Fields or Nobel Prize winners, are these theories public? Is it a patent?

First of all, awards are usually given. It must be a convenience with outstanding contributions. It must be in the open. It's been used for a long time. It is not excluded that there are still studies or just formed ones that have not been made public.

Second, not all methods can be patented. Patents have their own set of rules. First, the object of patent protection is allowed to apply for a patent, and then the inventor completes the patent application and obtains the patent right through the patent application. Only in this way can it be called patent. And the patent right has a limited number of years. Theories and methods that have not been patented or whose patents have been terminated will become theories and technologies that are beneficial to society.