Patent is the main factor to promote the transformation of China ceramic industry.
Dr. Dr Angus Madison, a western economic historian, believes that China's GDP has accounted for more than 20% of the global share 1800 years since the Western calendar year, ranking first in the world for a long time. In this period of history, China has only one industrial sector with the largest production and export scale in the world, and that is ceramics. After the Opium War, with the decline of national fortune, China's ceramic industry gradually declined.
From 65438 to 0998, China once again became the largest producer of ceramics in the world. Over the past nine years, China's ceramic industry has continued to consolidate its leading position in the world, accounting for more than two-thirds of the world's total output. Among them, the output of daily-use ceramics, building ceramics and sanitary ware accounts for more than 70%, 50% and 33% of the world respectively, and the output of ceramic products used in China's energy, electrician, IT, steel, aerospace, chemistry, medicine and other industrial sectors is also increasing substantially. The export volume and income of China ceramics industry ranked first in the world for many years, forming five industrial belts: Foshan, Jingdezhen, Zibo, Jiajiang and Dehua. In addition, the ceramic industry in Jiangsu, Hebei, Henan, Liaoning and other places has also shown a rapid rise. Ceramic towns in some areas are also developing rapidly. For example, the output of ceramics in Jinjiang, Fujian Province has accounted for about 1/3 of the whole province, with an annual output value exceeding 7 billion yuan, and the development speed is almost the same as Foshan.
It is worth noting that the disorderly competition in China ceramic industry is very serious, which has threatened the healthy development of the whole industry. For example, due to the malicious price reduction of enterprises in foreign markets, the added value of China's export products is low, and anti-dumping lawsuits have been encountered in Europe, the United States, India, Mexico, the Philippines, Egypt and other regions, resulting in heavy losses. In China, there are many redundant construction projects, and it is common for enterprises to copy, counterfeit and depress prices. Local protectionism has also hindered the expansion of large enterprises. In 2007, China ceramic industry will suffer losses for the first time, and its global competitiveness will be negatively affected.
In order to change the situation of disorderly competition, the industry has made some attempts. For example, in September 2003, the Daily-use Ceramics Professional Committee of China Ceramic Industry Association was established in Zibo. Its chairman is the chairman of Huaguang Ceramics Co., Ltd., and other members are the chairmen or general managers of dozens of large domestic ceramic enterprises. The committee tries to build a price alliance and avoid vicious competition among big enterprises. These measures play a certain role in promoting the healthy development of the industry.
However, judging from the current situation, the ceramic industry in China may undergo several years of adjustment, and finally turn to a new pattern in which a few oligopolistic enterprises with market appeal and control monopolize the national and even global markets. In this transformation process, patent will become one of the main tools for enterprise competition and market reshuffle. Patents play a role mainly in two ways: first, patent disputes make a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises withdraw from the market. Second, patent deployment competition and patent combination have led to the elimination of more large and medium-sized enterprises in Lian Heng. Judging from the current situation, these two trends have emerged.
Patent disputes in the ceramic industry have a tendency to continue to spread.
With the increasing market competition, hundreds of enterprises in China have been involved in various patent disputes. For example, in 2002, Foshan court heard the case that Foshan Shiwan Town Ceramic Industry Research Institute v. Dengzhou Ketai Industrial Co., Ltd., Chencun Town, Shunde District, Foshan City, infringed on the patent for utility model of exhaust ceramic tile mold. Foshan is the largest ceramic industrial base in the world, especially the export volume of building ceramics accounts for 3/4 of the whole country. This patent dispute has had a great social impact in Foshan, increasing the patent risk coefficient in the development of enterprises. Since then, Foshan patent cases have occurred frequently. For example, in 2004, Foshan Sino-French ruled that Foshan Hemei Ceramics Co., Ltd. infringed the design patent of Foshan Asgard Ceramics Co., Ltd. "Brick (Dream Marseille)". In 2005, Foshan Intermediate People's Court accepted the intellectual property infringement lawsuit filed by Oushennuo Ceramics Co., Ltd. and sealed up nearly 8 million yuan of assets of Foshan two companies ex officio. In this case, the defendant was suspected of infringing on the trade secrets of Shi Yuhua ceramics, such as production technology, production process and formula, and was also suspected of infringing on the design patent.
In addition, there have been some patent dispute cases with great influence in Foshan, such as group litigation and inter-provincial litigation. For example, in 2004, Dong Peng Ceramic Company sued Foshan 10 ceramic enterprises for infringement with the invention patent of "production method of glass-ceramic composite board", which once caused a shock in the industry. In 2005, Foshan Intermediate People's Court also tried the patent infringement dispute between Jiangsu Roman Ceramic Tile Co., Ltd. and Foshan Rodin Building Ceramics Co., Ltd., and in 2006, Guangdong Higher People's Court tried the patent infringement dispute between tengxian Yazhao Titanium Dioxide Co., Ltd. and Foshan Linghai Ceramic Technology Co., Ltd., and some patent disputes also appeared in other areas of Guangdong except Foshan. For example, in 2005, Guangdong Higher People's Court heard a dispute between Jiangsu Roman Ceramic Tile Co., Ltd. and Guangzhou Venus Ceramic Development Co., Ltd. over the infringement of design patents.
As the second largest ceramic industrial base in China, many patent disputes broke out in Fujian Province. For example, in 2005, Fujian High Court heard the patent infringement dispute between Jinjiang Cizao Ruicheng Building Materials Brick Factory and Jinjiang Jincheng Ceramics Co., Ltd. In the same year, Shenyang Intermediate People's Court of Liaoning Province also heard the patent infringement disputes between Zhou Zizhang, Fujian Quanzhou Lihong Building Materials Co., Ltd. v. Cai Jianming and Fujian Quanzhou Jinfeng Ceramic Industry Co., Ltd. Jiangsu enterprises have also initiated some patent lawsuits. For example, Yixing Baite New Technology Components Co., Ltd. and Yixing Guowei Ceramic Electric Appliance Co., Ltd. have patent litigation, while the latter has patent litigation with Huang Yonghai, Suzhou Xinye Electronics Co., Ltd. and Qingdao Aucma Group Air Conditioning Factory.
There are also many patent lawsuits in the northern region. For example, in 2002, Beijing No.1 Intermediate People's Court heard the patent infringement lawsuit of utility model between Beijing Dongtie Hot Ceramics Co., Ltd. and Beijing Sandwich Special Textile Co., Ltd., and in 2003, Beijing Higher People's Court heard the patent infringement lawsuit of utility model between the latter and Beijing Chen Xin Ceramic Fiber Products Company's "all-fire-resistant fiber composite fire-proof and heat-insulating roller blind". In 2003, a ceramic technology research institute in Jinan broke out a patent infringement lawsuit with an enterprise. In 2006, Luoyang Intellectual Property Office investigated the products of Luoyang Jin Nuo Ceramics Co., Ltd. according to the complaints, and destroyed 23 129 products of the company that infringed others' patents on the spot.
After 2007, the number of patents granted in China ceramic industry will continue to grow rapidly. With a large number of patents in place, patent disputes between enterprises are expected to continue to increase. With the increasing patent risk, a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises lacking R&D and design capabilities will gradually withdraw from the market.
The deployment competition of invention patents in the ceramic industry continues to escalate.
There are many patent documents in ceramic industry. For example, the ceramic patent database published by Foshan Intellectual Property Office contains more than 400,000 Chinese and foreign patents, including tens of thousands of domestic patents. According to the published literature, the manufacturing methods and product invention patents of China ceramic industry are mainly distributed in the following fields:
First, the general ceramic technology. For example, documents 0 1 133080.5, 01133079.1relate to a ceramic and its manufacturing method. The ceramic has small size change rate, high shape and size accuracy, and can give full play to the particle characteristics of inorganic functional materials. The document 02 148454.6 relates to a transparent alumina ceramic product and its manufacturing method. Ceramic formula includes alumina, sintering agent, plasticizer and lubricant. The manufacturing method comprises: mixing alumina powder, sintering agent, plasticizer and lubricant in proportion; Heating and mixing uniformly to prepare thermoplastic ceramics; Thermoplastic molding; Defatted vegetables burn; High temperature sintering; It is suitable for producing high-density polycrystalline transparent alumina ceramic products and color transparent alumina ceramic products with complex shape, accurate size, compactness and light transmission. Document 93107711.7 relates to a high-strength ceramic body and its manufacturing method.
Second, electric porcelain technology. For example, document 0 1802497. 1 relates to ceramic membranes and their manufacturing methods, semiconductor devices and piezoelectric elements. This method can improve the surface morphology of ceramic membrane. The document 02 120470.5 relates to a multilayer ceramic substrate, a manufacturing method, an unsintered ceramic laminate and an electronic device, which are suitable for manufacturing ceramic parts in the electronic industry. The document 02 152823.3 relates to a method for manufacturing dielectric ceramic raw material powder and the dielectric ceramic raw material powder, which can be used for manufacturing a core sleeve structure for improving the temperature stability of electrostatic capacitance of a laminated ceramic capacitor. The document 03 10 1732.0 relates to a method for manufacturing a porous ceramic structure. It uses raw materials containing ceramic raw materials as the main components and pore-forming agents to manufacture shaped bodies, and then the obtained shaped bodies are dried and fired into porous ceramic structures. Document 02 100987.2 relates to a ceramic electronic component and its manufacturing method. It forms a protective film obtained by dehydration and condensation of organosilicon compounds on the surfaces of external electrodes of ceramic matrix and peripheral parts. It can prevent the surface of electronic components from absorbing moisture and improve its operation reliability.
Third, laser ceramic technology. For example, document 02 159468.6 relates to a ceramic capacitor cavity material, a ceramic capacitor cavity and a manufacturing method thereof. The light condensing cavity material is composed of alumina powder doped with activator and sintering aid; The activator is rare earth oxide. The condenser cavity made of it has high density, which not only maintains the electromechanical properties of alumina ceramics, but also has high reflectivity, and is suitable for manufacturing various solid-state lasers. Document 00 1 19025.3 relates to a fiber ring q-switched laser. It consists of a semiconductor laser, an active optical fiber, a wavelength division multiplexer, a polarization controller, an optical fiber isolator and an adjusting unit, forming an all-fiber ring laser. Its innovation lies in that the above-mentioned adjusting unit only consists of a filter and piezoelectric ceramics.
Fourth, IC ceramic technology. For example, document 02 137372.8 relates to a manufacturing method of a substrate material used as an integrated circuit package. It takes alumina ceramics as the substrate and deposits diamond films on the substrate. The manufacturing method is to grow diamond films on alumina ceramics by hot wire chemical vapor deposition, that is, to deposit diamond films on alumina ceramics substrates placed in a reaction chamber under vacuum and reduced pressure with tungsten wires as heating sources and ethanol and hydrogen as reactants.
Fifth, medical ceramic technology. For example, document 92111765.5 relates to active fluorapatite bioceramics and its manufacturing method. It can be used to make FAP ceramic artificial bones, artificial dental instruments, etc. It has good biocompatibility and can effectively resist the erosion of human body fluids and oral fluids. Document 0 18 13864.0 relates to a porous artificial bone graft and its manufacturing method. The method comprises the following steps: preparing a mixture of finely divided biocompatible ceramic powder, an organic binder and a pore-forming agent in an inert liquid to form a main body, and arranging at least some pore-forming agents along a coaxial line; Optionally molding the obtained body; So that the pore-forming agent forms a porous structure in the main body; Heating the molded body to a temperature sufficient to shape the porous structure; The main body is further heated to remove the residual organic binder and pore-forming agent and melt it. Document 0 1 126447.0 relates to an artificial stump bone end and its manufacturing and installation methods.
Sixth, building ceramic technology. For example, document 03 109 190.3 relates to a glass-ceramic composite plate made of industrial waste-coal gangue and its manufacturing method. Document 94 1 10443.5 relates to a ceramic aggregate for building and its manufacturing method. Aggregate is made by mixing silica, alumina, iron oxide and basic oxide according to a certain proportion, then grinding, squeezing mud strips, cutting, drying, calcining, sieving and sorting. Document 94 1 19664. X relates to a ceramic building wall product assembly and its manufacturing method and special equipment. Document 89 105792.7 relates to a multifunctional porcelain-like wood-like material and its manufacturing method. The document 00114540.1relates to a foamed ceramic material for sound absorption and its manufacturing method. Document 93110410.6 relates to a method for manufacturing glass color-printed wall and floor tiles. The document 02 157 137.6 relates to a method and equipment for manufacturing ceramic tiles and porcelain plates, and the ceramic tiles and porcelain plates manufactured.
Seventh, the technology of mechanical ceramic components. For example, the document 02 134779.4 relates to the constant pressure manufacturing method of ceramic rollers. In this process, the semi-dry ceramic roller blank produced in the ceramic roller blank forming process is pressure-shaped by a pair of pressing rollers with semicircular groove rings, so that the overall size of the ceramic roller blank is uniform.
Eighth, textile ceramics technology. For example, document 02 137393.0 relates to a manufacturing method of zirconia toughened alumina ceramic textile porcelain, which comprises the following steps: selecting raw materials, weighing the raw materials of each component according to the weight percentage of the raw materials, and grinding into powder by a ball mill; Adding adhesive, mixing and stirring to form a mixture; Forming a textile ceramic blank; Carry out proper finishing; High temperature sintering; Grinding and polishing to form a finished textile ceramic product. Document 94 102823.2 relates to a functional textile and its manufacturing method. Textiles are woven from functional viscose fiber, cotton yarn, polyester yarn or polyamide fiber yarn. The functional viscose fiber consists of functional ceramic powder and viscose; The composition and proportion of functional ceramic powder follow certain specifications. The manufacturing method comprises the following steps: preparing functional ceramic powder according to the component range; Making functional ceramic powder and viscose into viscose cotton under certain conditions; Manufacturing functional viscose fiber; Functional viscose fiber, cotton yarn and polyester silk are woven into textiles on a knitting machine.
Ninth, artificial white marble technology. For example, document 0 1 130675.0 relates to a light imitation white marble building decoration material made of waste plastic ceramic powder and its manufacturing method. Through its formula and technology, it can produce white marble-like railings, bricks, tiles, floor tiles and other products.
Tenth, the technology of degrading ceramic products. For example, document 0 1 127386.0 relates to disposable degradable tableware and its manufacturing method. The material is mainly composed of degradable main materials, adhesives, fillers and isolators, and is suitable for manufacturing degradable ceramic products.
Eleventh, cermet strengthening technology. For example, document 0 1 139227.4 relates to a method for manufacturing ceramic-lined steel pipes. It sets a layer of corrosion-resistant and wear-resistant ceramic lining in the steel pipe. The raw materials of furnace lining include aluminum and silicon dioxide, and the manufacturing method includes baking, batching, mixing, charging and ignition sintering. It is characterized in that the acid residue is dried, mixed with Al and SiO _ 2, ignited and then reacted and sintered under the action of centrifugal force to form a dense ceramic coating on the inner wall of the steel pipe.
Twelfth, lighting ceramic technology. For example, document 02 129282.5 relates to the manufacturing method of luminescent ceramic products. Document 92 1097 18.2 relates to a high-pressure discharge lamp and its manufacturing method. This lamp has a ceramic discharge tube, and both ends of the discharge tube are closed with plugs. The thermal expansion coefficient of metal feeder or its main components is smaller than that of ceramics. The feeder is directly air-tightly sintered into the plug. Document 99 122846.4 relates to a method for manufacturing ceramic arc discharge tubes for metal halide lamps.
Thirteenth, refractory ceramic technology. For example, document 93 120337.6 relates to an ultra-high temperature ceramic heating element and its manufacturing method. Document 93 108856.9 relates to a refractory ceramic gas burner and its manufacturing method. The method comprises the following steps: pouring the silicon-aluminum refractory into a bucket roll, adding water, grinding and mixing to form slurry, taking out the slurry, stirring for the first time, and then entering a pneumatic stirring drum; Then, the slurry is controlled to be injected into the molding gypsum mold under pressure, and the blank is cast by itself; Pouring out unconsolidated slurry to prepare semi-finished products of an outer ring burner and an inner ring burner; They are concentrically overlapped, bonded and fixed with mud, dried and modified, the required flame holes are drilled in the outer ring burner and the inner ring burner, and then the burners are put into a gas kiln for high-temperature firing.
Fourteenth, superconducting ceramic technology. For example, document 88 10 1380 relates to a method of manufacturing superconducting ceramics under the action of a magnetic field. Document 87 10 1048 relates to an oxide superconducting coil and its manufacturing method. It can spirally cover the part of the ceramic tube that does not need to be sprayed with superconducting coating with metal belt or covering agent, and then spray the powdered superconducting material and oxide insulating layer on the ceramic tube in turn by thermal spraying method, and form the sandwich superconducting coil after heat treatment.
Fifth, optical fiber ceramic technology. For example, the document 200410051kloc-0/35.7 relates to a manufacturing method of optical fiber ceramic sleeve, which includes two processes: blank manufacturing and semi-finished product processing. The blank manufacturing and molding process includes die assembly, blank compression molding, blank sintering, blank post-treatment and other processes. The processing technology includes grinding the inner hole of the semi-finished sleeve, grinding the outer circle of the semi-finished sleeve, grinding the concentricity of the semi-finished sleeve, grinding the end face of the semi-finished sleeve and cutting and surface treatment of the semi-finished sleeve. Document 0 1 139526.5 relates to a cermet fiber F-P interferometer. Its metal adjusting arm is tubular in structure, with a slightly larger diameter at the front of the central hole at the front end and a ceramic tube inside; The inn hole of that ceramic tube is a conical hole; The optical fiber is inserted into the ceramic tube through the center of the metal adjusting arm and fixed with glue. The end faces of the bonded ceramic tubes and optical fibers are polished and coated. Document 95 192802.3 relates to an optical fiber ferrule. The sleeve is polished into a physical contact arc with a first convex end, a second end and an axial hole communicating the first and second ends with a predetermined radius of curvature. The optical fiber is fixed in the hole, and the end of the optical fiber is formed by standard polishing or grinding techniques, and the end of the optical fiber is in contact with the first convex end of the sleeve.
Sixteenth, agricultural ceramic technology. For example, document 94 1 19834.0 relates to a ceramic scaffold structure product for crop planting and its manufacturing method. The product includes a hollow ceramic column supporting structure in a plastic greenhouse for planting crops, and also includes a supporting column, a supporting frame and a cultivation pot for multi-layer cultivation inside and outside the greenhouse for crops. The product has the physical and chemical properties of ceramics, but the production cost is similar to that of bricks and tiles, which is suitable for large-scale agriculture.
Seventeenth, ceramic technology for transportation. For example, document 98113313.4 relates to a manufacturing method of reflective ceramics and its structure. The luminescent ceramics made of it are wear-resistant, durable and simple in structure, and are suitable for building zebra crossings, dividing lines, traffic indicator lines, etc. Document 998 16532.8 relates to retroreflective materials and their manufacturing methods.
Eighteenth, catering ceramic technology. For example, document 95 100065.9 relates to a far infrared radiator and its manufacturing method. It has a mesh plate, data bending strips and a ceramic coating covering the outside. The grid of the sucker body is connected with the concave curved strip, and after the ceramic coating is coated on the outside, there is still a gap between the grid and the curved strip. Ceramic coating is a mixture of 30% clay and 70% alumina. The mesh plate body and the bent strip are coated with slurry with ceramic coating, and heated and molded twice. It is suitable for manufacturing baking utensils, especially baking utensils with far infrared radiation.
Nineteenth, landscape design ceramic technology. For example, document 98 120368. X relates to a method for making a ceramic rockery landscape. It uses ceramics with rich openings and pores to make rockeries; Complex rockery is divided into rockery units and spatial units of holes, holes, joints and joints. The external contour of rockery units is controlled by external models, while the spatial units of holes, holes, joints and joints are controlled by internal models.
Twentieth, nano-ceramic technology. For example, document 94 1 12086.4 relates to a manufacturing method of alumina-based nano-scale multiphase ceramics. Document 97112815.4 relates to a multi-element nano pressure-sensitive powder material and its manufacturing method. The related materials are mainly composed of chemically pure zinc acetate, triethanolamine as solvent, citric acid as complex, organic salts, inorganic salts and rare earth salts, and synthesized by sol-gel method. According to the types and manufacturing methods of the added organic salts, inorganic salts and rare earth salts, multi-component pressure-sensitive powder materials can be prepared, and the average particle size is between tens of nanometers and tens of nanometers. File 008 14320. X relates to a method for manufacturing nanocrystalline glass ceramic fibers.
In a word, from the published patent documents of ceramic technology, some domestic enterprises have carried out very intensive patent deployment work on design and utility model. With the intensification of competition, the deployment density of invention patents in China is also increasing, and the total number has exceeded 1 10,000. Some large enterprises have shown their strategic intention to build technical barriers to trade by deploying patent networks on a large scale.
At the same time, the integration of enterprises in Lian Heng is gradually advancing, and some strategic alliances are expected to emerge. For example, in February 2007, under the organization of the local patent administration, Foshan 14 famous ceramic enterprises signed a document to try to form an intellectual property protection alliance. Some domestic backbone enterprises are still planning to establish patent strategic alliances, grant each other patent licenses, and suppress and boycott competitors outside the alliance through the "patent pool". With the further development of patent deployment competition and patent alliance, many large and medium-sized enterprises may be eliminated one after another. In this process, the role of design and utility model patents will decline day by day; Manufacturing methods and product invention patents will play a more prominent role. (Wei Yanliang