Can a patent adopt another patent as part of it?

absolutely.

According to your example, explain further:

If the structure of desk lamp is specially designed for lamp tube, and the desk lamp can't be used with other existing lamp tubes, this desk lamp and lamp tube can be filed as one patent application or as two patent applications.

If the structure of the desk lamp can use other existing lamps, but it works better with the lamps designed by you, then it must be divided into two patent applications.