First, the Shang Dynasty's campaign against Jingchu and its influence
The merchant Zuyue is one of the nationalities with a long history in Xia Dynasty, just like the Chu nationality, following the Gaoxin nationality in Di Ku. "Historical Records Yin Benji": "Yin Qi, whose mother is Zhu Di and whose daughter is E, is the second princess of Di Ku. After a three-person bath, Judy took Xuanwu's egg and swallowed it. Because of pregnancy, she gave birth to a contract. " "Poem Ode to Shang Xuanwu": "Xuanniao was born with a life, while Shang was born with a vast house." The deed of house was born when his mother swallowed the egg of a mysterious bird, so there was a "mysterious king" (Lv Chunqiu's visit to Shi Lan: "The north is called the mysterious sky." Therefore, some scholars believe that Xuan Wang is the king of the North. ), because of Zuo Liangyu's meritorious service in water control, he was named Imperial College by Emperor Shun, and was one of the important military leaders in Yao and Shun. "Xuanshang merchants flourished in four generations" ("Mandarin Zhou Yu Xia"), from the deed to the soup, * * * spread to the fourteenth generation, destroying Xia, the various ministries of Zhurong, or the early minister was destroyed by Xia, or the anti-Shang, and Ji Lian, the direct ancestor of Chu, moved south to avoid the soldiers of merchants and seek survival and development.
Shang Dynasty is the second slavery dynasty in the history of our country, with great development in politics, economy, military affairs and culture. While consolidating Ji Wang's rule, we continued to conquer the surrounding areas. He has conquered many tribes in the northwest, such as Turkic, Qiang, Mianfang, Shaofang and Guifang. Shu Qun, Fang Yi, Jingchu and other places from Jianghuai to Jianghan area along the Shandong coast are often conquered by dispatch troops, forcing them to submit. Yanwu: "Jingchu, a Uighur woman, lives in the south of China. She used to have soup, so she didn't dare to enjoy it or see the king. She said that business is normal. " It can be seen that Jingchu was a part of the "southern township" under the rule of Shang Dynasty and also surrendered to Shang Dynasty. Due to the unbearable exploitation and slavery of Shang Dynasty, the ministries of "Nanxiang" often rose up and rebelled. At the end of Shang dynasty, this kind of war of conquest and anti-conquest always existed, and it intensified in the later period. It can be found in the Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Yin Ruins, such as "Bu Zhen, are birds in the south?" "How many disasters are there in the south?" Most of these birds guarded the southern soil, and the Shang Dynasty was nervous about their good luck. Another example is: "Gui Haibu, Wang Wei: Yu Zizheng? No sign? " Due to the fierce resistance of Nandi ("Nanxiang"), the supreme ruler of Shang Dynasty asked whether it was necessary to collect it personally (Oracle Bone Inscriptions was quoted from Nandi of Panlongcheng and Shang Dynasty (Cultural Relics 1976 No.2). The fiercest war between Shang and Jingchu recorded in historical materials is also recorded in the above-mentioned poem "Shang and Fu": "Tart, vigorously attack Jingchu, go deep into its obstacles, and pursue Jing." It can be seen that the scale of this war is very large, and the influence of Shang Dynasty has further penetrated into a wider area; But Jingchu's strength is not small, and Qiang Bing's strength can compete with it.
With the conquest of surrounding areas by Shang Dynasty, advanced Shang culture also spread to these areas. According to archaeological discoveries in recent years, cultural sites and remains of Shang Dynasty have also been found in the northwest and northeast of the motherland, as well as in Han Dong, Han Xi, Hunan and Jiangxi in Jingchu, indicating that the political, military and cultural influence of Shang Dynasty not only extended to the northwest and northeast, but also penetrated into Jingchu and Jiangnan areas. 1954, Wuhan people discovered the ruins of Shang Dynasty during the flood fighting and emergency rescue, about five kilometers north of Hankou. Because the city site is surrounded by Panlong Lake, it is named Panlongcheng Site. The site is 1 100 meters long from east to west and 1000 meters wide from north to south. The remaining walls in the southeast are rammed earth. The wall is steep outside and fierce inside, and there is a deep ditch with a width of 14 meter outside. There are three large palaces side by side in the northeast of the city, and their main columns and wall-building techniques are completely consistent with the ruins of Zaoshang Palace in Erlitou, Yanshi, Henan Province. Handmade workshops, small graves and simple houses are scattered all over the city. The workshops are brewing, smelting and pottery making. There are other large tombs farther away from the city. A large number of bronzes were unearthed in this site, including ritual vessels, weapons, production tools and daily utensils. Among them, there is a bronze cymbal and a big round tripod, which can be called the treasure of bronze wares in Shang Dynasty. Bronzes are similar to those unearthed in Erligang in terms of shape, manufacturing technology and decoration. Pot chips, copper slag, malachite, stewed clay and charcoal were also found in the site, indicating that the bronzes unearthed in Panlongcheng were smelted with local materials. The site of Panlongcheng is the best preserved site of Shang Dynasty, which fully shows that Shang culture has a deep influence on Jianghan area (see the southern land of Panlongcheng Shang Dynasty and the bronze wares of Erligang period of Panlongcheng Shang Dynasty (cultural relic No.2, 1976).
In addition, the bronze spear was unearthed in Qingjiangkou, Yidu, western Hubei (Archaeology 1986No. 1), and the bronze arrow was unearthed in Zhangjiashan, Jiangling (Jianghan Archaeology 1980 No.2). Although the number is small, it shows that Shang bronze culture also spread to the west of Hanshui River. As for the pottery culture, because the pottery production of the ancestors in Jianghan area has been very developed, although the pottery culture of Shang Dynasty was introduced, the indigenous pottery and the Central Plains pottery are still neck and neck, leading each other. There are many kinds of pottery unearthed from Jingnan Temple in Jiangling with unique styles, which can be divided into two categories according to their different characteristics. One group is Wei, Pen, Gui, Jue, etc. , common in Zhengzhou, Henan and other places, is a typical commercial pottery. The other group is beans, diced, bowls, cans and so on. , are unique to the local area (this is the real thing on display in Jingzhou Museum. It shows that although the indigenous pottery production has been passed down from generation to generation, the pottery culture in the Central Plains has also been circulated continuously, which determines that Chu people who made a fortune in Jianghan area will inevitably adopt the skills of Xiayi to create their own characteristics of Chu pottery culture.
Yin Shang is a dynasty with written materials to test. In addition to Oracle Bone Inscriptions, there are Wen Tao carved on pottery, inscriptions on bronzes, and words on jade. China characters (Chinese characters) originated from pictures, not from Shang Dynasty. As early as the Neolithic Yangshao painted pottery culture period, symbols engraved on pottery appeared. This kind of pottery symbol is "some simple characters produced in the origin stage of characters" (in Some Problems in the Study of Characters (No.2 Cultural Relics, 1973).
Oracle Bone Inscriptions inherited Fu Tao and Liushu, which laid the foundation of Chinese characters. Although Chu has not found its own characters so far, from the later characteristics of Chu characters, it is basically the same as the pre-Qin characters in the Central Plains and belongs to the same writing system.
Shang Dynasty was a civilized country in the Central Plains at that time. Due to the development of social economy, the slave owners and nobles divorced from production and specialized in managing the country's military and political affairs, spreading scientific and cultural knowledge, and teaching the order of Ming, Jun and Chen. In this way, local education colleges came into being. Mencius contains School and Preface, while Biography and Preface records Yao. "Xu" and "Dong" are both schools. In schools, not only the children of kings, nobles and princes of Shang Dynasty can receive education, but also the descendants of Fang tribes can come to study in order to strengthen the rule of Shang Dynasty. There are "Hundred Days of the Reform Movement of 1898", "Ruojiao", "Ding Youbu", "Bing Zibu" and "Duozi School" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins, which shows that the business school accepts tribes from neighboring countries, including Jingchu. Later, the language, writing and material culture of Chu developed synchronously with the development of Xia Dynasty, which was obviously inseparable from the influence of Shang culture.
Second, the establishment of Chu in the late Shang Dynasty and early Zhou Dynasty.
Historical Records of Chu Family: "In Zhou Wenwang's time, the Miao people in Jilian were called raccoons. The bear is king Wen, and the flea (early) dies. " Chixiong is a chieftain of Jilian tribe, and his surname is Zhou Lian. When the Shang Dynasty declined, he assessed the situation and led his family to take refuge in Zhou Wenwang in time. He took part in the struggle to destroy the business and was valued by the royal family of Zhou Dynasty. In Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the semi-peerage system was implemented for men and women to clarify the rank of nobles and the status of Fang tribes. This "son", that is, the title conferred by the Zhou royal family on a foreign chieftain with meritorious service, is an organizational form of the slave country, just like other titles of Banjue. ) Title, I belong to Zhou. When Historical Records of Zhou Benji was also published in Zhou Wenwang, "Zi Chu" and "Go back to it" appeared. This "Zi Chu" is also a raccoon of "Zishi Wangwen". Pei Jie quoted Liu Bielu: "Xunzi, a famous bear, was sealed in Chu." So raccoon dog was the earliest founder of Chu State. Later, the Chu people realized his achievements and, like Zhu Rong, sacrificed him as an ancestor. "Twenty-six Years of Zuo Zhuan [Xi Gong]" Dai: "Don't worship Zhu Rong, let it be." Osmium is a branch, and later there was no sacrifice to Zhu Rong and raccoons. The Chu people condemned first and then destroyed. It is precisely because of the lofty status of the bear that there are many legends about him. For example, in Chu Bao, Dai said, "Kill a bear, ... King Wen, who first appeared in 1990, said,' Hey, you are old.' Yan said, "I am old enough to hunt animals and compete for deer. If I am in charge of state affairs, I am still young. Wang Wen is good at this, so he thinks he is a teacher. Jia Yi's "New Book" says: Wu and Du once worshipped as teachers and asked about state affairs. "。 More than 300 years later, Chu Wuwang proudly said, "I will reward bears first and be the teacher of King Wen." (Historical Records Chu Family). Kuaixiong was Zhou Wenwang's teacher. There were many anecdotes at that time, and then he compiled a book called Kuaizi, which was handed down from generation to generation. Records of the Han Dynasty contains 22 articles of Xunzi, with the note "Xunzi, a famous bear, was the teacher of Zhou, asked, and was the ancestor. Taoism originated in Chu State, and it is said that Xiong Ji was the pioneer of Taoism, which was listed as "Taoism" in the history of Han Dynasty and arts and literature. In this way, Xiong Ji is not only the founder of Chu, but also the pioneer of Taoism, and the earliest politician and thinker in Chu.
After Xiong Huan's death, Li Xiong and Xiong Kuang were still in Zhou Wen and Wu Wang. When he arrived at Xiong Yi, Zhou Chengwang "named Xiong Yi as a Chu man after Qin Wenwu, and named him a field of adopted daughters, surnamed Mi, who lived in Danyang" (ibid.). Xiong Yi, Lu, Wei, Jin, Qi and other countries take Ji's surname or in-laws' surname as "everything becomes king". When he was young, he was the Regent, "Guan Yu Cai, [Gan/Da/Xin] was the royal family" ("Zuo Zhuan Ding Gong Four Years"), and Wu Geng, the son of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, colluded with Guan Yu and Cai to launch a rebellion. Duke of Zhou made a decisive eastward advance for three years and finally won a total victory. On this basis, Hou Wei was established, the rule was consolidated, and the Western Zhou Dynasty became the third powerful slavery dynasty in the Central Plains in China's history, pushing slavery to the peak. It is in this historical background that the Zhou royal family once again sealed Xiong Yi in the land of Chu people, and made clear his surname and capital. Therefore, some scholars believe that at this time, there has been a formal national name and the national name "Chu" (Zhang's "Chu Cultural History"). After Xiong Yi lived in Danyang for generations, Danyang became the political, economic and cultural center of Chu people after the founding of the People's Republic of China. "Historical Records Confucius Family" records Ji Zixi, King of Chu Zhao: "The ancestor of Chu was sealed in Zhou, and the country name was Nanwuli. "It seems that Truman first lived in Danyang, but it was only a tiny place. Later, based on this, they pushed south and developed into a big country in the south. Therefore, the starting point of a Chu history and cultural history should start from Danyang; Where Danyang is, of course, has become a hot topic in the history of our country for a long time. Geography of Hanshu claims that Danyang belongs to Dangtu, Anhui Province today, but Zhu denied it, so it was denied by later generations. After denying this statement, Zhu said that Zigui in Hubei was Xiong Yi's first country, so Danyang was in Zigui. In addition, Shi Ji Chu Family quoted Xu Guangyu and Zuo Zhuan Huan Gong Er Nian, and fairly quoted Song Zhongzi, saying that Danyang is in Zhijiang, Hubei Province today. Both theories originated earlier and are still held by many scholars today. Song Xiangfeng, a Qing Dynasty man, initiated the theory that Danyang is now Xichuan, Henan Province, in One Night's Record, Volume 9, The Chuxiong Residence in Danyang and the Tukao of the King of Wu. Xizhou is in the north of Danjiang, which accords with the scenery of Danyang. This sentence has become more and more popular, and many people have said it since then. According to the records of ancient documents and on-the-spot investigation, Zhang Heyu further thinks that his place of residence is Danyang, and his place of residence is between Taosui Mountain (Mozi Flying Attack: "There were scholars before Chu, and they began to discuss this between Suishan Mountain." ), that is, in Nanzhang, Hubei Province, Xiong Yi lived in Suishan and Jingshan ("Twelve Years of Zuo Zhuan Zhao Gong": "My former king Xiong Yi was in Jingshan." ), but also in Nanzhang, so they think that Danyang is actually a foreign land with the same name (Zhang Yu's "Xiong Yi Dan Yang Ju Kao" (On Series 1990.9 Jianghan Forum Special Issue). After the Chu people moved south to Dan and west, under the pressure of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, it was difficult to expand eastward, northward and westward, so they had to push southward. Therefore, with Danyang as the center, along the Danxi River and the Xi River in the west, it went south to Suishan Mountain and Jingshan Mountain, and several generations opened up to Xiongyi, which was very consistent with the early whereabouts of the Chu people. The territory has expanded, but Xiong Yi is in Danyang, and it is still possible to be in Xichuan. In fact, many Chu tombs have been excavated in Xichuan today, and many cultural relics have been unearthed, which shows that this place is indeed the political, economic and cultural center of the early Chu State. In addition to the above, some scholars believe that Xichuan is the capital of the West from the weekend to the early Spring and Autumn Period, and Xiong Yi's residence in Danyang seems to be in Danjiang Valley, Shangxian County, Shaanxi Province (Shi Quan and Xu Dekuan's A New Exploration of Chu Capital Danyang (Jianghan Forum, No.3, 1982).
"Twelve Years of Zuo Jin" records the reply from You Yin Zige to King Chu Ling: "My former king Xiong Yi, founded after Jingshan Mountain, traveled all over the mountains and rivers to serve the son of heaven, but served the king with peach arcs and arrows." "Twelve Years of Zuo Zhuan Gong Xuan" recorded the words of Jin Luanwu Zi: "Since Chu Yongwu, ... he has been trained to be arrogant and brave, and [Worm] has embarked on the road of pioneering." Because of the proximity of Caoshan Mountain, Xiong Yi is located in Jingshan Mountain, which is really a wild forest. Lu and Du note: "Chai Che." Uncle Kong: "If the door is made of Zhu Jing, it is called the door, and the road is also made of Zhu Jing, so it is called Chai Road." Blue wisp, Du Zhu: My Clothes. The dialect says, "Chu said that the rags of ordinary people are as ugly as blue plumes." "Blue Road" refers to the ancestors such as Xiong Yi wearing our clothes and sitting on a firewood train, leading the masses to develop hard in the wild mountains and forests and establishing a new country, which fully shows the spirit of Chu people who are not afraid of difficulties and dare to struggle with nature. From raccoon to Xiong Yi, with the establishment of Chu State, Chu people also entered the early slave society from clan system.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Chu people, like the governors of the Central Plains, must report on their work and pay tribute on time. The above-mentioned "traveling across mountains and rivers to serve the emperor" refers to Xiong Yi's carrying local specialties such as peach arcs and thorns, wading across the Hanshui River and Danjiang River, crossing the Qinling Mountains, and "serving the emperor", which is just flattered. Chu people not only pay tribute to Tao arc, but also pay tribute to Bao. According to Zuo Zhuan Gong Si, in the sixteenth year of Chu, Qi Huangong led the Central Plains countries to attack Chu in the south. One of the reasons is that "Ermao has not entered, and the king's sacrifice has not been * * * (for), so it is impossible to shrink the wine." Chu immediately admitted his mistake and said that he would pay tribute as usual in the future. Bao Mao, Du Note: "Bao, wrapped in a bundle. Mao, too. Stick a spear and fill it with wine to shrink it. " In Shuo Wen Jie Zi, the word "shrinking" is interpreted as [bitterness/unitary], and it is interpreted as "ritual sacrifice is placed on Chigui, and [fierce] wine is poured, which is [bitterness/unitary], like the heart of God." [Damn/unitary], from unitary, grass, unitary is the word of ancient wine, and grass is wool. When offering sacrifices, you stand in a bundle of Mao, pour wine from it, and leave the bad ones in the Mao, and the wine juice gradually diffuses, just like the gods drink it. This is the wine-shrinking ceremony (wine-shrinking ceremony). Jingchu is rich in Mao, and there are records of Bao in Gong Yu and Hanshu Geography. After living in Dan, Xizhisui and Jingshan areas, Chu people may have mastered this method of sacrifice, which was later spread to the Central Plains. Zhou Li Tianguan said, "Sacrifice the kitten." "Everything is done by Han Feizi, the foreign reserve says left" says: "Chu Zhi Mao Jing has not offered the son of heaven for three years." Therefore, the Zhou royal family has always relied on the tribute of Chu State to offer sacrifices.
"Mandarin in Today's Ba": "In the past, the princes who became kings and allies were in Qiyang, Chu Wei, Mao [Miao Jue], and set up a watch, so they did not join the alliance." Zhao Wei's note: "Set, set also. [Hey/Absolute] means that the bundle of hair is standing, so it is shrinking. " When Qiyang League was held, Xiong Yi, the leader of the League, stayed at home with Xianbei Tusi, so he was not qualified to participate in the League of Governors. On the one hand, this shows Xiong Yi's low status, on the other hand, it also shows that Chu not only has the obligation to pay tribute to Bao Mao, but also the monarch must personally take charge of the ceremony of shrinking wine and "guarding the meteor" to worship the sky. Politically, the monarch of Chu is not in a high position, but he enjoys the privilege of reducing alcohol and offering sacrifices. This may be related to the unique bud grass production in Chu and the traditional responsibility of Chu people to communicate with heaven. Chu people also attach great importance to this and are proud of it. The Chu people's surname is Mi, and all the kings of Chu in the past dynasties were crowned with the word "Xiong", that is, taking drinking as their duty and taking their post as their surname. "Bear" comes from "[modern] unitary]" (seen on Chu vessels, the monarch (king) of Chu calls himself "[modern] unitary", such as the inscription "[modern] unitary" unearthed in Sui County, Hubei Province, and the inscription "Chu Wangding unearthed in Shou County, Anhui Province. ), "[Today/Unitary]" means "[Shit/Unitary]" and [Shit/Unitary], such as drinking like a god; "[Jin/You]" is like drinking, and it is the personification of "[Jin/You]". "Bears read from cows, [gold/especially] should read from cows, regardless of ancient and turbid, from sound to proximity" (Textual Research on the newly unearthed Ding of Chu State in Shouxian County, Shangcheng, Volume 43)
Both "Jin/You" and Xiong Tong were false, and later they all wrote "Jin/You" as "Xiong" (Zhang's Cultural History of Chu). Therefore, the Chu people surnamed Zhou Weixiong, that is, they sacrificed wine to heaven (God). Under the atmosphere of "harmony between man and nature", it is an extremely glorious duty for Chu people to pay homage to bud and take charge of drinking and offering sacrifices. Of course, some scholars think that the totem of the Chu people is a bear, so it is called a bear. Scholars believe that the Chu people are behind the Yellow Emperor, who is said to have a "teacher of six beasts", including clan tribes with bears and barbarians as totems. The Chu people may be one of the tribes who worship bears as totems. Luo Xianglin said in the article "A Hundred Jumps in Midsummer": "The leader of the Chu people was crowned with the word' bear' in the world, just as the bear was the original surname of the Chu people, that is, the bear was a totem ancestor." )。
Third, King Zhao of Zhou attacked Chu and its failure.
Chu was one of the "Southlands" under the rule of Hou Wei in the Western Zhou Dynasty. At the end of Shang Dynasty and the beginning of Zhou Dynasty, the relationship between Chu State and the royal family of Zhou Dynasty was generally good. Zhou Wuwang died, and his son became king. "People either call the Duke of Zhou and the Duke of Zhou goes to Chu" ("Historical Records of Duke Zhuang of Lu"). ) Later, the rumor was clarified and the Duke of Zhou went back. When I was in China, the relationship between Chu and Zhou was normal (Twelve Years of Zuo's Duke recorded the words of Chu Lingwang: "Yesterday, my former king Xiong Yi and Lu Qihe, Wang, Xie Fu and Bird Fu worked for Kang Wang." )。 One of the reasons is that Zhou and Chu are of the same origin (Zhou people, Ji surname, legend is the reputation after the emperor), which laid the foundation for friendly relations. Second, the Duke of Zhou invaded the East at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, which showed that the remnants of Shang Dynasty and tribes of eastern countries had been rebelling, and the Zhou Dynasty had to go all out to the east, focusing on cracking down on tribes of eastern countries. Third, the Chu people are in a wild place and have to be inferior to Zhou, which will not attract the attention of the Zhou royal family.
However, "Zhou Zhizong made an alliance with a different surname" (Zuo Zhuan was hidden for eleven years). Chu was a country with a different surname in the Zhou Dynasty, and it was discriminated by the Zhou Emperor from the beginning, so that it was not qualified to form an alliance at the governors' alliance meeting. Zhou royal alliance, Jin and other vassal States have a reward, Chu no. More than 500 years later, the Chu people are still bitter and indignant about this. For example, in the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period, King Ling of Chu said that Xiong Yi, the former king, was equal to Qi, Jin, Lu, Wei and other monarchs, and that the four countries could get treasures, and Chu had no share, so he had to "seek the tripod for the share" with the Zhou royal family. You Yin Zige told him: "Qi, Uncle Wang also; Jin and Lu, Wei and Ye. Chu has no points, but everything. " (Zuozhuan Zhao Zhuan Gong Twelve Years). This kind of master-slave relationship based on the patriarchal hierarchy of "kissing" and "respecting" will inevitably lead to profound contradictions, which will lead to the war of conquest and anti-conquest. In fact, as early as the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, in order to strengthen the control of the forces of Chu and Jing, such as Yong, Lu, Peng and Pu, the Zhou royal family enfeoffed some countries with the surname of Ji in the region, while in the Nanyang Basin, there were countries with the surname of Jiang, such as Shen and Lu. The state of Chu was awed by the strength of the Zhou Dynasty and had to pay tribute to the bracts and other things to show its obedience.
During the period of Zhou Cheng and Kang Wang, Luoyi, the capital of Jiandong, was connected with the east and the west, which lasted for more than a thousand miles, initially consolidating the rule of "Dongtu". During the reign of Zhou Wang, the State of Chu was subordinate to the Zhou royal family, and on the other hand, it made great efforts to develop, making the country prosperous. So by the time of the King of Zhao in the Zhou Dynasty (about 65438 BC+0000 BC? In 77 AD, the relationship between Zhou Dynasty and Chu State became tense, and King Zhao of Zhou concentrated on attacking Chu State. According to the inscription "Bipan" unearthed in Fufeng, Shaanxi Province, "Zhao (Zhao) lived in Jingchu, but went south." It can be seen that King Zhao of Zhou personally led the army south, with great momentum. According to the Bamboo Book, King Zhao of Zhou attacked Chu three times:
The first time was in the sixteenth year of King Zhao of Zhou (about 985 BC). King Zhao of Zhou "attacked Chu and involved Han, which was a great disaster". This time, it is generally considered to be the same as the "wallboard" mentioned above. King Zhao of Zhou led troops across the Hanshui River and went deep into Jingchu area. When crossing the Hanshui River, I also met the giant salamander (an ancient rhinoceros). "Zuo Zhuan Gong Xuan Two Years": "There are still many rhinos." )。
The second time was in the 19th year of King Zhao of Zhou (about 982 BC). King Zhao of Zhou sent a sacrifice to Xin Bo to attack Chu, saying that "the big day [1] surprised all pheasants and rabbits, and Han lost six divisions". This time, when I crossed the Han River, it was suddenly windy, the weather was bad, the soldiers were frightened, and most of the troops were lost. The failure was attributed to the bad weather. In fact, the imperial army was ambushed by the Chu army last week.
The third time, "In the last years of Zhao Haoqi, the night was bright and the colors were shining, and his monarch did not return from his southern tour." This year, according to Lu Ji's calculation, was the twenty-fourth year of King Zhao of Zhou (about 977 BC). This time, when attacking Chu, King Zhao of Zhou was completely annihilated, and Zhou people confessed this matter, vaguely saying, "I will not return from my southern tour." As for the cause of Zhou Zhaowang's death, The Justice of Historical Records quoted Emperor Century as saying: "Decline, southern expedition benefits Han. The boat people hated this and entered by rubber boat. Wang Yu's boat reached midstream, and the rubber boat was solved. Neither the king nor the priest fell into the water. " The "boatman" mentioned here is the sticky boat designed by the Chu people to resist the Zhou Dynasty. The boat went to the middle stream, melted, disintegrated, and Zhou Zhaowang and his entourage drowned. Qu yuan wrote in Tian Wen: "Zhao Hou becomes a tourist, and the southern soil is the bottom." What is the profit? Everything is white? " Of course, King Zhao of Zhou was not greedy for anything, but frightened by the prosperity of Chu State, and had to lead troops to make an expedition in person in an attempt to curb the development of Chu State.
Zhou's attack on Chu and its demise is a major event in the history of our country. From then on, the Zhou Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline, while Chu became stronger and stronger, and gradually embarked on the road to compete with the Zhou royal family.
Fourth, the bear's illness and the open confrontation of the Zhou Dynasty.
With the death of King Zhao of Zhou and King Mu of Zi, the social contradictions in the Western Zhou Dynasty deepened and the national situation declined day by day. Within the ruling class, due to the imbalance of political and economic development, different levels of slave owners and nobles have experienced ups and downs. The nobles with higher status lost their political power, their fields were barren and their families shrank, while the nobles with lower status paid attention to production and attracted slaves, and their economic strength grew day by day. This has deepened the division and struggle within the ruling class. At the same time, the broad masses of slave owners and people could not bear the cruel exploitation and slavery of slave owners and nobles, and fled or rose up one after another, and the slavery crisis intensified day by day and the river went from bad to worse.
The Zhou dynasty not only demanded tribute from neighboring countries or vassal States, but also carried out wars of conquest and plundered population and wealth. Therefore, there has always been a profound contradiction between the Zhou Dynasty and the surrounding ministries. With the growth of economic and military strength, the military conflict with the Zhou Dynasty escalated gradually, which was not easy to conquer or conquer in the past Zhou Dynasty. According to "On Guoyu Zhou Yu", when Zhou Muwang was in China, the northwest ministries became stronger and stronger, and sometimes harassed Zhou Zong (after Zhou Gong's crusade, the Guanzhong Plain centered on Haojing in the west was called "Zhou Zong"). The eastern Heluo area, with Du Dong as the center, is called "Chengzhou". ) nearby. Zhou Muwang personally led the troops against Canrong, only to get "four white wolves and four white deer" (white wolves, white deer or clan emblem. Since then, the relationship between the Zhou Dynasty and the ministries of the Northwest Dog Army has become more tense. Just as the Western Expedition was going on, the eastern allied ministries rebelled and sent troops to attack Zhou. After hearing the news, he hurried back to the army in the east and asked Chu for help. Chu sent troops on a large scale, together with the Zhou Dynasty, attacked various ministries in Yan Xu, and Xu Yanwang was defeated (this is recorded in Biography of the Eastern Han Dynasty and Natural History). Following Zhao and Mu, the Western Zhou Dynasty entered the reign of kings of * * *, Yi, Xiao, Yi and Li (about 9 12-842 BC). In this more than half a century, people's resistance struggles broke out one after another, and the well-field system began to collapse (according to the inscription of Zhou Wang, silk was exchanged for a "Li", indicating that the pattern of "Tian Wu" under the well-field system in the Western Zhou Dynasty began to collapse. ) The rule of the Zhou Dynasty was even more decadent. The northern [Yan], the western dog Rong, the eastern, and the southern Jingchu rebelled and attacked Zhou, and the rule of the Western Zhou was in jeopardy. "History of the Huns" said: "By the time of King Sun Yi of Mu, the royal family had declined, and Rong Di invaded China, and China suffered greatly. The poet began to sing this song, and he also sang this song when he was ill. He said, "I'm afraid of my family, so I promised." ".If you don't quit every day, you will become a thorn. "About 895 BC (15th year of Zhou Yiwang), the Zhou Dynasty was once forced to move its capital to Quanqiu (now southeast of Xingping, Shaanxi). In Zhou Yiwang, "naked", the emperor began to meet the princes in the next hall, and the ceremony was cancelled.
Contrary to the contradictions inside and outside the Zhou Dynasty, the country was poor and blank. After more than 100 years of hard struggle, the State of Chu flourished, from weak to strong. By the time Xiong Yi spread to Xiong Qu for four generations, Chu had consolidated the base area and began to explore the surrounding areas.
Xiong Qubing is a famous monarch in the history of Chu, and he has extraordinary courage. Because of his outstanding achievements, the descendants of Chu also praised him as a magical figure. For example, "The Biography of Han Poetry" said: "The poet Xiong of the former dynasty went to be ill and lay on the stone at night, thinking that he was squatting and shooting with a bow. Without gold, he looked down and knew it was a stone. " Biography of Qiuci in Historical Records even said that even Houyi's archery was not as good as that of a bear. Xiong Qubing is not only good at shooting and fighting on the battlefield, but also very clever politically. In his exploration of the surrounding areas, he generally practiced the policy of inbreeding and far-reaching attack, giving gifts first and then sending troops. Chu started in Dan and Xi, and then developed to Suishan and Jingshan, that is, down the Danshui River and gradually reached the Hanshui River Basin. In the meantime, a large area was inhabited by a number of Fang tribes such as Mambaipu. In addition, there are Ba people in the southwest and Yangyue in the southeast. Under the oppression of the Zhou Dynasty, the Chu people surrendered to Ji Zhou on the one hand, and skillfully dealt with tribes in neighboring countries on the other, in order to survive and develop. "Historical Records of Chu Family" said that Xiong Qubing is very popular in Jianghan area, and "barbarians are all obedient". It can be seen that in the past dynasties after Xiong Yi, in order to gain a foothold, they were cautious about the tribes such as Manbaipu and did not dare to neglect them. After Xiong went to the throne, his national strength was enhanced and the rear area was stable. It began to focus and selectively attack neighboring countries and open its borders.
Historical Records Chu Family:
In the era of Zhou Yiwang, the royal family was very weak, and the princes did not go to court, and they were separated from each other. Xiong Qubing is very popular with the Han people in Jiang, but it is for the sake of cultivating troops, cutting down on mediocrity and prospering Guangdong. As for Hubei. "
Yong and Du pre-noted that Zhushan, Hubei, is in the west of Jingshan, so it is located in the west of Chu. It has a long history, and once destroyed the business dealings with Zhou Wuwang. Xiong went to the sick and attacked Yong, not only to consolidate his own rear, but also to weaken Yong's status as an ancient country, so as to spread the prestige of Chu. YueYang means that YueYang (now YueYang) is located in Jingchu. The Atlas of Chinese History published by the Cartographic Society of China pointed out that Yangyue is in the east and south of Guyangshui and Dongting Lake area. The old Yang Jieyue was named after the Yue people scattered in ancient Yangzhou after the Warring States Period, indicating that YueYang migrated from west to east after the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. ) refers to the Yue people in Dongting Lake area south of Guyang Water. After Xiong went to the west to attack Yong, he attacked the Yue people in the Yangtze River valley along the Hanshui River, all the way to Hubei (now Ezhou City, Hubei Province) (Hubei, different from western Hubei and eastern Hubei). "Geographical Expansion" said: "Dengzhou is twenty miles south of Xiangcheng County, and the old city of western Hubei is Chu-western Hubei." So western Hubei is now in Deng County, Henan Province. Eastern Hubei, in today's Ezhou City, Hubei Province. This Hubei refers to eastern Hubei. According to Records of the Historical Records of Justice, the former Deng E moved eastward to Ezhou. Hubei, with convenient transportation and rich products, was the copper smelting center at that time. In Hubei, Tonglushan copper mine in Daye today is rich in resources, and it has been a famous copper smelting base in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. The bear went sick and attacked more and more, and the soldiers reached Hubei directly. The main reason is to seize the rich bronze raw materials there and try to bring Yangyue to Hubei into the jurisdiction of the State of Chu. When this strategic goal was initially realized, Xiong Qubing was not satisfied with the status of the original country of children, and publicly declared: "I am a barbarian and I am not proud of the name of China." Pretending to be the son of heaven openly and sealing the eldest son Kang as a punishment? Wang, Zhong Zihong is the king of Hubei, and the youngest son is Wang (Historical Records of Chu Family). ) sentence? , Pei [Lord]. Xiong Qubing took such a vast "barbarian land of Chu people" as his sphere of influence, which was to try to move the political and economic center of Chu to the south and enhance the national strength to confront the Zhou royal family.
The Chu people were ministers and merchants for a long time, and later they founded the country from Zhou, so they followed the example of Shang and Zhou in politics and implemented the aristocratic system of slave owners headed by Wang and princes. Of course, Xiong Qu's enfeoffment was just an attempt. Later, with the decline of the Zhou Dynasty, the feudal system of Chu in the early Zhou Dynasty was no longer implemented, but the feudal system, which was the basis of its slave owners' aristocratic regime, was widely promoted. Many big noble, such as Ao Shi, Mi Wei, Qu Shi, etc. Later, it appeared in the state of Chu, which developed from the feudal system that was initially implemented. [Mi Wei] and Qu took the fief as their surname.
In Zhou Liwang, the state machinery has been strengthened, the state resources have been monopolized, and the surrounding "wasteland" areas have been constantly attacked, and Jingchu is no exception. "Historical Records of Chu Family" said: "When Zhou Liwang was tyrannical, the bear went sick and was afraid of cutting Chu, and went to his king." In order to save his strength and avoid confrontation with the Zhou Dynasty, Xiong went to the throne automatically, canceled the enfeoffment of his son and continued to submit to Zhou. During the more than one hundred years from Xiong Yi to Xiong Qu (about 1027-963 BC), the State of Chu changed from weak to strong. Like the vassal States of the Central Plains, it gradually got rid of the shackles of the Zhou royal family and embarked on the road of independent development. At that time, although Chu was based in Dan and Xi in the upper reaches of Hanshui River, its power had gradually moved southward and expanded its rule over the surrounding areas. Xiong's expedition to the south and the east shows that his strategic development focus is in the south. He tried to establish the status of a powerful country in the Yangtze River valley first, and then went north for hegemony, determined to take the road of countering the Zhou Dynasty. This policy of "Bears Going Sick" had a great influence on the monarch of Chu State, and laid a strategic foundation for Chu State to stand on Jianghan and compete for the Central Plains. Bear called himself "barbarian" and "not the name of China" and became a spiritual pillar of Chu people. For a long time, Chu people learned from Xia and changed from Xia to Yi, creating a Jingchu civilization with strong vitality, which is inseparable from this strategic thought. Xiong Qubing deserved to be one of the important pioneers in Chu history.
Fifthly, the continuous development of the contradiction between Zhou and Chu in the late Western Zhou Dynasty and "Hanyang Zhuji"
In the last few years in Zhou Liwang, "the patent is overbearing and the courtesy is difficult", which leads to the exhaustion of China people's financial resources and "the people are in poverty". In 84 BC1year (the history of China has an accurate date), "Bangren" (China people), "Zhengren" (people to whom all workers belong) and "Shishi" (soldiers left in the palace) were furious and rushed into the palace. Zhou Liwang fled hastily, and the affairs of state were in the charge of his ministers (Historical Records of Zhou Benji said Zhao Gong, 2000). Since Xiong's illness, Chu has experienced Xiong Zhihong, Xiong Yong,.