1 The necessity of providing scientific and technological innovation public *** services
1.1 The subject of the service determines the nature of the service
Public *** services refer to the Service measures are launched with the starting point of providing public convenience and creating public conditions for people's lives and social operations. They are not services provided with the main purpose of making profits and directly creating new wealth. Competition in comprehensive national strength is actually a competition in scientific and technological strength and a competition in the scientific and technological innovation capabilities of various countries. Scientific and technological innovation is no longer just a matter for scientific research institutions and enterprises themselves, but a common undertaking for the government, scientific research institutions and enterprises. Therefore, providing scientific and technological innovation subjects with services based on the universal needs of scientific and technological innovation is a process of providing public convenience and creating public conditions for social operations. In fact, since the 1980s, Western governments have been fully involved in the generation, transformation, and application of scientific and technological knowledge, providing comprehensive public welfare services for scientific and technological innovation. Our country is in the stage of economic transformation. The socialist market economic system has been initially established, but it is still imperfect. Industrial enterprises under the traditional system have insufficient innovation power. Although private enterprises have abundant innovation vitality, their own industrial research and development and personal inventions and creations are limited. The model is inherently deficient, and the support it receives from social resources is very limited. Faced with small and medium-sized enterprises, which account for more than 99% of the total number of enterprises, if the government cannot provide public services for technological innovation, the cost of technological innovation for enterprises will increase and the speed of innovation will slow down, thereby affecting the country's competitiveness.
1.2 The operation of the innovation system requires public services
The scientific and technological innovation system refers to the mutual coordination, positive interaction, and positive interaction between the science and technology and economic departments and relevant institutions of a country or a region. A system that promotes the rational allocation and efficient use of innovation resources and integrates innovation elements such as innovation execution agencies, innovation infrastructure, innovation resources, and innovation environment. The innovation system is also an open system. It needs a standardized market environment that fully reflects fair competition. It needs a developed educational platform, information platform, cultural platform and legal platform. The construction and maintenance of the platform are social public affairs. The government's public strategic investment is needed, which can be achieved through public services. The process of technological innovation is composed of knowledge generation, knowledge flow, knowledge application and other parts. The connection of each part also requires the intervention of public services.
1.3 The implementation of science and technology public *** services is an effective way to improve the utilization rate of science and technology resources
On the one hand, my country’s investment in science and technology is seriously insufficient, and the implementation of science and technology public *** services has It is conducive to exerting the effect of financial science and technology investment. Last year, my country's R&D investment accounted for only 1.23 of GDP, while the world average ratio was 1.4 and that of developed countries was 2 to 3. There is a huge gap. As an important part of scientific and technological investment, financial investment is not fully consistent with the requirements of the market economy. Therefore, while fiscal investment supports the implementation of basic, forward-looking, public welfare and major science and technology projects, more investment should be applied to the construction of enterprise innovation service systems, so that more enterprises can share the services provided by the service system. The role of financial investment will be brought into play more effectively; moreover, the enterprise innovation service system provides public and quasi-public products, and financial investment is in line with international practice.
On the other hand, there is a serious waste of scientific and technological resources in our country. The introduction of scientific and technological public services can improve the utilization of scientific and technological resources. my country's multi-headed management of science and technology is very serious in fragmentation, departments, industries and disciplines, and lacks top-level design and unified planning. The lack of an effective resource integration mechanism in the management and regulation of scientific and technological investment has resulted in repeated dispersion and overlapping support for scientific research projects, similar plans, and serious repeated purchases of scientific research facilities, resulting in low utilization of scientific and technological resources. It can be seen that the national and local governments must strengthen the overall arrangement of scientific and technological resources, provide scientific and technological public services to the society by establishing a scientific and technological resource sharing platform, improve the utilization rate of scientific and technological resources, and improve the efficiency of scientific and technological input and output. .
2 The Feasibility of Science and Technology Public Service
Since the 1980s, countries around the world have been trying to improve the innovation and entrepreneurship environment, optimize the quality of innovation resources, and reduce the cost of innovation and entrepreneurship for enterprises and individuals. In order to reduce costs, measures have been taken to strengthen the public service supply of scientific and technological innovation. For example, the U.S. government attaches great importance to the construction of scientific and technological infrastructure platforms, implements the national policy of complete openness and sharing of state-owned scientific data, sets up special funds from the fiscal year to continuously support the construction of data center groups, and establishes the National Technology Information Center, a national technology transfer consortium, National Technology Transfer Center and use legal means to ensure the smooth flow of its information; the British government emphasized that further strengthening the construction of first-class scientific and technological infrastructure should be the British government's highest priority task; Japan also proposed a plan to improve scientific research conditions in a planned and focused manner Multi-year planning. For example, the Science and Technology Promotion Agency was established under the Japan Science and Technology Agency as the central agency for Japan's scientific and technological information. It assumes the functions of an intermediary agency for entrusted development and technical mediation between universities, national public research institutions and enterprises, and promotes research exchanges and the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. . The implementation of science and technology public services in developed countries has effectively promoted the development of the country's high-tech industries.
After the founding of New China, with the development of science and technology, science and technology public services were gradually established, including the Science and Technology Information Institute, the Science Museum, the Science and Technology Exchange Center, the Patent Service Center, the Equity Exchange, and the Productivity Promotion Center. and other scientific and technological service organizations were established one after another. It provides services to scientific and technological personnel, R&D institutions and scientific and technological enterprises in terms of scientific and technological information, scientific and technological communication, foreign scientific and technological exchanges and cooperation, and intellectual property protection, etc., and promotes the development of science and technology to a certain extent. However, due to the lack of overall design of my country's science and technology public services, insufficient investment and multi-headed management of science and technology, the service functions are incomplete, the capabilities are low, and the effects are not significant.
3 Science and Technology Public Service Operation System Settings
The independent innovation system is a technological innovation chain consisting of multiple links from technology research and development, product manufacturing to marketing. Science and technology public services must be set up along the technological innovation chain to form a complete service system to effectively support scientific and technological innovation activities.
3.1 Public services in technology research and development
3.1.1 Public services for talents
Talents, especially high-quality talents, are the key to independent innovation The most fundamental and critical element. Although the overall scale of our country’s talent pool has exceeded 60 million, the density of researchers is still very low due to our country’s large population. In 2003, the R&D manpower per 10,000 employees was 15 person-years (86 person-years in the United States, 132 person-years in Japan, and more than 100 person-years in the entire European Union). There are only 30,000 high-level talents, and aging and loss are serious. Therefore, there is a shortage of scientific and technological talents in our country, especially leading talents. To solve the talent shortage, we must adopt a two-pronged approach: first, the country gives full play to the important role of education in cultivating innovative talents; second, the government plays the role of attracting talents and improving their scientific and technological innovation capabilities. Providing talent public services is one of the effective measures for the government to gather talents and stimulate their enthusiasm and creativity.
The key points of public *** service work for talents are: ①Establishing a talent information database. Master the structure and distribution of talents, implement dynamic monitoring of key and key talents, and establish an early warning mechanism for brain loss; ② Establish a talent exchange platform to allocate talents for enterprises. Attracting and discovering talents through project bidding, organizing scientific research, etc.; organizing and undertaking major scientific and technological projects and participating in international scientific and technological innovation activities to train talents in practical work; carrying out follow-up education for scientific and technological personnel and organizing academic exchange activities to promote the knowledge of talents Update and stimulate the creativity of talents; ③ Solve the practical difficulties of talents in innovation and entrepreneurship. For example, it provides assistance for invention patents and innovative "non-knowledge" technologies for private innovative talents; provides scientific and technological entrepreneurial services for innovative talents; and provides life and work convenience for experts and scholars who come to China for short-term service.
3.1.2 Public *** services for the basic conditions of technology research and development
In view of the current situation that my country’s total investment in science and technology is insufficient, the investment structure is unreasonable, and the basic conditions of science and technology are weak, in terms of technology research and development, The key point of setting up science and technology public service is to build a science and technology innovation public technology platform system, maintain the stable and efficient operation of the platform system, and support the scientific and technological research and development activities of innovative entities.
(1) Scientific and technological literature service platform. Through the organization and coordination in the area covered by the platform, it collects books and materials, scientific papers, scientific and technological conference materials, patent materials, and technical standard materials from libraries, scientific and technological information institutes, intellectual property and technical standards institutions in the entire region to form scientific and technological documents for sharing. Resource library. The supporting scientific and technological comprehensive intelligence consultation and information analysis system provides users with one-stop service. At the same time, service agencies conduct professional and standardized processing and sorting of massive amounts of information, establish special information databases, and provide the public with information of higher use value.
(2) Scientific data sharing service platform. Establish a characteristic database based on the industrial situation of the platform's coverage area, realize directory navigation of domestic and foreign professional databases, and establish a key professional online analysis system to provide users in the region with data sharing and data analysis services.
(3) Large-scale instrument and equipment sharing and scientific and technological resource guarantee platform. The public service organization formulates sharing and collaboration management measures for large-scale instruments and equipment, establishes a management and operation website, and integrates and effectively configures large-scale instruments distributed in universities, key laboratories, and engineering centers at all levels within the coverage area of ??the platform. , realize the collaboration and sharing of resources, fully improve the use efficiency of large-scale instruments and equipment, save users' usage costs, enable instrument and equipment providers to obtain reasonable use benefits, and continuously improve service quality.
(4) R&D and experimental collaboration platform. Organize universities and scientific research institutions in the area covered by the platform to form a research and development and experimental collaboration platform, carry out forward-looking, basic and key technology research and development, carry out cooperative research and commissioned research, and promote the establishment of technological alliances with industries. Improve the academic level and disciplinary status of the region.
(5) Innovative technology product development platform. Integrate R&D centers in the region to form a new product R&D system, promote resource sharing and technological exchanges and cooperation between R&D centers, and create good conditions for the formation and R&D of innovative ideas for product technology integration.
(6) Industry public technical service platform. Improve the construction of industry technology research and development centers in the area covered by the platform, and connect the research and development and test collaboration platforms to provide industry public services for various industries.
(7) Professional technical service platform. A professional technical platform will be deployed around the development of important industries in the area covered by the platform to form a systematic and complete professional technical service chain.
(8) Inspection and testing service platform. Promote analytical and testing centers and industry organizations with certain qualifications to provide systematic and reliable testing services, issue administratively valid testing reports after certification according to entrustment; submit professional analysis and testing reports according to entrustment; provide users with testing needs consultation, promote Technical and service exchanges between testing agencies.
(9) Intellectual property protection service platform. Cooperate with domestic and foreign intellectual property professional service agencies to provide enterprises with intellectual property services in all aspects from research and development topic selection to product sales. Public service agencies focus on popularizing patent knowledge, cultivating enterprises with intellectual property advantages, providing enterprises with strategic guidance on intellectual property, providing intellectual property public information, and establishing an intellectual property early warning mechanism and emergency public services.
(10) Technological innovation investment and financing platform. Establish an investment and financing platform relying on banks, guarantees, venture capital, property rights transactions, securities and other institutions to form a funding source structure with social funds as the mainstay and government funds as the supplement, to provide an efficient capital chain for scientific and technological innovation.
(11) Scientific and technological achievements transfer platform. Cooperate with technology transfer centers of universities, scientific research institutes, domestic and foreign research institutions, enterprises and investment institutions to form a technology transfer network; cooperate with well-known institutions engaged in international technology transfer, national technology markets, technology achievement evaluation, transactions, arbitration, intellectual property protection, etc. The organization has formed a complete technology transfer intermediary service system, making the platform a bridge between technology and industry.
(12) Technology entrepreneurship incubation service platform. Provide small and medium-sized enterprises with a comprehensive business incubation base including policy, management, finance, human resources, start-up venues and professional support.
(13) Science and technology exchange and cooperation service platform. Establish a specialized and highly targeted training system to impart knowledge on relevant key cluster industries, as well as provide specialized training for the digestion and absorption of imported technologies. Establish a scientific and technological exchange and cooperation network between countries, regions, cross-industry, multi-level, and multi-channel, use global scientific and technological resources to serve regional scientific and technological innovation, organize expert committees, and establish a scientific and technological expert consulting service system.
(14) Science and technology management decision-making information support platform. Establish a management decision-making information support system that includes various resources including national and local finance-funded science and technology projects, scientific and technological achievements, scientific and technological talents, scientific instruments and science and technology association facilities. Information release for different households such as government management departments, universities, scientific research institutes, enterprises and individuals. Optimize the decision-making management of allocating scientific and technological resources and reduce duplication of investment in scientific and technological resources. At the same time, service agencies carry out research on scientific and technological innovation theory and regional development strategies, and special surveys on innovation environment conditions, providing information support for government departments to formulate science and technology policies and enterprises' strategic, technical and commercial decisions.
3.2 Scientific and technological public services in the product manufacturing process
In the product manufacturing process, in addition to providing R&D and experimental collaboration platforms, professional technical service platforms, etc., we also ensure necessary production conditions. , The focus of science and technology public services should be on improving the layout of the industrial chain and promoting the formation of new industrial clusters. Through technology investment, we can introduce companies with missing links in the industrial chain to form a complete industrial ecosystem, improve efficiency and reduce costs.
3.3 Technology public *** services in the marketing link
The technology public *** services that need to be provided in this link are: ① Expand technology cooperation channels for enterprises and drive technology cooperation Sales and export of high-tech products; ② Popularize education on intellectual property knowledge, provide guidance on implementing intellectual property strategies, build intellectual property defense lines, protect domestic markets, and help companies implement patent-first strategies to occupy overseas markets; ③ Support companies in formulating and promoting technical standards , Promote advantageous industries to form technology chains with China as the upstream in countries and regions with suitable conditions, and expand overseas markets; ④ Establish overseas incubators and R&D centers to promote small and medium-sized enterprises to "go global."
4 Issues that must be paid attention to when implementing scientific and technological public services
(1) Fully understand the significance of scientific and technological public services to scientific and technological innovation. Science and technology public service is a necessary support for scientific and technological innovation. It is an effective way to use limited scientific and technological resources to improve the innovation capabilities of all enterprises and improve the service capabilities of scientific and technological intermediaries. Its comprehensiveness and systematicness cannot be achieved by market-based services. .
(2) Learn from the practices of developed countries and ensure the existence of service agencies and standardize services through legislation so that science and technology public services can be implemented.
(3) Clarify the boundaries of public welfare services. Some public products of science and technology public services can earn certain profits, such as basic scientific research, the provision of scientific and technological information materials, the provision of scientific and technological cooperation channels, etc. However, if it is promoted to the market for profit, its public welfare goals will be abandoned, affecting the government's functions and the realization of national goals. Some non-public welfare services that have been undertaken by public service departments in the non-market economy period should be introduced to the market as soon as possible through asset evaluation, technical consultation, promotion of high-tech products, etc., and resources should be concentrated to improve public welfare services. Serve.
(4) The government shall coordinate planning and ensure financial investment. Science and technology public services must be planned and designed uniformly by the government, breaking up fragmentation, integrating resources, and eliminating duplication of construction. After establishing a new science and technology public service system, it is also necessary to ensure financial investment so that the service system can operate efficiently.
(5) Develop a scientific performance evaluation system. Science and technology public services are provided to create public conditions for scientific and technological innovation entities, rather than serving the main purpose of making profits and directly creating new wealth. Its effect cannot be displayed in a real-time, comprehensive and intuitive manner, nor can it be measured by profit indicators.
It can only be reflected indirectly through the improvement of the comprehensive innovation capabilities of innovative entities. Therefore, a scientific performance evaluation system must be developed to reflect the operational efficiency of science and technology public services. And develop incentive mechanisms to continuously improve operational quality.
(6) Pay attention to the construction of talent team. A science and technology public service team that can truly provide high-quality services for scientific and technological innovation requires that it have an interdisciplinary knowledge structure, a broad international vision, and management and coordination capabilities at both micro and macro levels; each service field must be equipped with strategists, Policy experts, intellectual property experts, technology assessment experts, consultants, economists and other professionals. Because science and technology public service has not been taken seriously, some public institutions engaged in public service may be market-oriented at any time and cannot attract and retain talents, resulting in a serious shortage of science and technology public service experts, which has seriously affected It has promoted the innovation of company products for technology company services. Therefore, we must pay attention to the construction of talent teams.