1942 Pascal machine was invented by French mathematician Gabbas ka, which consists of many gears and levers. Generally speaking, we classify the computer generation according to the different parts used to make computers. * * * is divided into four generations: the first generation (1946 ~ 1958): made of vacuum tubes; The second generation (1959 ~ 1964): transistor manufacturing; And the third generation (1965 ~): the first generation computer: vacuum tube era: vacuum tube as material, punch card as external storage medium, drum as internal storage medium, programming language as machine language and combination language; the second generation computer: transistor as material, the invention of magnetic tape disk began to be used, and modular high-order language with magnetic core as internal storage medium hardware appeared; the third generation computer: integrated circuit era used integrated circuit. The concept of capacity, the appearance of operating system, the rapid development of software, the appearance of microcomputer, the fourth generation computer: the era of VLSI, the appearance of microprocessor, and the development data of microcomputer popular package with semiconductor as internal storage medium are reproduced in: puter. The characteristics of the first generation computer are as follows: (1). The vacuum tube is characterized by high heat generation, high power consumption (2), huge volume (3), low reliability (4) and low millisecond speed ● The second generation computer (1959 ~1963)1947, three scientists from Bell Laboratories, J. Bading, H.W. Three people, such as W.Shockley, invented the transistor electronic component, which uses semiconductors to transfer the signal current from a low-resistance circuit to a high-resistance circuit. So the term transistor is a combination of the words transfer and resistor. In Bell Laboratories, 19438+0954 completed a transistor-based computer TRADIC. It uses more than 800 transistors. Transistors obviously replace vacuum tubes as the basic components of computer internal circuits. Compared with the first generation computer, the second generation computer has the following characteristics: (1). Small size, light weight and long service life (2). Fast, in microseconds (3). Low power consumption and low cost (4). High reliability (5). Magnetic core Magnetic tape is a kind of auxiliary memory. Advanced programming languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL have been developed ● The manufacturing technology of computer components of the third generation computer (1964 ~ 1970) has made a new breakthrough. Integrated circuits, usually called IC, are manufactured by etching. Many transistors are concentrated on a tiny chip with an area of about 2.5*5 cm. It also uses multilayer printed circuits. In addition to the smaller size, the operation speed is as fast as a few billionths of a second, which not only improves the hardware, but also makes great progress in the software. 1964, IBM made 360 computers with integrated circuits, which was the beginning of the third generation of computers. In 1965, about 65438 can be contained in a chiplet of about 0.25 square inch. By 1970, it has increased to more than 15000, which is called large-scale integrated circuit (LSI for short), and now it can accommodate more than 70000. 1969, Dr. Ted Hoff of Stanford University was employed by Intel Corporation of the United States. He integrated all the arithmetic and logic components on one chip. The central processing unit (CPU) designed in this way is called microprocessor, and its actual volume is smaller than that of nails. Then it is made on the printed circuit board together with other chips with storage and control functions, which has caused great changes in design and application. Small computer systems have emerged, and the personal computer industry has sprouted. This generation of computers is not only smaller in size, faster in speed, lower in power consumption and cost, but also successfully developed optical scanners, magnetic ink readers and ultra-high-speed and ultra-large-capacity disk drives, which have been enhanced in coordination with the functions of the operating system, and advanced languages such as Basic and RPG have been introduced one after another. It greatly improves the computer's ability to process data. ● The fourth generation computer (1970 ~) uses VLSI as electronic sub-components. The smaller the computer, the more functions it has, but the cheaper it is. Because of the cooperation of software, the application scope of computer is wider. Due to the continuous innovation and improvement of computer manufacturing technology, the "generation" of computers is not obvious. For the sake of distinguishing, the users of VLSI are called the fourth generation computers. ● Future Computers At present, all advanced countries are studying a computer with artificial intelligence (AI for short), which can not only see, listen and speak, but also accumulate knowledge and reason by itself. This is the fifth generation computer.
Please adopt it. Thank you.