General trade and professional trade
I. General trade
Total trade is the symmetry of "specialized trade", which refers to the import and export trade divided by national boundaries. All goods entering the country are classified as total imports; All goods leaving the country are classified as total exports. The total export volume also includes domestic product export and unprocessed imported goods export. The total import plus the total export is the total trade of a country. The United States, Japan, Britain, Canada, Australia, China, the former Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and other countries all adopt this classification standard.
2. Special industries
Specialized trade is the symmetry of "total trade", which refers to the import and export trade divided by customs territory. Only goods entering the customs territory from foreign countries and goods entering the customs territory from bonded warehouses are classified as special imports. Foreign goods are temporarily stored in bonded warehouses when entering the country, and are not classified as special imports before entering the customs territory. Domestic products shipped out of the customs territory from China and merchants shipped out of the customs territory after import and processing are classified as special exports. Specialized import plus specialized export is called specialized trade volume. Germany, Italy and other countries adopt this classification standard.
Import and export exchange ratio
The TERM of trade ($ TERM of trade) is also called exchange price or trade price, that is, the ratio of export price to import price, that is, how many imported goods can be exchanged for one unit of export goods. Calculated by export price index and import price index. The formula is: export price index/import price index X 100. Taking a certain period as the base period, first calculate the import and export parity of the base period as 100, then calculate the import and export parity of the comparison period, and then compare it with the base period. If it is greater than 100, it means that the terms of trade are more favorable than the base period. If it is less than 100, it means that the terms of trade are worse than the base period, and the exchange income is worse than the base period.
Intellectual property trade
According to the Agreement on Trade-related Intellectual Property Rights reached in Uruguay Round of GATT, intellectual property rights include the following contents: copyright, patent, trademark, geographical indication, industrial design, integrated circuit, design (distribution map) and so on. It is an important intangible property protected by special laws.
service business
According to the General Agreement on Trade in Services reached in the Uruguay Round of GATT, trade in services refers to: "providing services from the territory of one member to the territory of any other member; Providing services to service consumers of any other member within the territory of a member; A service provider of a member provides services through a commercial presence in the territory of any other member; A service provider of a member provides services in the territory of any other member as a natural person. " The service departments include the following contents: business services, communication services, construction and related engineering services, sales services, education services, environmental services, financial services, health and social services, tourism-related services, entertainment, cultural and sports services, and transportation services.
Visible trade and invisible trade
I. Visible trade
Visible trade is the symmetry of "invisible trade", which refers to the import and export trade of commodities. Because the business mouth is a visible tangible object, the import and export of goods is called tangible import and export, that is, tangible trade. There are many kinds of tangible goods in international trade. In order to facilitate statistics, the United Nations Secretariat drafted the United Nations Standard International Trade Classification in 1950 and revised it in 1960 and 1974 respectively. In the revision of 1974, international trade commodities are divided into 10, 63 chapters, 233 groups, 786 groups and 1924 basic items. This 10 commodity is: food and live animals (0); Drinks and cigarettes (1); Non-edible raw materials other than fuel (2); Fossil fuel, lubricating oil and related raw materials (3); Animal and vegetable fats and oils (4); Unlisted chemicals and related products (5); Finished products (6) are mainly classified according to raw materials; Machinery and transport equipment (7); Miscellaneous products (8); Kita goods without classification (9). In international trade, 0-4 commodities are generally called primary products, and 5-8 commodities are called finished products.
Two. invisible trade
Invisible trade is the symmetry of "visible trade", which refers to the income and expenditure generated by the import and export of labor services or other intangible goods. Mainly includes:
1. Revenue and expenditure of all auxiliary expenses related to the import and export of commodities, such as transportation fees, insurance fees, commodity processing fees and loading and unloading fees. ;
2. Other receipts and payments unrelated to the import and export of commodities, such as international tourism expenses, diplomatic personnel expenses, remittances from expatriates, patent royalties, dividends and bonuses repatriated from foreign investments, receipts and payments of companies or individuals serving abroad, etc. The income from the above projects is called "intangible export"; The expenditure in the above-mentioned projects is called "intangible import".
Visible trade is cleared by customs, so its amount is shown in a country's customs statistics; Intangible trade does not go through customs formalities, and its amount is not reflected in customs statistics, but shown in a country's balance of payments.
Re-export and re-import
I. Re-export
Re-export refers to the re-export of foreign businessmen without processing and manufacturing, also known as re-export. Entrepot trade is mainly related to entrepot trade.
Second, Re-import.
Re-import means that domestic goods are exported abroad and imported into China without processing, which is also called re-import. Re-imports are mostly caused by accidental reasons (such as export returns).
Direct trade and indirect trade
I. Direct trade
Direct trade is the symmetry of "indirect trade", which refers to the direct buying and selling of goods by commodity producing countries and commodity consuming countries.
Second, indirect trade.
Indirect trade is the symmetry of "direct trade", which refers to the behavior of commodity producing countries and commodity consuming countries buying and selling commodities through third countries. Among them, the producing country is indirect export; Consumer countries are indirect imports; The third country is entrepot. Re-export trade refers to the trade between producing countries and consuming countries through a third country. Even if the goods are directly transported from the producing country to the consuming country, as long as there is no direct trade relationship between them, but the trade relationship between the third country's entrepot and the producing country and the consuming country respectively, it still belongs to the category of entrepot trade.