International Online News: How many assets does Nobel have? This is a question that even Nobel himself is not quite clear about. According to Nobel's will, turning all his assets into cash is a huge project in itself, involving the economy and laws of many countries.
After traveling back and forth between Surman and other countries for many years, a preliminary outline for cleaning up the Nobel legacy was finally reached in 1900.
A main list of Nobel's assets converted into cash in various countries is as follows (this is a list that was greatly depreciated and discounted in the process of converting Nobel's assets into cash):
Sweden 5796 140.00
Norway 94,472.28
Germany 6 152 250.95
Austria 228,754.20
France
Scotland
England 3,904,235.32
Italy
Russia 5232773.45
Total: SEK 33 233 792.20
The total amount of this inheritance converted into cash is 33,233,792 Swedish kronor, which is about 9.2 million US dollars. Not only then, but now, this legacy of Nobel is indeed a huge legacy.
According to the articles of association of the Nobel Foundation, a fund can be completely obtained by one person or divided equally by two or more people. Among them, the peace prize can be awarded not only to individuals, two or more people, but also to an organization and institution.
According to the articles of association, in addition to the considerable bonus awarded that year, the winner can also get a gold medal and an award certificate. Because the main fund of the Nobel Fund changes every year, the net income of the fund will be different every year, so the amount of each bonus will be different every year. For example, when 190 1 wins the first prize, the amount of each prize is about150,000 Swedish kronor, which is about 42,000 US dollars. Since then, due to the investment in bonds, stocks, real estate and other profits. The Nobel Fund keeps increasing in value and the amount of prize money is increasing year by year. After 1980s, the amount of each bonus increased to more than 6,543.8+0,000 Swedish kronor. By the 1990s, the amount of each bonus had greatly increased. For example, 1993, each bonus is 6.7 million Swedish kronor, which is about $840,000 that year. For another example, each bonus in 1996 has been increased to 7.4 million Swedish kronor, which was about1120,000 dollars that year.
Two-time Nobel Prize winner
In a sense, if a person can win a Nobel Prize once in his life, it can be said that he has achieved great success and has not wasted his life. People who can win the Nobel Prize twice are rare, if not unique.
There are only a few such "rare" in the world:
Madame Curie, a Polish-born French physicist and chemist, won the 1903 Nobel Prize in physics and the191/annual chemistry prize for discovering radioactive substances and extracting radium and polonium.
American physicist Bardeen won 1956 and 1972 Nobel Prize in physics for inventing the world's first transistor and putting forward the microscopic theory of superconductivity.
Pauling, an American chemist, won the 1954 chemistry prize and the 1962 peace prize for applying quantum mechanics to the field of chemistry, clarifying the nature of chemical bonds, devoting himself to the international control of nuclear weapons and launching a campaign against nuclear testing.
Sanger, a British biochemist, won the 1958 and 1980 Nobel Prize in chemistry for discovering the molecular structure of insulin and determining the sequence and structure of nucleic acid respectively.
Nobel Laureates and Couples
1903 French scientists pierre curie and Marie Curie who won the Nobel Prize in Physics.
1935 French scientist Aurio and his wife Curie who won the Nobel Prize in chemistry.
1947 Corey couple who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.
Father and son of Nobel Prize winners
* * * 19 15 The same Prague father and son who won the Nobel Prize in physics.
Thomson and his son who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1906 and 1937 respectively.
Ajler and his son won the 1929 and 1970 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine respectively.
Bohr and his son who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922 and 1975 respectively.
Siegbahn and his son won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1924 and 198 1 year respectively.
China scientists who won the Nobel Prize.
Who won the 1957 Nobel Prize in Physics, Yang Zhenning or Li Zhengdao?
Ding Zhaozhong won the 1976 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Li Yuanzhe won the 1986 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Chu Di-wen, 1997 won the Nobel Prize in Physics.
Cui Qi won the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Women winners of the Nobel Prize in Science
Marie Curie: At 1903 and 19 1 1, she won the Nobel Prize in physics and chemistry respectively.
Ilan Aurio Curie: 1935 won the Nobel Prize in chemistry.
Currie: 1947 won the Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine.
Meyer: 1963 won the Nobel Prize in Physics.
Hodgkin: 1964 won the Nobel Prize in chemistry.
Roya: 1977 won the Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine.
Mcclintock: 1983 won the Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine.
Levi Montalcini: 1986 won the Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine.
Lyon: 1988 won the Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine.
Nu slein Fulhard: 1995 won the Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine.
The belated Nobel Prize
Yang Zhenning and Li Zhengdao are lucky. It is enviable not only that they won the Nobel Prize, but also that their work was recognized by the Nobel Committee in a very short time, and it took only one year from the publication of the paper to the award.
It is a miracle to win the Nobel Prize within one year. Unfortunately, most Nobel Prize winners are not so lucky.
For example, gherman won the Nobel Prize, and the international physics community published articles one after another, believing that it has been more than six years. Therefore, when the Nobel Prize Committee announced the results on 1969, physicists did not show a particularly enthusiastic cheering gesture, because for six years, everyone always thought that "this year's Nobel Prize should be awarded to gherman".
Waiting for five or six years is still relatively short. Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895, and won the prize in 190 1 year; Bekkerel 1896 discovered natural radioactivity, and 1903 won the prize; Rutherford discovered a series of radioactive elements in 1902 and won the prize in 1908. 1960 á lvarez who discovered the vibration phenomenon of elementary particles * * *, 1968 won the prize; Schrodinger established quantum mechanics in 1926 and won the prize in 1933. ...
Ten years and eight years of waiting are also everywhere. If Nertos discovered the third theorem of thermodynamics in 19 12, he won the Nobel Prize in chemistry eight years later. Bohr put forward the quantum orbital theory of atomic structure in 19 13, and was not awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics until 1922. Lawrence built the first cyclotron in 193 1 and won the prize in 1939; Seeburg proved the existence of plutonium in 194 1 and won the prize in 195 1. ...
It is not uncommon to wait for more than ten, twenty or even thirty years. For example, Max, a South African scientist who studied yellow fever, waited for more than 20 years and 195 1 won the Nobel Prize. For Pauli, the winner of physics prize, the Nobel Prize is also good news for being late. It is an unusual interval of 2 1 year from the time he published the winning paper to the time he won the prize. Koch waited for 23 years from the discovery of tuberculosis to the award; Hess, who discovered cosmic rays, waited for 25 years to win the prize; Beth waited for 29 years, and 1967 won the physics prize. In contrast, Fries was even worse, waiting for more than half a century: 19 19, he found bees dancing in circles, 1925, he found himself dancing with his tail wagging, and it was not until 1973 that he won the Nobel Prize. As early as 193 1, La Luce, the discoverer of the fourth theorem of thermodynamics, published a paper, but it was not accepted until the 1940s. 37 years later, that is, 1968, the Nobel Prize Committee awarded him the chemistry prize; 19 1 1 year, Routh announced the important discovery that tumor was caused by virus, but it never attracted the attention of the Nobel Prize Committee. As a result, Routh didn't win the prize until he was 85 years old.
Randstein, who received his doctorate at the age of 23, discovered human ABO blood group at the age of 33, that is, 190 1 year. It was not until 1930, that is, 29 years later, that the Nobel Prize Committee awarded Landstein the prize in physiology or medicine, at which time he was 62 years old. Bonn published an award-winning paper (statistical analysis of wave functions) 28 years ago. When winning the prize, he said this thought-provoking sentence excitedly: "Most physicists admit my statistical analysis of wave function, but some don't, such as famous scientists like Planck, Einstein and Schrodinger. Therefore, my research results waited for 28 years before winning the Nobel Prize. " In order to avoid disputes among scientists, the Nobel Prize Committee adopted the method of delaying the award. Sumner, winner of 1946 chemistry prize, Herman, winner of 1953 chemistry prize, and alfin, winner of 1970 physics prize, all experienced a long waiting period.
The Nobel Prize that affects our lives.
-19 13 Agnes, a Dutch experimental physicist, first discovered the superconductivity of some metals at low temperature in 1908, thus opening up a new branch of physics such as cryogenic physics and superconducting physics, and winning the physics prize of that year.
-192110 Soddy first put forward the concept of isotope, and the following year he put forward the isotope hypothesis, that is, the existence of two or more varieties of the same chemical element may be a common phenomenon of element existence. Soddy also independently discovered more than 40 isotopes of some elements in the experiment. In this way, he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 192 1 year.
-1923 Diabetes is also a chronic disease that seriously threatens human health. 1922, Scottish physiologist mcleod and Canadian medical scientist Wan Jin also published a paper on the treatment of diabetes with insulin. This news immediately caused a great sensation in western medical circles. Before that, both of them had done a series of intermediate experiments and successfully controlled the condition of diabetes with the insulin they extracted. In this way, the two of them also shared the 1923 Nobel Prize in Medicine.
-1930 Indian experimental physicist Raman discovered the visible light "Raman effect" similar to Compton effect. Therefore, he won the physics prize of 1930 and became the first Asian to win this honor.
-1934 American nuclear chemist Yuri is another famous nuclear chemist who won the prize for his achievements in nuclear chemistry. 193 1 year, Yuri first discovered the isotope heavy hydrogen of hydrogen. Heavy hydrogen is deuterium and deuterium oxide is heavy water. The discovery of heavy hydrogen is of great significance for nuclear fission reaction and hydrogen fusion reaction. For uranium nuclear fission, heavy water can be used as a moderator of uranium nuclear fission. For hydrogen nuclear fusion, deuterium is an important energy source for thermonuclear reaction. It is precisely because of the great technical significance of the discovery of heavy hydrogen that Yuri won the Nobel Prize in chemistry from 65438 to 0934.
-1935 1932 chadwick, a student and assistant of Lu, found neutral particles with strong penetrating power in the experiment. The discovery of neutrons, on the one hand, opens the door for people to understand the internal structure of nuclear, on the other hand, it provides more effective experimental means for people to further study artificial nuclear reactions. Chadwick won the physics prize 1935.
-1938 Italian experimental physicist Fermi switched to neutrons for artificial nuclear reactions at the University of Rome. When he bombarded 92 known elements with neutrons one by one, he found not only isotopes of many elements, but also the famous slow neutron effect, that is, slow neutrons slowed down by paraffin can cause artificial nuclear reactions. It is because of this important experimental discovery that Fermi won the Nobel Prize in Physics from 65438 to 0938, which laid a preliminary technical foundation for the later development of nuclear energy technology.
-1939 Lawrence of the United States designed and developed the world's first cyclotron in 1932. This accelerator can be used in both nuclear physics experiments and early particle physics experiments, so he won the Nobel Prize for Physics from 65438 to 0939.
-1939 1935, Domagk immediately invented a series of sulfonamides after publishing the experimental report on drugs. In this way, sulfonamides have become effective drugs for human beings to conquer all kinds of streptococcus infection diseases. 1939 was nominated by the United States, France, Britain and other countries, and Domagk was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. When Domagk replied that he would accept the prize, Hitler's Gestapo arrested him. So Domagk didn't go to Stockholm to receive the prize until after World War II.
-1945 penicillin was discovered by British bacteriologist Fleming in 1928 before the invention of sulfonamides. 1938, Oxford University pathologist Flory and pathologist Ernst Boris ernst boris chain cooperated to develop and study penicillin, and finally the original product of penicillin was successfully developed in 1940. Through a series of animal experiments, it is proved that penicillin has special effects on diseases infected by bacteria such as staphylococcus and streptococcus. 194 1 year penicillin was successfully put into clinical use, and 1943 realized industrial production.
From 65438 to 0945, the Nobel Foundation awarded the medicine prize of that year to the three founders who discovered penicillin: Fleming, Flory and Ernst Boris ernst boris chain. The great achievements made by the three of them as life guards will always be a towering monument in the hearts of all mankind.
-1952 in addition to penicillin, another antibiotic philosopher who will always be remembered by people is Wachsman, an American microbiologist who discovered streptomycin. 1939, a Streptomyces strain was found in the soil of Wachsman. After experimental research, he found that Streptomyces has a strong inhibitory and killing effect on Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the pathogen that causes tuberculosis and other diseases, but penicillin that has been put into clinical use at that time has no effect on Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this way, the discovery and invention of streptomycin became an effective antibiotic to treat tuberculosis, and Heasman won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine from 65438 to 0952.
-1954 1948, Enders, an American medical scientist, cooperated with his two assistants, Weller and Robbins, and successfully invented a simple method for culturing poliovirus in test tubes. It is on the basis of Enders and others' methods that American virologists Salk and Sabin have successively developed Salk vaccine and Sabin vaccine to prevent polio. Since then, mankind has stepped out of the shadow of polio. In recognition of Enders, Weller and Robbins' pioneering contributions, 1954 Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded to them.