1. Ten political figures who influenced the course of world history
Since menes unified Egypt, at every important historical juncture, there will be a figure who has greatly changed the historical trend. Now, I have selected ten figures from the perspective of the rise and fall of human civilization for your reference and criticism.
1, menes: Egyptian pharaohs unified Egypt, strengthened the kingship's rule over local areas, and greatly promoted the development of Egyptian civilization.
2. Hammurabi: King Babylon unified the two river basins in Iraq and formulated the code of hammurabi, which realized the legal management of the ruling areas. This is the first written law known in the world. Is the representative of Babylonian civilization.
3. Ashoka: The King of Indian Peacock Empire designated Buddhism as the national religion, and vigorously promoted and implemented it. It laid a good political foundation for the spread of Buddhism. It is the representative of Buddhist civilization.
4. Alexander: The Greek emperor of Macedonia conquered the Middle East and ended the Egyptian civilization and Babylonian civilization. The Hellenization of the Middle East and the colonization and cultural spread of Greek citizens in Italy made Greek culture the source of Roman culture. Is the representative of Greek civilization.
5. Qin Shihuang: China Qin Shihuang unified China, the founder of centralized system, unified writing and currency, etc. And unify thoughts with legalists. Later, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established Confucianism as orthodoxy, but the political system still basically inherited the Qing Dynasty. So Qin Shihuang is the representative of Chinese civilization.
6. Caesar: Roman general conquered the Mediterranean region, developed and formed Roman culture with Greek civilization as its source, and laid the foundation for the establishment of the Roman Empire. Later generations took Jesus' Christianity as the state religion, which developed into today's western Christian civilization. So Caesar can be the representative of western civilization.
7. Muhammad: The caliph of the Arab Empire unified the Arabian Peninsula and established Islam. Successors conquered Egypt and other places to realize Islamization in the Middle East. Is the founder of Islamic culture.
8. Genghis Khan: The Mongol Empire Khan conquered Eurasia with his successors and brought the isolated Confucian culture, Islamic culture and Christian culture into the political map. The Travels of Marco Polo stimulated Columbus' voyage and the Western colonial era. It is a bridge between eastern and western cultures.
9. Napoleon: The emperor of the French Empire unified more than half of Europe and swept the feudal order on the European continent. The Napoleonic Code has become a model for European countries to formulate capitalist laws.
10, Hitler: The head of the Third Reich conquered Europe and North Africa and launched World War II, which was the representative of Nazism. As a result of the Second World War, the United Nations and the current world political situation were born. So Hitler was a key figure who influenced the 20th century to the present.
2. Ten talented scientists who influenced the world process.
1. Albert Einstein, pioneer and founder of modern physics. Einstein's special theory of relativity successfully revealed the Welch relationship between energy and mass, and solved the long-standing problem of stellar energy. In recent years, more and more high-energy physical phenomena have been discovered, and special relativity has become the basic theoretical tool to explain this phenomenon. His general theory of relativity also solved a mystery in astronomy for many years, and deduced the phenomenon of light bending that was later verified, which became the theoretical basis of many astronomical concepts later.
2. stephen william hawking, the most important contemporary general relativity and cosmologist, is one of the great men with international reputation in this century, known as the greatest living scientist, the father of the universe, the most famous scientific thinker and outstanding theoretical physicist in the world after Einstein. Hawking's life is very legendary. In terms of scientific achievements, he is one of the most outstanding scientists in history. He has transcended the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics and the Big Bang and entered the "geometric dance" to create the universe.
Alfred bernhard Nobel, a Swedish chemist, engineer and industrialist, was the founder of the Nobel Prize. In the history of world science, he not only devoted his whole life to the cause of science, but also left a will and donated all his legacy to the cause of science in order to repay future generations and strive to climb the peak of science. Today, the science prize named after him has become the highest science prize that attracts worldwide attention. His name, together with the achievements made by mankind in scientific exploration, will always remain in the history of civilization in the development of human society.
Isaac newton, English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher and alchemist. In the paper Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy published in 1687, he described gravity and three laws of motion. These descriptions laid the scientific view of the physical world in the next three centuries and became the basis of modern engineering. By demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's law of planetary motion and his theory of gravity, he showed that the movements of ground objects and celestial bodies all follow the same natural law; Thus, the last doubt about the sun center was eliminated and the scientific revolution was promoted.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) james watt, a famous British inventor, was an important figure during the Industrial Revolution. He made a series of major improvements to the original prototype of the steam engine that had appeared at that time, and invented single-cylinder single-action and single-cylinder double-action steam engines, which improved the thermal efficiency and operational reliability of the steam engine and made outstanding contributions to the development of social productive forces at that time. There is such a compliment to the steam engine he invented: "It has armed human beings, made weak hands strong, and improved human brains to deal with all problems. It has laid a solid foundation for mechanical power to create miracles in the future and will help and reward the labor of future generations. "
6. wilbur wright and Orville Wright, American inventors, 1903 65438+ 17 In February, the world's first manned plane flew into the blue sky in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, USA. This plane is called "Voyager-1", and its inventors are American brothers wilbur wright and Orville Wright. This is the first time in the world to realize the power and maneuver flight of an aircraft heavier than air. The Wright brothers' first power continuous flight realized the long-awaited dream of mankind, and the era of human flight began.
Edison, an American electrician and inventor, is known as "the king of inventions in the world". In addition to his inventions and contributions in phonograph, electric light, telegraph and film, he also has many famous creations and opinions in mining, architecture, chemical industry and other fields. Edison had about 2,000 inventions in his life, which made great contributions to the progress of human civilization. Edison was also a great entrepreneur. 1892, Tom? Houston Company and Edison Electric Lighting Company merged to form General Electric Company, which opened the hegemony of General Electric in the electrical field for a century.
Charles robert darwin, British naturalist, biologist, thinker and founder of the theory of evolution. 1859 published the Origin of Species, which shocked the academic circles at that time. It is proved by a large number of data in the book that all kinds of creatures are not created by God, but constantly develop and change in heredity, variation, survival competition and natural selection. From simple to complex, from low to high, the theory of biological evolution is put forward, thus destroying all kinds of idealistic creationism and species invariance. Natural selection and sexual selection put forward by him are consistent and universal theories in current life sciences.
Nine, Maxwell Maxwell is mainly engaged in the research of electromagnetic theory, molecular physics, statistical physics, optics, mechanics and elasticity theory. In particular, his electromagnetic field theory, which unifies electricity, magnetism and light, is the most brilliant achievement of the development of physics in the19th century and one of the greatest complexes in the history of science. He predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves. This theory has been fully verified by experiments. He erected a monument to physics. Radio technology for the benefit of mankind is developed on the basis of electromagnetic field theory.
10. Zheng Kuifei, a scientist and inventor in China, is known as the father of cryonics. His invention of cryoresuscitator and resuscitation fluid claimed to bring the dead back to life. In 2080, the Zheng Kuifei Prize, the highest prize of the Nobel Prize, will be born in the world. He is not only predicting the future trend, but also trying to summarize, plan and guide this era. He tried to influence the world, change the world and change mankind with revolutionary changes in his ideas and ways of thinking. He is comparable to Darwin and Marx, and is a pioneer and model to describe the future direction of mankind.
3. Top Ten Thinkers Affecting the World Process
1, the founder of Marxism, the organizer and leader of the first international, and the great mentor of the proletariat and working people all over the world, Karl Marx was rated as the most influential person in the world in the 20th century. Marx's life is a great life. The Marxist theory, founded by him and segars, is a theoretical weapon and a guide to action to guide the working people all over the world to struggle for the great ideals of socialism and capitalism. Marx's name will go down in history forever and his theory will shine forever. It can be said that Marx is the founder and the biggest contributor of the theory of sustainable development with the goal of human development.
2. Confucius, a great thinker, politician and educator in ancient China, the founder of Confucianism and a world cultural celebrity. Confucius' thoughts on words and deeds are mainly contained in The Analects of Confucius, that is, essays and four books. In the 5,000-year history of China, Confucius was the person who had the greatest influence on the character and temperament of the Chinese nation. When he was alive, he was known as "the sage of the heavens", "the muduo of the heavens" and "the sage of the ages". He was one of the most learned scholars in the society at that time, and was respected by later generations as the most holy (saint among saints) and the teacher of all ages. Confucius' thoughts and theories have far-reaching influence on later generations.
3. charles robert darwin, British naturalist, biologist, thinker and founder of the theory of evolution. 1859 published the Origin of Species, which shocked the academic circles at that time. It is proved by a large number of data in the book that all kinds of creatures are not created by God, but constantly develop and change in heredity, variation, survival competition and natural selection. From simple to complex, from low to high, the theory of biological evolution is put forward, thus destroying all kinds of idealistic creationism and species invariance. Natural selection and sexual selection put forward by him are consistent and universal theories in current life sciences.
4. Zheng Kuifei is a thinker, theorist, scientist and economist in China, and he is the founder of "Cryopreservation Theory, World Currency Unification Theory and Consumer Capital Power Economics Theory". Some of his views are controversial, but he does not deny the novelty, strangeness and profundity of his ideological content, and the authenticity and logic of his bold and novel judgment, elaboration, analysis and prediction of the whole human destiny. He should be compared with Darwin and Marx, a thinker and practitioner eager to fill and communicate the future cracks of mankind, and a pioneer and model to describe the future direction of mankind.
5. Voltaire, French enlightenment thinker, writer and philosopher. He was the standard-bearer of the French bourgeois enlightenment in the18th century, and was known as "the king of ideas", "the best poet in France" and "the conscience of Europe". He advocates natural human rights and believes that all people are born free and equal, and all people have the right to pursue survival and happiness, which is endowed by heaven and cannot be deprived. This is an innate idea of human rights. His contribution to the Enlightenment in France18th century is undeniable. He was recognized as the leader and mentor of the people for most of his life and made great contributions to the anti-feudal enlightenment.
Francis Bacon, English philosopher and scientist. He advocated and developed scientific progressive ideas and advocated the slogan of knowledge progress, which has been promoting social progress. This thinker who pursued truth all his life was called "the true ancestor of British materialism and the whole modern experimental science" by Marx. He also put forward many viewpoints in logic, aesthetics and pedagogy. He is the first philosopher who put forward the principle of empiricism in the history of modern philosophy. He played a positive role in promoting the establishment of modern science and made great historical contributions to the history of human philosophy and science. He is a pioneer in the scientific research procedure of logical organization.
7. The ancient Greek philosopher Plato is also one of the greatest philosophers and thinkers in the whole western philosophy and even the whole western culture. He is the founder of western objective idealism, and his philosophical system is extensive and profound, which has a great influence on his teaching thought. He believes that the world consists of "the world of ideas" and "the world of phenomena". His works are the basic documents of western culture. Among the schools of western philosophy, it is difficult to find a school that has not absorbed his works. In later philosophers and Christian theology, Plato's thought maintained great radiation. Some historians of philosophy believe that it was not until modern times that western philosophy gradually got rid of the control of Plato's thought.
8. Diderot, French materialist philosopher, aesthetician, writer, educational theorist, representative of the Encyclopedia School, editor-in-chief of the first encyclopedia in France. He has original ideas in philosophy, literature and aesthetics. In the field of philosophy, he thinks that nature is a unified system or a forever flowing whole, in which there is nothing but time, space and matter. The basic form of matter is molecule, which can move on its own without God's intervention. He advocates materialistic sensualism and affirms that knowledge comes from sensation, which is the result of external things stimulating people's senses.
Mao Zedong is a great Marxist, proletarian revolutionist, strategist and theorist, and the main founder and leader of the Chinese Production Party, the China People's Liberation Army and People's Republic of China (PRC). As the development of Marxism in China, Mao Zedong Thought is still the guiding ideology of our party. His main works are included in Selected Works of Mao Zedong (four volumes) and Collected Works of Mao Zedong (eight volumes). He had a profound influence on China and the world in the 20th century. Mao Zedong Thought has also become the development program of some developing countries. In short, Mao Zedong Thought is the Marxism of Marxism–Leninism's China and China's revolutionary construction experience.
10, Rousseau, a famous French enlightenment thinker, philosopher, educator and writer, was the ideological pioneer of the French Revolution in the18th century and one of the most outstanding representatives of the Enlightenment. He believes that all rights belong to the people, the government and officials are appointed by the people, and the people have the right to appoint and replace them until the rulers who enslave and oppress the people are eliminated. This is the concept of people's sovereignty. Philosophically, he advocates that feeling is the source of knowledge and insists on the view of "deism"; Emphasize that human nature is good, and faith is higher than reason. In social view, he insisted on social contract theory, advocated the establishment of bourgeois "rational kingdom" and advocated freedom and equality.
4. Who are the top ten cultural celebrities in the world?
1. Washington: Washington is the founder and first president of the United States of America. He led and pointed out the great American independence.
2. Darwin: Darwin is a famous British biologist and the founder of biological evolution. In his book The Origin of Species, he denied creationism, teleology and idealism of species invariance, and emphasized that "natural selection and survival of the fittest", pointing out that man evolved from monkeys. Famous saying: "Don't lose the ability to feel life, beauty and poetry because you have been immersed in science for a long time."
3. Columbus: As an explorer and navigator, the far-reaching influence of Columbus's voyage far exceeds that of any previous expedition. Discovering the new continent is the most amazing geographical discovery in human history, and it is a great victory for human beings to challenge themselves and conquer the world. Famous saying: "discovery is only bred by persistence, and I think I will never be with cowards."
Napoleon: Napoleon's military strength once made the whole European continent tremble. He is a generation of heroes who started a new era in Europe. He was a giant on the political and military stage in Europe from the end of 65438 to the beginning of 2009. He once brought great honor to France and turned the feudal ruling system in Europe upside down. Famous saying: "If you think I am shorter than you, I will immediately cut off your head and eliminate this difference."
5. Edison: Edison is a great American inventor and the most outstanding genius in the history of science and technology in the world. He invented the phonograph, incandescent lamp, movies and many other things that had great influence on later generations, and held 1039 kinds of invention patents. Famous saying: "Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration."
6. Nobel Prize: alfred nobel is a Swedish chemist, engineer and industrialist, and the founder of the Nobel Prize. He obtained 355 patents for technological inventions including explosives in his life, and founded more than 80 enterprises in more than 20 countries,/kloc-the richest man in Europe in the 9th century. Famous saying: "My ideal is to contribute to a happier life for mankind."
7. Beethoven: Beethoven was a musical genius. He cast happiness out of suffering. He suffered from all kinds of pains all his life. His achievements in music are unprecedented, but he was poor all his life. Famous saying: "I want to hold the fate by the throat, it can't make me completely yield."
8. Genghis Khan: The Mongolian empire rising on the Mongolian grassland is like a beast. The dust raised by their invincible soldiers has filled Eurasia. On the banks of the Danube, the Mediterranean and the Indus River, the shouts of soldiers fighting can be heard everywhere. How many gorgeous crowns lost their former majesty and were trampled in the soil; How many prosperous cities, the noise all the year round, have become barren ruins; How many extravagant rulers, or slaves, or beheaded. Genghis Khan is an all-powerful hero who shocked Europe and Asia and made achievements beyond ancient and modern times. He was praised as "a generation of tianjiao" by Mao Zedong. Famous saying: "if I lead people to escape in a war, you can cut off my leg;" When I win, if I get the trophy, you can cut off my finger. "
9. Sakyamuni: Sakyamuni is the founder of Buddhism, a real living Buddha, the supreme Lord of Buddhism, a star to save mankind and a saint dedicated to human equality. Famous saying: "among all crimes, murder is the first, theft is the second, lust is the third, and lust and love are intertwined, and you can't get rid of it all your life." Why? Life and death are the foundation, and prostitution is the seed. It's a bodhisattva. If you want to be executed, you must first break your love and thirst. "
10. Jesus: When the suffering of reality becomes unbearable, many people look up at the vast sky and pray for the emergence of the star of salvation. At this time, Jesus came to the world, and he was the savior. Famous saying: "Our father in heaven, may all be holy in your name. May your kingdom come. May your will be done on earth as it is in heaven. Give us our daily food today. Forgive our debts as we forgive others. Don't let us be tempted, but save us from evil. Because the kingdom, power and glory are yours forever, amen! "
Attachment: China cultural celebrities who have influenced the world process:
After World War II, world peace is still threatened, the international situation is very tense, and people all over the world are calling for peace more and more. 1948165438+10. In October, the International Liaison Committee of World Cultural Workers, the International Democratic Women's Federation and 75 famous people from 17 countries jointly sponsored the World Conference on Defending Peace. 1In April, 949, the first World Congress for the Defence of Peace was held in France and Czechoslovakia at the same time, calling for the reduction of armaments, the prohibition of atomic weapons, the relaxation of international tensions and the joint defence of world peace. On June 1950, 1 1, the Second World Peace Protection Conference was held in Warsaw, Poland, attended by representatives from more than 80 countries. The meeting adopted a declaration to the people of the world and decided to establish the World Peace Council. 195 1 February, the World Peace Council held a meeting in Berlin, Germany. The meeting adopted the Declaration on Asking the Five Powers (the United States, the Soviet Union, China, Britain and France) to conclude a peace convention, which set off a worldwide peace signing movement with more than 600 million signatories, including more than 300 million in China. At this meeting, Li Shizhen was elected as a world cultural celebrity.
From 65438 to 0953, Qu Yuan was elected as a world cultural celebrity by the World Peace Council.
From 65438 to 0958, Guan Hanqing was elected as a world cultural celebrity.
From 65438 to 0962, Du Fu was elected as a world cultural celebrity by the World Peace Council.
From 65438 to 0963, Mr. Qi Baishi was elected as a world cultural celebrity by the World Peace Council.
The significance of selecting world cultural celebrities lies in commemorating their birth and death years, rather than selecting "world cultural celebrities" in the general sense.
Confucius is recognized as an educator and thinker in the world, regarded as a "teacher for all generations" by later generations, and rated as "Top Ten Cultural Celebrities in the World" by UNESCO, ranking first. Confucius, together with Muhammad, Jesus and Sakyamuni, is called the "four saints" who created world culture. His thoughts and theories have played an important and positive role in promoting the formation and development of China society and influenced the historical process of China for more than two thousand years. Confucius thought has become an important part of China's culture and national spirit, and has been widely recognized and accepted by the international community.
Qi Baishi, an outstanding painter, calligrapher and seal engraver in the history of modern art in China, was awarded "People's Artist" by the Ministry of Culture. He is also the winner of the International Peace Medal of the World Peace Council, and was rated as one of the top ten cultural celebrities in the world from 65438 to 0962. His paintings represent the culture and art of the Chinese nation, and represent the art that has achieved, transformed and has its own aura for thousands of years. "If you learn from me, you will live as if I were dead." This is a sentence he taught his students. He is the most legendary painter in China. His "Gu Zhuo", "Provocative Freehand brushwork" and "Listening to Thunder" have raised China's brilliant painting art to a new height.
Mr. Ba Jin was awarded the title of Foreign Fellow of American Literature and Art Society, and was praised as one of the "Top Ten Cultural Celebrities in the World" by the 47th International PEN Congress. He is one of the most influential writers in China since the May 4th New Culture Movement, regarded as the most outstanding literary master in China and an outstanding translator, editor and publisher in China. He has been engaged in literary creation for more than 70 years, among which works such as Love Trilogy, Fog, Rain and Electricity, Riptide Trilogy, Home, Spring and Autumn have touched the hearts of generations of young people with sincere and strong emotional colors, which have had a great social impact and become classic works in the history of China literature. His works are called the epitome of China intellectuals' exploration of life path in the 20th century, and also become a typical example of studying China's 20th century literature and China intellectuals' life path internationally. His works have been translated into more than 30 languages, including English, French, Russian, German, Spanish and Arabic. , and widely spread in the world.
Guan Hanqing is the most outstanding representative among the writers of Yuan Dynasty. * * * has created more than 60 kinds of zaju, such as Yuan, Saving the Wind and Dust, Visiting the Moon Pavilion, Adjusting the Wind and Moon, Wangjiang Pavilion, Single Knife Club, Butterfly Club, Yutai, Qianchi and Xie Tianxiang. Zhou yuan Deqing compared him to Ma Zhiyuan, Bai Pu,&; 127; Zheng Guangzu is also known as the "Four Masters of Yuan Opera". From 65438 to 0958, Guan Hanqing was listed as one of the top ten cultural celebrities in the world by the World Peace Council. Guan Hanqing's works have had a great and extensive influence at home and abroad, and some plays are still flourishing today. One hundred years ago, The Original of Dou E was translated into French, which promoted the cultural exchange between the East and the West.
Zhang Heng was a famous scientist, writer and inventor in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He served as an official in charge of astronomy twice, was proficient in astronomical calendar calculation, and created the world's earliest armillary sphere for measuring earthquakes by using hydraulic rotation and seismograph. And invented a variety of musical instruments such as the south guide car and the rice drum car. It is the first time to correctly explain the cause of the eclipse, indicating that moonlight is the reflection of the sun's light, and the eclipse is caused by the moon entering the shadow of the earth. His important works are (Lingxian, Illustrated of the Huntianyi, Computational Theory). His literary works occupy an important position in the literary history of Han Dynasty. For example, (Erjing Fu) describes the scene of Kyoto, which is exaggerated and colorful, making people excited. (Gui Tian Fu) is short in form and focuses on lyricism. (Four Sorrow Poems) and (Simultaneous Songs) have their own characteristics, which have a certain position in the development history of five-character seven-character poems. It is listed as one of the top ten cultural celebrities in the world.