1. What are the specific contents of information literacy or quality?
Information literacy refers to the consciousness, attitude and concept that users gradually form by using modern science and technology represented by computer and its network technology in the process of learning and growing up, and the ability to obtain, identify, process, transmit and create information and use it to solve practical problems. It includes strong information consciousness, systematic information concept and comprehensive information ability.
2. The concepts of information, knowledge, intelligence and literature? What are the elements of literature?
Concept of information: 1. Information is an object entity formed by processing the original materials collected from natural phenomena and social phenomena and finding out the relationship between them according to certain purposes and needs.
2. Information is meaningful, processed and valuable data for decision-making, that is, information = data+processing.
3. Information is a physical object that people systematically organize, sort out and analyze data to make it relevant, but it has nothing to do with the behavior of specific users. Information can be digitized.
The concept of knowledge: knowledge refers to the cognition gained by people in understanding and transforming the world, including the cognition gained through reading and learning, and the sum of all experiences accumulated through their own or others' experiences.
The concept of intelligence: information that people use, feel and communicate.
The concept of literature: it is all the carriers to record knowledge.
Document elements: It includes not only all collections of modern libraries, but also all collections of archives, museums, audio-visual halls and information centers.
3. What types of information and information resources include?
1) Types of information: According to the nature of the objects that generate information, it can be divided into natural information (instantaneous sound, light, heat, electricity, various weather changes, slow crustal movement, celestial evolution, etc. ) and biological information (various forms and behaviors of organisms for reproduction and survival, such as genetic information, information exchange within organisms and information exchange within animal populations). According to the carrier to which information is attached, it can be divided into document information, oral information, electronic information, biological information and so on.
Types of information resources: According to different storage media, information resources can be divided into printed information resources, electronic information resources, digital information resources and multimedia information resources.
4. What types of documents are there? What is the basis for classifying documents into these types?
1) is divided according to carrier material, storage technology and transmission mode.
It can be divided into: printed, miniature, audition and machine-readable literature information sources.
2) Depending on the degree of treatment.
It can be divided into: primary document information sources, secondary document information sources and tertiary document information sources.
3) According to the content of literature information sources.
It can be divided into: books, periodicals, newspapers, scientific and technological reports, government publications, conference documents, patent documents, dissertations, standard documents, archive documents, product samples, etc.
5. What is the type of database? What are the characteristics of network resources?
Database types: online database, CD-ROM database and network database.
What are the characteristics of network resources: huge quantity and rapid growth; Rich in content and diverse in forms; Frequent changes and different values; The structure is complex and widely distributed; Information is scattered, out of order, etc.
6. What is a "core journal"? What are the core journals of this major?
The definition of core journals is that in a certain discipline, a few journals cover most of the literature of the discipline, while most journals only contain a small amount of literature of the discipline, and these few journals are the core journals of the discipline.
The core journals of this major are: politics and law, global law review, contemporary law and law.
7. What is information retrieval? What types are there?
Definition: It is a process of comparing the characteristics of users' questions with the characteristics of data sources through certain methods and means, and then extracting consistent or relatively consistent information for users to use.
Type: literature retrieval, data retrieval and fact retrieval.
8. Briefly describe the principle of information retrieval.
The essence of information retrieval is a matching process, that is, the process of matching the subject concept or retrieval expression needed by information users with the system language of an information system. If there is a match, the required information will be checked, otherwise the retrieval will fail.
9. What is a computer information retrieval system? It consists of several parts.
Computer information retrieval system is a retrieval method that uses computers and certain communication equipment to find needed information. The retrieval system is a system that combines human design operation and computer automation processing.
Components: CD retrieval system, online retrieval system and network retrieval system.
10. What are the computer information retrieval technologies?
Boolean retrieval, vector space retrieval, fuzzy set retrieval, probability retrieval and full-text retrieval have developed into hypertext retrieval and are developing towards intelligence.
1 1. In terms of appearance and content characteristics, what are the types of retrieval languages? A simple search formula is given for different features.
The retrieval language that describes the external characteristics of information includes title (title, journal name, article name), author name \ company name, published project, code \ serial number (such as patent number, report number, standard number) and so on. Used as a retrieval symbol is simple and clear.
The retrieval languages that describe the characteristics of information content include classified language and topic language, and topic language can be divided into keyword language, unit word language, title word language and narrative language.
12. Why do you want to create a retrieval language? What types does it have? Compare the advantages and disadvantages of classified language and topic language.
1) retrieval language refers to a special language used to describe the content characteristics and external characteristics of information in information systems and to express users' information problems in order to facilitate the retrieval of documents.
2) Type: according to whether the retrieval language is controlled or not, it can be divided into artificial language and natural language, according to the implementation of retrieval, it can be divided into the first group of retrieval languages and the second group of retrieval languages, and according to the different characteristics of information, it can be divided into retrieval languages that describe the external characteristics of information and retrieval languages that describe the content characteristics of documents.
13, the methods and approaches of information (literature) retrieval, and discuss the retrieval steps in detail?
1. Analyze the research topic and define the retrieval requirements: analyze the main content of the topic, determine the literature type of the topic, determine the retrieval time range, and analyze the retrieval evaluation requirements of users.
2. Selection of retrieval tools: According to the requirements of retrieval subject, select the retrieval reference books that can best meet the retrieval requirements, and choose different databases for different data types.
3. Determine the retrieval strategy: determine the retrieval approach and formulate the retrieval strategy.
4. Adjust the retrieval scheme: after determining the specific retrieval method, use the used database to search within a certain age range to obtain literature clues. Users make judgments on each retrieval result and make corresponding modifications and adjustments to the retrieval strategy until satisfactory results are obtained.
5. Obtain the original text: directly obtain it by full-text database, obtain it by document delivery system, use the original text service of abstract database, and use OPAC retrieval system for interlibrary loan.
14. What are the literature clues? List the clues of the above different literature types (journal papers, conference papers, books, standards, etc. ).
15. Briefly describe the collection resources of Superstar Electronic Library, Scholar's Home Digital Library, China Academic Journal Full-text Database, VIP Chinese Sci-tech Journal Database and Wanfang Digital Journal.
1), Superstar Electronic Library: The collection of electronic books is rich in content, including more than 50 disciplines such as classical theory, philosophy, social science, economy, language, literature, mathematics, physics and chemistry, biology, industrial technology and computer. At present, there are 800,000 Chinese e-books, 3 million papers and more than 400 million full-text books, and they are constantly updated and increased every day.
2) Scholar's House Digital Library: It mainly includes new books published after 1999, and its collection is more than half of the new books published every year in China. At present, it has150,000 books, with a considerable number and complete disciplines.
3) Full-text Database of China Academic Journals: The products of this database are divided into ten photo albums: Science and Technology A, Science and Technology B, Science and Technology C, Agriculture, Medicine and Health, Literature, History and Philosophy, Politics, Military and Law, Education and Social Science Synthesis, Electronic Technology and Information Science, Economy and Management. The album is divided into several topics, *** 168 topic.
4) VIP Chinese sci-tech periodical database: According to China Library Classification, all documents are divided into eight volumes: social science, natural science, engineering technology, medicine and health, agricultural science, economic management, educational science and library information. These 8 albums are subdivided into 36 topics.
5) Features of Wanfang Digital Journals: At present, more than 70 kinds of science, engineering, agriculture, medicine and humanities have been collected, and more than 2,500 kinds of core journals of science and technology have been realized online. Periodicals included in the system include seven categories: basic science, agricultural science, social science, philosophy, politics and law, medicine and health, education, literature and art, economy and finance.
16. In this paper, two databases, "China Academic Journals Full-text Database" and "VIP Chinese Sci-tech Journals Database", are combined to discuss their respective "advanced retrieval" methods.
1), the method of "advanced retrieval" of VIP Chinese sci-tech periodical database: open VIP database, click advanced retrieval, enter keywords, authors, classification numbers, institutions and publication names, expand the retrieval conditions, such as time conditions, professional restrictions and periodical scope, and then click retrieval.
2) The method of "advanced retrieval" for full-text database of China academic journals: Open China HowNet, click Advanced Retrieval, enter full-text database of China academic journals, input retrieval control conditions, such as publication time and annual support fund of journals, and then input content retrieval conditions.
17. Briefly describe the characteristics and functions of special documents and the structure of academic papers.
Features: Special distribution channels and different forms have special value that other documents can't replace.
Function: transmitting scientific and technological information
Structure: Generally speaking, an academic paper consists of eight necessary components, of which the front part includes title, author, abstract and keywords, and the main part includes introduction, text, conclusion and references.
18. What are the types of grading standards? What are the grades of China standard? What symbols are used respectively?
Classification: 1) can be divided into international standards, regional standards, national standards, industry standards, local standards and enterprise standards according to the scope of use.
2) According to the binding nature of standards, they can be divided into mandatory standards and non-mandatory standards.
China: national standard GB industry standard FZ local standard DB enterprise standard Q.
19, the respective meanings of novelty, creativity and practicality of patents, and the types of patents protected in China.
1. Novelty means that before the filing date, no identical invention or utility model was published in domestic and foreign publications, used in China or known to the public in other ways, and no identical invention or utility model was filed by others with the the State Council Patent Administration Department and recorded in the patent application documents published after the filing date.
2. Creativity means that compared with the prior art before the filing date, the invention has outstanding substantive features and remarkable progress, and the utility model has substantive features and progress.
3. Practicality means that the invention or utility model can be manufactured or used and can produce positive effects.
Types of patents protected in China: inventions, utility models and designs.
20. When will China implement the patent law? What is the procedure of patent examination and approval in China Patent Law? What are the objects protected by China's patent law?
1, effective from April 1985.
2. Procedure: 1) After receiving an application for a patent for invention, the Patent Office shall publish it within 18 months from the date of filing if it finds that it conforms to the provisions of this Law after preliminary examination. The Patent Office may publish its application at an early date upon the request of the applicant.
2) Within three years from the date of filing, the Patent Office may, upon the request of the applicant, conduct substantive examination of the application at any time; If the applicant fails to request substantive examination within the time limit without justifiable reasons, the application shall be deemed to have been withdrawn.
When the Patent Office deems it necessary, it may examine the application for a patent for invention on its own.
3) When requesting substantive examination, the applicant for a patent for invention shall submit reference materials related to his invention before the filing date.
Where an application for a patent for invention is filed in a foreign country, the applicant shall, when requesting substantive examination, submit the materials retrieved by the country for examining the application or the materials for examining the results; If it is not submitted without justifiable reasons, the application shall be deemed to have been withdrawn.
4) If the Patent Office considers that the application for a patent for invention is not in conformity with the provisions of this Law after substantive examination, it shall notify the applicant and ask him to state his opinions or amend his application within a specified time limit; If no reply is made within the time limit without justifiable reasons, the application shall be deemed to be withdrawn.
5) If an application for a patent for invention is still considered by the Patent Office to be inconsistent with the provisions of this Law after the applicant has stated his opinions or made amendments, it shall be rejected.
6) If the application for a patent for invention is not found to be rejected after substantive examination, the Patent Office shall examine and approve it, make an announcement and notify the applicant.
7) If, after receiving an application for a patent for utility model or design, the Patent Office considers it to be in conformity with the provisions of this Law after preliminary examination, it will not conduct any substantive examination, and immediately announce and notify the applicant.
8) Within three months from the date of the announcement of the patent application, anyone may raise an objection to the Patent Office in accordance with these Regulations. The Patent Office shall send a copy of the objection to the applicant, and the applicant shall submit a written reply within three months from the date of receiving the copy of the objection; If a written reply is not given within the time limit without justifiable reasons, the application shall be deemed to be withdrawn.
9) If the Patent Office finds that the objection is established after examination, it shall make a decision to reject the application and notify the objector and the applicant.
10), the Patent Office established the Patent Reexamination Board. If the applicant refuses to accept the decision of the Patent Office to reject the application, he may, within three months from the date of receiving the notice, request the Patent Reexamination Board for reexamination. After reexamination, the Patent Reexamination Board shall make a decision and notify the applicant.
If the applicant for a patent for invention refuses to accept the decision of the Patent Reexamination Board to reject the request for reexamination, he may bring a suit in a people's court within three months from the date of receiving the notice.
The decision made by the Patent Reexamination Board on the applicant's request for reexamination of utility model and design is final.
1 1) If there is no objection to the patent application or the objection is not established after examination, the Patent Office will make a decision to grant the patent right, issue a patent certificate, and register and announce relevant matters.
3. Inventions, utility models and designs
2 1, China patent document numbering system includes several patent contribution numbers? How to solve it?
6 kinds of application number, patent number, WeChat official account, examination number, announcement number and authorization announcement number.
22, the characteristics of patent documents, the structure of the patent specification
Features: novelty, creativity and practicality.
Structure: Generally, a patent specification includes: patent document description, patent claim, specification, drawings and abstract. Some patent specifications are accompanied by search reports.
23, the classification method of patent documents, the structure of classification number, the purpose of patent retrieval.
Classification method:
24. Patents' country codes' of major countries and international organizations in the world
In Austria, Australia, BE Belgium, CA, Canada, CH, Switzerland, CN, China, Germany, DK, Denmark, EP, European Patent Office, ES, Spain, FI, Finland, FR, France, GB, Britain, HU, Hungary, IE, Ireland, IL, Israel, India, IT, Italy, JP, Japan, KR, Korea, NL, Netherlands, NO, Norway, OA, African Intellectual Property Organization PCTRU,
25. Briefly describe the use methods of "China Dissertation Database" and "China Standard Literature Database".
1), using China dissertation database:
First, preparation before use
1, landing data in Wan Fang.
Step 2 download the reader
Go to Home >; Support and download >> download area ",download Acrobat Reader installer >> install PDF reader.
Second, how to retrieve
1. Quick search: After logging in, users can search by entering search terms in the search portal on the homepage of the system, select the check box in front of the database and enter keywords. By default, they can search in any field.
2. Cross-database search: You can search in multiple databases simultaneously.
A Enter cross-database search: as shown in the above figure, click "cross-database search" to enter.
Determine the search scope:
Add search criteria
3. General retrieval
A enter the retrieval interface of "Chinese dissertation full-text database"
B. Search by adding search conditions in the regular search area.
4. Classified browsing: According to China Library Classification, you can browse dissertations of different disciplines.
Third, consult the literature.
1, view the summary and full text.
2. Associated retrieval and package download
2) How to use China standard literature database?
Log in to Wanfang Database, enter the content to be retrieved in the "Standard Name" column of the retrieval interface of foreign standard database in Wan Fang Data, and click the search button to get the retrieval results.
26. What is a scientific report? What kind is it? What retrieval tool is used to find China science and technology report?
Scientific and technological reports are very important resources. They often reflect the frontier of science and technology and ongoing research projects, and pay attention to recording the whole process of scientific research progress in detail, which is mostly related to high-tech fields. The research results spread quickly, mainly distributed internally, and it is difficult for the outside world to obtain them.
Types of scientific and technological reports
2) Scientific reports can be divided into different types:
1, which can be divided into: basic theoretical research and engineering technology.
2. According to the form, it can be divided into: technical report (TR), technical notes (TN), technical papers (TP), technical memorandum (TM), TM, briefing, technical translation (TT), contractor's report (CR), special publications (SP), others (such as conference publications, teaching publications, reference publications, patent application specifications and statistical data), etc.
3. According to the research progress, it can be divided into: primary report, progress report, intermediate report and final report.
4. According to the circulation scope, it can be divided into: top secret report, secret report, confidential report, restricted release report, non-confidential report and declassified report. Most confidential scientific and technological reports belong to the military, national defense industry and cutting-edge technological achievements.
3) Search tool: EI CompendexWeb INSPEC dialog box.
27. What are meeting documents? What retrieval tools should I use to find the information of various foreign academic conferences?
1. Meeting documents are an extremely effective and important channel for transmitting and obtaining scientific and technological information.
2. Retrieval tools: China Knowledge Network, full-text database of important conference papers in China, Wan Fang data, China academic conference abstract database, online Internet conference preview of China academic conference, European research conference, preview of ISO standardization conference, and medical conference query.
28. Expound the types and collection characteristics of foreign language databases imported or purchased by our library.
Type: 1)EBSCOhost system full-text database 1, academic journal comprehensive full-text database 2, commercial resource comprehensive full-text database 3, communication and mass media database 4, newspaper resource database 5, education full-text journal database.
2)Springerlink electronic journals and books
Features: EBSCOhost has more than 60 databases, including 10 full-text databases, covering comprehensive science, commerce, management, finance, medicine, education, military, agriculture, humanities and other aspects. Among them, the comprehensive full-text database of academic journals and the comprehensive full-text database of commercial resources are one of the earliest database varieties organized by CALIS Group, which have been familiar and used by many universities in China.
Springerlink can access more than 1850 kinds of periodicals, among which more than 1 150 kinds of full-text periodicals can be accessed, of which more than 95% are in English, and many of them are English core periodicals, which have been included in the famous secondary literature service and have a high impact factor in ISI SCI.
29. What are the personalized services provided by Springlink? What operational procedures do readers need before using personalized services?
1), including: favorites, latest directory announcements, etc.
2) Before using personalized service, you need to establish a personal account. Registered users need to log in.
30.springlink homepage defaults to simple search page. Please use the simple search function to find 2 articles about "Computer Optimization" in recent 2 years.
3 1, springlink system can mark the expected retrieval results. The marked records can be temporarily saved in the system or permanently saved through the personalized service function. Writing several output methods of retrieval results
32. What are the personalized services provided by EBSCO? What operational procedures do readers need before using personalized services?
1), the most popular article recommendation
Quick links inside and outside the station
Collect favorite periodicals
Save important search
Set e-mail prompts
Search tip: the same search formula has new search results.
Citation tip: An article has been quoted by a new article.
Journal Tip: Related journals have published a new issue.
Topic tip: There are new articles published on topics of concern.
Historical tracking (retrieval history and operation history)
2) Before using the function of EBSCOHOST, readers need to register for application, obtain a group of personal user names and passwords, ask questions when retrieving passwords, click the "Submit" button, and return to the initial login interface. At this point, if the yellow pattern appears in my EBSCOhost, the login is complete.
33, the characteristics and types of network resources; The function of search engine
Features: large quantity and rapid growth; Rich in content and diverse in forms; Frequent changes and different values; The structure is complex and widely distributed; Information is scattered, out of order, etc.
Category: 1. According to the way of human information exchange, it can be divided into informal publishing, semi-informal publishing and formal publishing.
2) From the perspective of network information retrieval, network information can be divided into Internet information, FTP information, TELNET information, USENET information resources, USTSERV information and JOPHER information through information query.
3) According to the information acquisition methods, it can be divided into mail type, bulletin board type, broadcast type, library type and bibliography type.
4) According to the organizational form, it can be divided into document type, database type and hypermedia type.
5) According to timeliness, it can be divided into dynamic information, electronic newspapers, electronic periodicals, electronic books, online collections and online databases.
6), according to the media form of information is divided into, text information, hypertext information, multimedia information,
7) According to the network information service mode, it can be divided into website information, news information, forum information and file service information.
8) According to the format of information, it is divided into: HTTML TXT DOC PDF RM MP3.
Functions: Web search, picture search, video search, map search, news search, music search, forum search, etc.
34. Try to compare the functions of Baidu, Chinese Sohu, Peking University Skynet and Yisou.
Features of Baidu: 1. Information processing method based on word combination.
2. Support mainstream Chinese coding standards.
3. Intelligent correlation algorithm.
4. Search results can indicate rich web page attributes (such as title, website address, time, size, code, abstract, etc.). ), and highlight the user's query string, which is convenient for users to judge whether to read the original text.
5. Baidu search supports secondary retrieval (also called progressive retrieval or progressive retrieval).
6. Intelligent recommendation technology of related search words.
7. Using multithreading technology, efficient search algorithm, stable UNIX platform and localized server ensures the fastest response speed.
8. Can provide one week, two weeks, four weeks and other services.
9. The output of retrieval results supports content clustering, website clustering, content clustering+website clustering and other ways.
10. Intelligent and extensible search technology ensures the fastest and largest collection of Internet information.
1 1. The distributed structure, well-designed optimization algorithm and fault-tolerant design ensure the high availability, high scalability, high performance and high stability of the system under a large number of accesses.
12. A high degree of configurability enables the search service to meet the needs of different users.
13. Advanced web page dynamic summary display technology.
14. The unique Baidu snapshot skillfully solves the problem of dead links that search users often encounter.
15. Support a variety of advanced search grammars, making users query more efficiently and the results more accurate.
The features of Yisou are: 1, MP3 function 2, entertainment function 3, voting function 4, translation function 5, video function 6, and tribal function.
Features of Peking University Skynet: Peking University Development, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese and English. Provide full-text search, newsgroup search and FTP search (FTP sites such as Peking University and Chinese Academy of Sciences). At present, about 1 10,000 WWW pages (domestic) and1.40,000 newsgroup articles have been collected. Keyword search in simplified Chinese, traditional Chinese and English is supported, and retrieval of numeric keywords and URL names is not supported.
Features of Sohu: Sohu launched the first large-scale classified search engine in China on 1998, and has now developed into the most influential classified search engine in China. With more than 8 million page views every day, you can find websites, webpages, news, websites, software, yellow pages and other information.
35, literature information advanced, reliability, applicability judgment method
36. Consult relevant documents and write "standard documents, patent documents, dissertations and research reports" as a reference for labeling formats.
37. What parts do academic papers generally consist of? What is the writing standard of each part?
1. Title: the name of the innovation expressed in accurate and refined technical terms.
2. Unit and author: Only according to the names of the author and the people who actually participated in the writing of the paper, according to their contribution to the paper rather than to the work.
3. Abstract: It is a concise abbreviation of the paper, and it is an independent essay without comments and comments.
4. Keywords: keywords are keywords that express the category of the paper. List 3 ~ 8 keywords that can be found in this article through fuzzy search. Keywords should reflect the research scope, but not necessarily the high-frequency words in the text. It is best to arrange according to the range, first big and then small. Keywords should not be uncommon, it is best to come from Chinese thesaurus.
5. Introduction: The introduction can be used as a section of the paper (the symbol can be 0 or 1) or as untitled text before the text. It should be clear and concise, not charts and formulas.
6. Text: The text should be divided into chapters, and reasonable chapters and subheadings can highlight key points and help to understand. Try to express it intuitively with charts, which should be self-explanatory, have Chinese headers and coordinates, and can be understood without explanation.
7. Conclusion: The full text is not only a summary of experiments or simulations. ① Summarize the laws and advantages found in the research; ② Application or application direction; (3) limitations or deficiencies, and the direction of future efforts. The conclusion should be relatively independent, and substitutes such as "this method" should not be used when referring to innovation. When you are not sure, you can use "discussion" instead of "conclusion", but don't use titles such as "conclusion" and "summary". There should be no charts or formulas in the conclusion.
8. References: List the domestic and foreign literatures read by the author within the research scope. The reference echoes the introduction, which reflects the author's vision and acumen in tracking the development of technology, the breadth and depth of the author's knowledge, and the author's qualification to say that he is innovative. The quantity cannot be too small. For example, in the selection of outstanding papers of China Association for Science and Technology, there are no less than 20 references for scientific research papers. Reference materials are not limited to languages, but teaching materials should not be too many and too old.
38. What is academic fraud and plagiarism? Generally speaking, what are the forms of plagiarism? Plagiarism in judicial practice
How is it defined? What's the difference between plagiarism and citation?
Definition of plagiarism: plagiarism refers to taking other people's works as your own.
Definition of academic fraud:
39. Short answer: The connotation of three retrieval tools: SCI, EI and ISTP.
1, SCI, namely "scientific citation index", is an important periodical abstract index database in the field of basic theory of natural science.
It was founded in 196 1 by eugene garfield, director of institute for scientific information (1925.9. 15). With it, you can search the contents of mathematics, physics, chemistry, astronomy, biology, medicine, agricultural SCIence, computer science, materials science and other disciplines from 65438.1000000001sci, and sci is also regarded as an important basis for making discipline development plans and ranking academic achievements by academic circles at home and abroad.
2.Ei, Engineering Index, founded in 1884, edited and published by Elsevier Engineering Information Company, mainly includes papers in the field of engineering technology (mainly papers from scientific journals and conference proceedings). The data covers nuclear technology, bioengineering, transportation, chemical and technological engineering, lighting and optical technology, agricultural engineering and food technology, computer and data processing, applied physics, electronics and communication, control engineering, civil engineering, mechanical engineering, material engineering, petroleum, aerospace, automobile engineering and other disciplines.
3.ISTP, namely "Index of Proceedings of Science and Technology Conferences", was founded in 1978 and compiled by institute for scientific information, USA, which mainly contains internationally renowned documents of science and technology conferences. Its data include agriculture, environmental science, biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, medicine, engineering, computer science, chemistry, physics and other disciplines. From 1990-2003, ISTP and ISSHP (ISSHP will be mentioned later) * * * collected the information of nearly 3 million papers from 60,000 meetings.