1. Overview:
1. The emergence of the flat method:
Traditional domestic design methods are inefficient and difficult to control quality. Japanese structural drawings do not have detailed node structure drawings. The detailed node structure drawings are re-designed by the construction company (construction unit), so the design efficiency is high and the quality is guaranteed. Structural design in the United States only provides the reinforcement area, and the specific reinforcement method is determined by the construction company. Accordingly, traditional Chinese design methods must also be reformed.
2. Principle of the flat method:
Design process: Design structural system > Structural analysis (mechanical analysis) > Structural construction drawing design.
Structural design is a commodity with use value. It is a special commodity and is divided into creative labor and repetitive labor (non-creative labor). Nowadays, structural engineers complete the creative design part (creative work). Node structure and extra-node structure are not the labor results of structural engineers, but are copied specifications. (Note: The node structure cannot be calculated and is experimented by researchers.) The traditional single-component orthographic representation method mixes creative labor and non-creative labor, and the design of the inner-node structure and the outer-node structure is repetitive. Labor (non-creative labor). Based on this, the idea of ????structure standardization and structural standardization came into being, and digital and symbolic representation methods, that is, plane overall representation methods, were used to represent creative designs. The overall plane design method includes two parts: representation method and standard drawing. After the node structure is standardized, the workload of the construction company increases.
3. Application of the level method:
In September 1991, the level method began to be used in engineering projects in Shandong, and the level method began to be promoted. Structural diagrams are suitable for all components. They are all included in one diagram. It is very convenient to look wherever you go. After the introduction of Pingfa, there were three types of people: those who firmly supported it, those who firmly opposed it, and those who did not express their stance. Later, they contributed the patent to the country and became a national standard.
The leveling method is for professionals engaged in structural design and construction. It improves the scientific and technological content and prevents non-professionals from understanding it. The reform of the design method also promotes the improvement of the technical personnel of the construction unit. The flat method is a revolution in the field of structural design. It can increase efficiency by more than twice and can improve the unreasonable staffing situation in China's structural industry. Now, there are three architects for one structural engineer.
2. Column level method:
1. Definition questions:
(1) The embedded part refers to the basement roof and the structural structure below the ground ( (including the basement part) is classified as basic structure (atlas to be released). The stirrups below the embedded part are also classified as basic structure parts and are not included in this atlas.
(2) The total cross-section of column steel bars is the column cross-sectional area b×h, and the total cross-section of beam steel bars is the effective cross-sectional area of ??the beam b×h0. h0 is the value after the beam height is 35mm for single-row steel bars and 60mm for double-row steel bars. .
(3) The protective layer protects a surface or a line, but does not protect a point. All steel bars must be wrapped 360% of the concrete.
2. Questions about steel bars:
(1) The steel bars need to be overlapped in the non-densified area of ??stirrups. In the case of full-height density, the above regulations can be exceeded, avoiding both ends and in the The middle zone can be connected. When welding column bars, the grade difference between the two steel bars should not exceed two levels. If the grade difference exceeds two levels, they can be replaced with equal cross-sections.
(2) When two steel bars intersect, the two steel bars are allowed to be close together, because what is close together are points, and the gripping considers lines and surfaces.
(3) When the column tops out, the steel bars are passed directly up. If there is no beam at the top of the column, no 12d bending is required. Try to use the b-picture node style to close the edges of the column reinforcements, and close the edges to the outside to reduce the crowding of the steel bars in the column. The column reinforcements can be effectively edge-sealed.
(4) The composite method of column stirrups is very reasonable. The steel bars in any partially overlapping part do not exceed two layers, which reduces the probability and length of two steel bars appearing side by side as much as possible.
Because when two steel bars appear side by side, there is a hidden seam between the two steel bars, which is a hidden danger, and the concrete cannot wrap the steel bars 3600 degrees. The column stirrups are first wrapped by one stirrup, and the rest can be all tied with tie bars. The main bars and longitudinal bars must be pulled.
(5) The concepts of tie bars and single-leg stirrups are different. It is not necessary to hook all (vertical and transverse) steel bars, while tie bars must hook all steel bars.
Notes on the overall representation method of the structural plane (flat method) (2) View all document resources of the Structural Engineer Examination gt; gt;