doctor's degree
Madame Curie
In June p>193, Madame Curie obtained a doctor's degree in physics from the University of Paris with the research on radioactive substances as her doctoral thesis. In November of the same year, the Curies were awarded the David Gold Medal by the Royal Society. In December, they won the 193 Nobel Prize in Physics with Becquerel. In the following years, the Curies kept refining the radioactive components in pitchblende. After unremitting efforts, they finally succeeded in separating radium chloride and found two new chemical elements: polonium (po) and radium (lei). Because of their discovery and research on radioactivity, the Curies and Henri Bekkerel won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 193, and Madame Curie became the first woman to win the Nobel Prize in history. Eight years later, in 1911, Madame Curie won the Nobel Prize in chemistry for successfully separating radium. Unexpectedly, after Madame Curie won the Nobel Prize, she did not apply for a patent for the method of refining pure radium, but made it public, which effectively promoted the development of radiology. In her later years, Madame Curie had an affair with paul long Zhiwan, a student of her husband's life, which caused ups and downs in France. On November 4th, 1911, the headline of Paris News was "Love Story: Madame Curie and Professor langevin". It was rumored that Pierre was alive, and Lang Wanhe had close contacts with Madame Curie. Einstein's view on this matter is that if they love each other, no one can control it. On November 23, 1911, he wrote a letter to Madame Curie to express his comfort.
The first person to win two Nobel Prizes
Madame Curie
Madame Curie was the first person to win two Nobel Prizes in history, and she was one of only two people who won Nobel Prizes in different fields. During the First World War, Madame Curie advocated the use of radiology to rescue the wounded, which promoted the application of radiology in the medical field. After that, she traveled to the United States in 1921 and raised money for radiology research. Madame Curie died on July 4, 1934 in Haute-Savoie, France, due to excessive exposure to radioactive substances. After that, her eldest daughter, Irène Joliot-Curie, won the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1935. Her youngest daughter, Eve Curie, wrote The Biography of Madame Curie after her mother died. During the inflation in the 199s, Madame Curie's head appeared on Polish and French currency and stamps. The chemical element curium (Cm, 96) was named in memory of the Curie couple. Madame Curie wrote My Faith.
studious
1. I entered the University of Paris by my own diligent study. Marie Curie is the youngest and cleverest of the five daughters in my family. Her father is a middle school math and science teacher with very limited income, and her mother is a middle school teacher. Mary's childhood was unhappy. Her mother had a serious infectious disease, and her elder sister took care of her. Later, mother and elder sister died of illness when she was under 12 years old. Her life is full of difficulties. Such a living environment not only cultivated her ability to live independently, but also tempered her very strong character from an early age. Mary has been studying very hard since she was a child. She has a strong interest in learning and a special hobby. She never misses any learning opportunity easily and shows a tenacious enterprising spirit everywhere. Since primary school, she has been the first in every subject. At the age of 15, he graduated from middle school with a gold medal. Her father had studied physics at St. Petersburg University earlier, and her father's hunger for scientific knowledge and strong enterprising spirit also deeply influenced little Mary. She loved all kinds of instruments in her father's laboratory since she was a child. When she grew up, she read many books on natural science, which made her full of fantasies. She was eager to explore the scientific world, but her family circumstances at that time did not allow her to go to college. At the age of 19, she began to be a tutor for a long time, and at the same time, she taught herself various subjects to prepare for her future studies. In this way, until the age of 24, she finally came to the Faculty of Science of Paris University to study. With a strong desire for knowledge, she listened attentively to every class. Hard study made her health worse and worse, but her academic performance was always among the best, which not only envied her classmates, but also surprised the professors. Two years after entering school, she confidently took the Bachelor of Physics exam, and among the 32 candidates, she won the first place. The next year, she won a bachelor's degree in mathematics with the excellent result of second place. At the beginning of 1894, Mary accepted the magnetic research project on various steels proposed by the French National Council for the Promotion of Industry. In the process of completing this scientific research project, she got to know pierre curie, a teacher of physics and chemistry school, who is an accomplished young scientist. The agreement of "using science for the benefit of mankind" is willing to combine them. After Mary got married, people called her Madame Curie respectfully. In 1896, Madame Curie finished the post examination for college graduates with the first place. The following year, she completed the magnetic research on various steels. However, she is not satisfied with the achievements she has made, and she is determined to take the doctor's exam and determine her own research direction. Standing on a new starting line.
Discovery of Radium
II. Light of Radium In 1896, French physicist Bekkerel published a work report, which introduced in detail the uranium element he discovered through many experiments. Uranium and its compounds have a special ability, which can automatically and continuously emit a kind of invisible ray, which is different from ordinary light and can make photographic negatives sensitive through black paper. Uranium and its compounds constantly emit rays and radiate energy outward. This aroused great interest in Madame Curie. Where does this energy come from? What is the nature of this unusual ray? Madame Curie was determined to uncover its secret. In 1897, Madame Curie chose her own research topic-the study of radioactive substances. This research project has brought her into a new world of science. She worked hard to open up a virgin land, and finally completed one of the most important discoveries in the history of modern science, and discovered the radioactive element radium, which laid the foundation of modern radiochemistry and made great contributions to mankind. Third, the gold-like mind discovered the element radium. The Curie couple
Because of their amazing discovery, in December 193, they won the Nobel Prize in Physics with Bekkerel. Their scientific achievements are unparalleled, but they are extremely contemptuous of fame and fortune, and most tired of those boring social parties. They gave everything they had to the cause of science without any personal gain. After the successful extraction of radium, they were advised to apply for a patent right from the government to monopolize the manufacture of radium in order to make a fortune. Madame Curie said: "That is against the scientific spirit. Scientists' research results should be published publicly, and others should develop them without any restrictions." Besides, radium is good for patients, so we shouldn't use it for profit. The Curies also donated the Nobel Prize they got to others in large quantities. [1] In 196, Mr. Curie died in a car accident, and Mrs. Curie suffered great pain. She was determined to redouble her efforts to fulfill her scientific aspirations. Paris University decided that Madame Curie would take over from Mr. Curie to teach physics. Madame Curie became the first female professor in the history of the famous Paris University, and when the couple separated the first batch of radium salts, they began to study various properties of radiation. From 1889 to 194 alone, they published 32 academic reports, recording their exploration footprints in radiation science. In 191, Madame Curie completed the book Monograph on Radioactivity. She also cooperated with others to successfully prepare metal radium. In 1911, Madame Curie won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. A female scientist, in less than 1 years, won the highest prize in world science twice in two different scientific fields, which is unique in the history of world science!
Institute of Radium Studies
In p>1914, the Institute of Radium Studies was established in Paris, and Madame Curie served as the research director of the Institute. After that, she continued to teach in universities and engaged in the research of radioactive elements. She spread scientific knowledge to all who want to learn without stint. She has been studying and working for 5 years since she was 16. But she still doesn't change that strict lifestyle. She has a high spirit of self-sacrifice since she was a child. In her early years, she was willing to work as a servant in other people's homes in order to provide for her sister's education. During her study in Paris, in order to save lamp oil and heating expenses, she studied in the library every night until the library closed. The pitchblende needed to extract pure radium was very expensive at that time. They saved bit by bit from their own living expenses and bought 8 or 9 tons successively. After Mr. Curie's death, Madame Curie gave radium, which was painstakingly extracted and valued at more than 1 million gold francs, to the research and treatment laboratory for free. In 1932, 65-year-old Madame Curie returned to China to attend the opening ceremony of Warsaw Radium Institute. Madame Curie has been away from the motherland since her youth and went to France to study. But she has never forgotten her motherland. When she was a child, her motherland Poland was occupied by Russia, and she hated the invaders very much. When the couple separated a new element from the mineral, she named it polonium. This is because the root of polonium is the same as that of Poland. She expressed her deep nostalgia for the motherland enslaved by Russia. For decades, Madame Curie has been engaged in the research of radioactive substances for a long time, coupled with the harsh experimental environment and the lack of strict protection for her body, and has often been attacked by radioactive elements, which has gradually damaged her blood and caused leukemia. She also suffers from lung disease, eye disease, gallbladder disease, kidney disease and even insanity. In Madame Curie's view, scientific research is more important than her own health. In order to attend the World Physics Congress, she asked the doctor to postpone kidney surgery. She went back to China to attend the opening ceremony of the Radium Institute. She once endured the fear of blindness and stubbornly carried out scientific research. Until the last breath of her life, when she was lying in bed due to pernicious anemia and high fever, she still asked her daughter to report to her about the work in the laboratory and proofread her book Radioactivity for her. Madame Curie died on July 4, 1934. She devoted her life to her beloved scientific career. On July 4, 1934, Madame Curie died of illness. She finally died of pernicious anemia. She created and developed the science of radiation all her life, studied strongly radioactive materials fearlessly for a long time, and finally contributed her life to this science. In her life, * * * won 1 famous awards including Nobel Prize and 16 medals awarded by international advanced academic institutions; There are more than 17 titles awarded by governments and scientific research institutions around the world. But she is as modest and prudent as ever. Albert Einstein, a great scientist, commented: "Among all famous people, Marie Curie is the only one who has not been spoiled by fame!" Madame Curie is a representative of women. Perhaps the biggest controversy in Madame Curie's life comes from her affair with PaulLangevin. Langevin was a student of Pierre and an excellent physicist. Legend has it that he is indifferent to his wife, but he is deeply fascinated by Mary, who is still beautiful and moving. Various newspapers have heated up this scandal. Out of xenophobia and because of the controversial stunt of "Little Three, a female scientist", the originally romantic and affectionate French people could not tolerate Mary and described her as a "Polish slut". This relationship is over. Many years later, Madame Curie's granddaughter married langevin's grandson. When the scandal was gradually forgotten in the corner of history, what is left to the world now is that Madame Curie, with her independent and strong personality, continued to work fearlessly and frustratingly. After all, her outstanding scientific achievements have attracted worldwide attention, and her work without personal contribution has benefited many people. Her technique was used to treat soldiers injured in World War I. Even all kinds of super-energy "radium" products, which are known as eternal youth and longevity, are like today's "nano-products", which are full of streets and alleys. In Madame Curie's laboratory, her daughter and son-in-law won the Nobel Prize in 1935 for discovering artificial radiation. After that, many scientists came here to work and tried to use radium separated by Madame Curie to treat skin cancer and other diseases, and achieved many results. Until now, the InstitutCurie is still an important cancer research institution. In Warsaw University of Technology in Poland, a sculpture of Mary was erected. Zoloski, who is the first love of a famous math professor, has sat quietly in front of this sculpture for countless times. Many years later, Warsaw built a research institute and museum in memory of Mary in memory of the country's outstanding daughter. In 1995, the bodies of Mary and Pierre were sent to the Pantheon in Paris, which symbolizes France's highest honor. The poor girl from overseas became the only woman in the national pantheon. Her character is widely praised. Einstein once said: Madame Curie may be the only one