Lighting has experienced the development process from fire, oil to electricity. Lighting tools have undergone numerous changes, from flashlights, candles, kerosene lamps to incandescent lamps and fluorescent lamps, to various lighting lamps, energy-saving lamps, decorative lamps, landscape lamps, heating lamps, navigation lamps, indicator lamps, signal lamps, nightlight, blueprint lamps, disinfection lamps and planting lamps.
The development history of lamps and lanterns is the witness of the history of human civilization, and it is also a history of pursuing light. In the history of lamps, there are many interesting stories. The House of Lights will take you into this historical corridor in reverse order. Since the birth of the world's first semiconductor light-emitting diode in the 1960s, LED lighting has been hailed as the light of hope in the history of human lighting because of its long life, energy saving, rich colors, safety and environmental protection.
Development history of light-emitting diode LED;
1907, Henry Joseph LUN first observed electroluminescence in a piece of silicon carbide.
1936, report of GeorgeDestiau on luminescence of zinc sulfide powder. With the application and wide recognition of current, the term "electroluminescence" finally appeared.
1955, Rubin Blancstein of American Radio Company discovered the infrared radiation of gallium arsenide (GaAs) and other semiconductor alloys.
1962, the joint laboratory of GE, Monsanto and IBM developed a gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) semiconductor compound emitting 655nm red light, and since then, light emitting diodes have entered the commercial development process.
1965, Monsanto and Hewlett-Packard Company introduced commercial red LED made of GaAsP material. At that time, the efficiency of this LED lamp was about 0. 1 lumen per watt.
1968, a breakthrough was made in the research and development of LED lamps. The efficiency of GaAsP devices can reach 1 lumen/watt through nitrogen doping process, and LED energy-saving lamps can emit red light, orange light and yellow light.
197 1 year introduced the GaP green chip LED with the same efficiency, and LED began to be widely used in the application fields of digital and text display technology.
The technological breakthrough in the early 1980s was the development of AlGaAs LED, which can emit red light with luminous efficiency of 10 lumen per watt. LED lamps have been applied to outdoor information release and CHMSL equipment.
1990 developed AlInGaP technology, which can provide the best performance of red devices, and the performance of standard GaAsP devices at that time was improved by more than 10.
1994, Japanese scientist Shuji Nakamura developed the first blue LED on InGaN (indium gallium nitride) substrate, which started the research and development boom of GaN-based LED lamps. The appearance of blue light makes white LED possible.
At the end of 1990s, white LED lamps were developed with YAG phosphor excited by blue light, but the color was uneven, the life was short and the price was high. With the continuous progress of technology, after entering the 2 1 century, the development of white LED is very rapid. The luminous efficiency of white LED energy-saving lamps is increasing faster and faster, which is much higher than incandescent lamps and close to fluorescent lamps. With the further development of material technology, chip size and shape technology, the luminous flux of commercial LED lamps has increased by dozens of times. The LED that once gave off a faint light indicates the arrival of a new era of LED lights. The emergence of electricity has made a leap in human productivity, and the emergence of incandescent lamps has also created the history of human lighting with electricity.
It is generally believed that the incandescent lamp was invented by American Thomas Edison. In fact, before Edison, many others also made many contributions to the invention of electric light. 180 1 year, the British chemist David electrified the platinum wire to emit light. 18 1 year, and he also invented the electric candle, which is illuminated by an arc between two carbon rods. 1854, Henry Goebbels put a carbonized bamboo filament under a vacuum glass bottle to make it glow. Today, his invention seems to be the first incandescent lamp with practical value. The light bulb he tested at that time could last for 400 hours, but he didn't apply for the design patent in time.
1850, the Englishman Joseph Wilson Swan began to study electric lights. 1878, he obtained a British patent for a light bulb powered by carbon wire under vacuum, and started to set up a company in Britain to install electric lights in every household. 1874, two Canadian electrical technicians applied for a patent for electric lamps. They filled helium gas under the glass bubble, and the charged carbon rod would glow. But they didn't have enough financial resources to continue developing this invention, so they sold the patent to Edison at 1875. Edison tried to improve the filament after buying the patent. 1879, he changed to carbon filament to make a light bulb, which successfully lasted 13 hours. By 1880, after experimenting with 1600 materials, Edison finally succeeded in manufacturing the world's first incandescent lamp with carbon filament, and successfully maintained it in the laboratory for 1200 hours. Since then, mankind has entered the era of electric lighting.
The development of electric light is rich and colorful, which is composed of various types of electric light. The house of lights is introduced to everyone from beginning to end.
1, incandescent lamp
1909 American scientist Coolidge invented tungsten filament, which improved the brightness and life of incandescent lamp. The filament in the glass bulb is electrified and heated, so that the filament generates thermal radiation and emits light. Lamp holder is the electrical and mechanical connection part of incandescent lamp, which is mainly divided into screw lamp holder, focusing lamp holder and special lamp holder according to form and use. Commonly used in basic lighting and decorative lighting of residential buildings, it has the advantages of convenient installation, immediate start-up and low cost. It has a wide working voltage range, from a few volts provided by the battery to the power supply voltage, with low price and no need for additional circuits. Its main applications are home lighting and places where intensive low-voltage lamps are needed, such as flashlights and console lighting. Only 10% of the input energy is converted into visible light energy, and the typical life span ranges from tens of hours to thousands of hours.
2, halogen tungsten lamp
1959 The invention of tungsten halogen lamp brought incandescent lamp technology to a new height and prolonged its life. Compared with halogen-free incandescent lamps with the same rated power, tungsten halogen lamps are much smaller in size and allow to be filled with heavier high-pressure gas (more expensive). These changes can prolong its life or improve its light efficiency. Similarly, the tungsten halogen lamp can also be directly connected to the power supply without the control circuit. The life of ordinary incandescent lamp is 1000 hours, while the life of halogen tungsten lamp is half of it, and the luminous efficiency is improved by 30%. Tungsten halogen lamps are widely used in motor vehicle lighting, projection systems, special spotlights, low-cost floodlighting, stage and studio lighting and other occasions that need to surpass halogen-free incandescent lamps in compactness, convenience and good performance.
3. Fluorescent lamp
Fluorescent lamp appeared in the 1940s, which uses the principle of gas discharge to generate light energy. Because the light emitted is mainly ultraviolet rays and less infrared radiation, the luminous efficiency is higher than that of incandescent lamps. This lamp will save 75% energy and prolong its life by 8~ 10 times. Our commonly used fluorescent lamps mainly include fluorescent lamps, high lumen single-ended fluorescent lamps and energy-saving lamps (compact fluorescent lamps), which are widely used so far and dominate commercial and industrial lighting. Commonly used in offices, shopping malls, residential buildings and other general public buildings, there are a variety of optional light colors, which can not only achieve high illumination, but also give consideration to economy. It also gives off many beautiful and colorful lights. This is determined by the properties of the chemicals contained in the phosphor, such as those coated with magnesium tungstate emitting blue-white light and those coated with cadmium borate emitting light red light. Through the innovation of design, the development of fluorescent powder and the application of electronic control circuit, the performance of fluorescent lamp has been continuously improved.
4, low pressure sodium lamp
The appearance of steam lamps is caused by steam whose current flows through various components sealed in glass tubes. Steam lamps include mercury vapor lamps and sodium vapor lamps. The light efficiency is the highest, but it only radiates monochromatic yellow light, so it is impossible to distinguish various colors under the irradiation of this lamp. The main applications are: road lighting, safety lighting and outdoor applications in similar occasions. Its luminous efficiency is twice that of fluorescent lamp and 10 times that of tungsten halogen lamp. Compared with fluorescent lamps, the discharge tube of low-pressure sodium lamps is long tube-shaped, usually bent into a "U" shape. The discharge tube is placed in a vacuum laminated glass shell, and the laminated glass shell is coated with an infrared reflective layer to achieve the purpose of saving energy and improving the maximum light efficiency.
5. High intensity gas discharge lamp
These lamps are all high-pressure discharge lamps, featuring short-arc discharge tubes with high brightness. Usually there is a certain shape of glass or a timely shell outside the discharge tube, which is transparent or frosted, or coated with fluorescent powder to increase red radiation. It is divided into high-pressure mercury lamp (HPMV), high-pressure sodium lamp (HPS) and metal halide lamp (M-H).
6. induction lamp
A new electrodeless gas discharge lamp. The required energy is coupled into the discharge through the high-frequency field, and the secondary coil of the transformer can produce effective discharge. Formally, induction lamp is another form of compact fluorescent lamp, but the high-voltage part may be different. This kind of lamp is not limited to long tube shape (such as fluorescent tube), but also can emit light instantly. The working frequency is within several megahertz, so special electronic circuit devices are needed to drive and control the ignition point of the lamp.
7. Electroluminescent lighting
Including various types of light-emitting panels and light-emitting diodes, LED is the latest photoelectric lighting technology, which is widely used and integrates many advantages of the above photoelectric technology. The origin of light comes from the pursuit of light and the discovery of fire. The appearance of fire made human beings independent of everything and mastered light and heat. Since mankind learned to drill wood for fire, fire not only made mankind bid farewell to the barbaric era of drinking blood and hair, but also dispelled darkness and brought light and warmth. Primitive people painted turpentine or fatty things on bark or sawdust and tied them together to make torches for lighting, which became the first "lamp" in the sense of human creation. After a long time, lighting with various vegetable oils, putting the oil in a container and igniting the wick became the originator of the oil lamp. After human beings exploited oil, kerosene lamps appeared, and with the light of glass lampshades, gas lamps appeared.
Oil lamp lighting has occupied a very important period in human history, during which oil lamps have been improved many times. Oil for oil lamps changed from animal oil to vegetable oil, and was finally replaced by kerosene. Wick has also experienced the change process of grass, cotton thread and multi-strand cotton thread. In order to prevent the wind from blowing out the fire, people put a cover on the oil lamp. Early covers were made of paper, which was very unsafe. Later, it was changed to a glass cover. This kind of oil lamp is not afraid of the wind, can be used outdoors, burns fully and does not emit black smoke. Around the 3rd century BC, candles made of beeswax appeared. In the18th century, candles made of paraffin wax were improved, and machines began mass production. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/9th century, the British invented the gas lamp, which made a big step forward in human lighting technology. But at first, this kind of lamp was very unsafe and dangerous when used indoors, so it was only used as a street lamp. Kerosene lamp is a widely used lighting tool, and white light has become a better lighting equipment. In the pursuit of light, mankind is not satisfied. While lighting with oil lamps, they are still looking for other lighting methods. It is also used by a large number of fireflies for lighting, which is a strange method in the history of human lighting, although it is not practical. With the advent of the era of human electrification, the revolution of fire as a lamp has completed its mission and gradually withdrawn from the history of human lighting.
China is an ancient civilization with a long history, and the technology and culture of lamps are also unique. The development and evolution of lamps have been going on for quite a long time. Archaeological data show that as early as about 700,000-200,000 years ago, Beijingers in the Paleolithic period began to use fire in their lives, and at the latest, special-shaped lamps appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period. In historical records, lanterns appeared in the legendary period of the Yellow Emperor, and there were also special posts for lighting or lighting in Zhou Li. As a lighting tool, lamps can actually achieve the most primitive functions as long as there is a plate filled with fuel, plus oil and wick. The appearance of lamps with certain shapes is the result of the combination of practicality and aesthetics.
Early oil lamps were similar to the "beans" of pottery. "Tile bucket is called pedal", with the upper plate and the lower seat connected by columns. Although the shape is relatively simple, it lays the basic shape of China oil lamp. Since then, with the baptism of bronze culture and the improvement of casting technology, the oil lamp, like other utensils, has made important development in modeling and created the brilliance of China oil lamp art.
From the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Han Dynasty, the high development of oil lamps has been divorced from the specific requirements of practicality. Like other vessels, it has become a ritual vessel of a specific era. "Blue pulp shines brightly, but stirrup is wrong" embodies the grand occasion of artificial lighting at that time. Social and political rules and regulations. The representative works of this period include silver-headed humanoid lanterns and fifteen lanterns unearthed in Shan Zhi, Pingshan, Hebei. Dragon lanterns of the Western Han Dynasty unearthed from the tomb of Nanyue King in Guangzhou: Changxin Palace lanterns, sheep lanterns and household lanterns unearthed in Chengguan Town, Hebei Province; Feather lanterns of the Western Han Dynasty unearthed in Datang, Wuzhou, Guangxi; Cattle-shaped lamps unearthed from Ganquan Mountain in Hanjiang, Jiangsu; The lying humanoid chandelier of the Eastern Han Dynasty found in Changsha, Hunan; Wild goose and fish lanterns unearthed in Xiangfen County, Shanxi Province.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, with the maturity of celadon technology, celadon lamps began to replace the previous bronze lamps.
Because celadon lamps are cheap and easy to popularize, oil lamps with certain shapes and decorations are widely used by the people. Due to the technical characteristics of celadon, a kind of modeling and decoration corresponding to this technology has also appeared. The representative works of this period include the three kingdoms celadon bear lamp unearthed from Wu tomb in Qingliangshan, Nanjing; Eastern Jin celadon ox-shaped lamp unearthed in Ruian, Zhejiang; Northern Qi porcelain lamp unearthed in Taiyuan, Shanxi; From then on to the end of Sui Dynasty and the beginning of Tang Dynasty, the white porcelain dragon lanterns and tri-color lion lotus lanterns in Tang Dynasty were made of new materials, such as copper, iron, tin, silver, jade, stone, wood and glass, and there were many varieties. Due to the highly developed economy in the Tang Dynasty, practical and decorative or purely decorative lamps began to appear in court and Lantern Festival, such as lanterns, lantern wheels, lantern trees, lanterns, lanterns, resin lanterns, Kongming lanterns and wind lanterns. These novel and unique lamps or customs set off the prosperity of that era and became a story that has been passed down through the ages.
The lamps in the Song Dynasty continued the glory of the prosperous times. "Every tile in the middle of the dragon is equipped with a lotus lamp", "The night is bright and shines up and down". Due to the development of ceramic industry, each kiln mouth has its own unique ceramic oil lamp. "Don't use copper lamps for book lamps, porcelain is the most fuel-efficient." The provincial oil lamp, which began in the Tang Dynasty, was popular in the Song Dynasty. "There is a porcelain lamp in Shu. Injecting water into the lip of the lamp can save half the fuel." (Lu You's Lu Fangweng Collection), while Capricorn Lantern in Liao Dynasty shows the national characteristics of minority areas. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, blue and white and pastel oil lamps gradually became the new trend of lamps. Since then, the development of oil lamps has been linked with foreign oil lamps until the appearance of electric lamps. A history and culture with thousands of years of lamps has turned a new page with the appearance of foreign oil lamps and electric lamps in the 20th century. In the long history of China, there are also many oil lamps that embody the wisdom and creativity of the Chinese nation.