After returning to St. Petersburg from the United States, Nobel worked in his father's factory. Due to the outbreak of the Crimean war, Russian military orders increased greatly, prompting the Nobel factory to borrow money to expand the factory to meet production. But in the second year of the war, the British and French allied forces captured Sevastopol, and succeeded Tsar Alexander II to declare surrender. The war stopped, no one came to order weapons, and the Nobel factory was hit. During the war, the factory equipment that was continuously expanded by borrowing was idle and useless. 1859, a factory run by Nobel went bankrupt, and his parents returned to Sweden with their little brother born in Russia. The three Nobel brothers stayed in Russia to live. Soon, his father developed hydrochloric acid gunpowder in Sweden and called Alfred back to help.
1in the summer of 863, 30-year-old alfred nobel returned to Stockholm for the second time and devoted himself to his father's invention of adding nitroglycerin to black powder. However, he turned a deaf ear to his father's invention and started his research work in Russia alone. He studied how to produce a small explosion first, and then use a small explosion to cause the effect of a big explosion. After more than 50 experiments, in June of 1863 10, he finally invented the detonator of nitroglycerin bomb. Gunpowder began to be used in mines.
Alfred and his father actively set up factories again. Business is booming, and even the Swedish government is beginning to get in order. However, in 1864, shortly after the explosive was put into production, the factory exploded and Alfred's brother was killed. The Swedish government then ordered a ban on rebuilding the factory. However, Nobel remained steadfast and continued to engage in this dangerous experiment. He moved the experiment to a barge. He has worked for more than four years and done more than 400 experiments, but he still can't tame the fierce horse nitroglycerin. One day, he lit the detonator and stared at it. Suddenly there was a loud noise and smoke billowed, and people shouted, "Nobel is finished! Nobel is finished! " After a while, a dark, bloody man rushed out of the smoke. He jumped wildly and shouted, "I succeeded!" I succeeded! " It turns out that Nobel is not dead.
1867, the mixture of trinitroglycerin and diatomite, a powerful explosive invented by Nobel, was patented and immediately applied to mining and road construction, greatly reducing heavy manual labor and improving the prestige of work efficiency. Later, this explosive was used to blow through the Alps, and a 9-mile-long tunnel was built several years ahead of schedule, saving more than 5 million yuan.
The invention of safe high explosives made Nobel's factory develop rapidly and spread to many countries. But he is not satisfied. He continued his efforts and invented "smokeless powder" in 1875. In addition, he also made many inventions in chemistry, and obtained more than 120 patents in Britain alone.
Although gunpowder invented by alfred nobel contributed to peaceful production, it was also used in wars, which resulted in many deaths.
"I hold the dream of peace and invented gunpowder several times. However, it has become a weapon to kill each other. Is it right to invent powerful weapons to eliminate war? " Alfred nobel is very confused. At this time, he met Mrs. Zitner, the author of the novel "Lay Down Your Arms". In her novels, her desire for peace is fully displayed.
1892 In August, at the World Peace Conference held in Bern, Switzerland, Mrs. Zitner shouted: "Eliminate the war and defend world peace!" After the meeting, alfred nobel said meaningfully:
"It seems that my idea is wrong. It is not a powerful weapon to stop the war, but like you, tell people the horror of war and guide them not to wage war, so as to be conducive to peace. "
Since then, he has been thinking about the Nobel Prize. Later, he wrote such a letter to Mrs Zitner; "I want to take out some property and set up a bonus. This award, in Europe, is awarded to those who have made the greatest contribution to the realization of the ideal of peace. "
1894, Alfred, 6 1 year-old, sighed after saving Balfoss Steel Company in Sweden: "I am old. Really exhausted! " He added: "I want to live a quiet life!" " "
1895, he was immersed in the research of mixed smokeless powder, and the research results were stolen, and his body gradually collapsed with anger and his heart disease continued.
"My life is not long. Yes, write a will and leave! " Alfred nobel thinks.
"I set up the Nobel Explosive Company in various countries and made a lot of money. I must return it. " At this time, Alfred's heart ached at the thought of explosives used in the war.
"Many people died because of explosives. I want compensation! " Alfred made up his mind to leave a will beneficial to human happiness and peace!
1845165438+1October 27th, a starry night, alfred nobel wrote such a famous will:
"I took out all my property and set up five bonuses and their interest:
First, the physics prize; Second, the chemistry prize. These two projects were selected by the Swedish Academy Science Award.
3. Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Selected by Caroline Institute in Stockholm.
Fourth, the literary prize. Selected by Stockholm College of Bachelor of Arts.
5. Peace Prize. Elected by five members of the Norwegian Parliament.
I hope that the above awards will be awarded to the most suitable people, regardless of the country. "
1896 10 February 10, Alfred died in his home in Sanlimo at the age of 63. The soul of Alfred, who prayed for world peace, turned into a Nobel Prize and shone brightly.